Research: exploit technology cross-fertilization

Optics

The fundamental trends in telecommunications - more bandwidth hungry services, more intelligent and easy to manage networks - will

M. Erman

inevitably bring optical technologies back into the spotlight.

Trends and evolution of optical networks and technologies

Introduction Over the past few years, optics has established itself as one of the basic communication network technologies as a result of the conjunction of several key technological innovations (optical fiber, semiconductor lasers, fiber amplifiers) and market needs. Thanks to the introduction of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), optical transmission now makes it possible to transmit enormous amounts of information over almost unlimited distances. As far as transmission capacity is concerned, fiber has no competition. In addition, optics offers a number of advantages in the field of networking. Even though recent cuts in capital expenditure (capex) have slowed down progress in this field, the fundamental trends in telecommunications will inevitably bring optical technologies and networks back into the spotlight. Optical communications is still a very new industry. Fibers have only been widely installed over the past decade, and mainly for long distance transmission. Optical networking is not really here yet. The industry is young, and consequently somewhat immature. Hence, research in optical communication technology can actively contribute to improving the technology in various industrial as well as fundamental areas, such as materials, devices, architectures and protocols. This article examines the general trends in optical communications and describes Alcatels main research directions. Some of the key Alcatel research results are highlighted in other articles in this Optics section of the Alcatel Telecommunications Review.

and WDM. During 2000, the volume of data traffic in the USA surpassed the volume of voice traffic, highlighting the dominant role that the Internet is playing in terms of services. Forecasts indicate that growth in data traffic will continue at an exponential rate in the years to come.

One of the primary objectives of optical research is therefore to pave the way for increased capacity and more intelligence in optical networks.
Meanwhile, as operators were investing to cope with Internet growth (although revenue was still coming primarily from voice traffic) the capital crunch occurred. This increases the importance of another research objective: make the technology less expensive to produce, implement and operate. To prepare for the future, innovation in the field of high capacity transmission remains important. Long haul systems both terrestrial and submarine go through the well known build and fill cycles. Industry-wise, we are in a fill cycle. From a research perspective, it is important to prepare for the next build cycle. The next generation of optical transmission will be based on N x 40 Gbit/s systems, providing capacities of several Tbit/s. However, when considering transmission, one has to take into account the distance between regenerators because the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) degrades with distance. Consequently, transmission needs to be evaluated with respect to both capacity and distance: For example, future transmission systems might be identified as 10 Petabit/s*km networks, meaning that they offer 10 Tbit/s transmission over 1000 km, or 1 Tbit/s over transoceanic distances. Alcatel is strongly committed to N x 40 Gbit/s systems. Research embraces all the relevant fields, including submarine and terrestrial systems, as well as a range of enabling technologies. For example, Alcatel was one of the first to demonstrate transmission at more than 10 Tbit/s [1]. A number of innovations made this demonstration possible: vestigial sideband filtering at the receiver for narrow channel spacing, distributed Raman amplification to optimize the SNR, Alcatel Teralight fiber to reduce fiber impairments, and polarization multiplexing to double the capacity.

More Bits to More Users The explosive growth in capacity is largely a result of massive use of the Internet. The combination of an increasing number of Internet users and the introduction of new content-richer services with more picture and video content has resulted in the demand for capacity doubling every 6 to 9 months in some networks. Such growth faster than was experienced in electronics has been possible thanks to the combination of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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As a result of these innovative technologies, Alcatel achieved a record spectrum density of 1.28 bit/s/Hz. This parameter is important as it indicates the efficiency of spectrum utilization and is therefore linked to the cost. The achieved efficiency is six times higher than for todays commercial systems. In another experiment, N x 40 Gbit/s transmission was demonstrated in a submarine configuration. Transmission at 32 x 40 Gbit/s (in excess of 1 Terabit/s) was achieved over a distance of 2400 km using amplification only, and no regeneration. In the case of ultra-long-haul transoceanic systems, N x 40 Gbit/s systems will require regeneration. Although one can implement this function using optoelectronic conversion, this would be a step backwards compared with the present situation in which one optical amplifier is used to simultaneously amplify several (in most cases all) wavelength channels. An optoelectronic regenerator is, by definition, a single-channel device that might jeopardize the cost advantage optics has brought to transmission. Thus research into optical regenerators is a key program. Alcatel is investigating several approaches based on semiconductor wavelength converters, in-line synchronous modulation and saturable absorbers [2]. Optical transmission on long haul networks is only part of the picture. Fiber will inevitably be the transmission medium in metropolitan area networks, and is increasingly extending its reach into access networks. Following the generalization of high speed Internet accesses (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, ADSL; Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line, VDSL; etc), a need will soon emerge for high capacity transmission systems to the customer premises. As a result, photons are coming closer to the home! However, metropolitan and access networks raise a number of challenges other than purely transmission ones: protocols, multiservice capability and cost are the dominant issues.

From Dumb Pipes to Intelligent Networks If optical transmission and WDM in particular has established an undisputed leadership, the use of photonics and exploitation of the wavelength domain for networking is still in its infancy. Nevertheless, it is tempting to push further what photons can do in a network. The argument is simple. Consider a WDM network with 80 wavelength channels of 10 Gbit/s on each fiber. On each of the network nodes, a cross-connect will have to switch hundreds of 10 Gbit/s channels from input fibers to either drop channels or output fibers. Electronics is the way to do it today. However, this requires a transceiver which involves optoelectronic conversion at both the input and output ports. These transceivers are the major cost element in a cross-connect. As most of the traffic in a node is transit traffic, replacing the electronic cross-connect by a fully transparent optical cross-connect is the obvious low cost photonic alternative. It does, however, raise a number of issues, including the non-intrusive monitoring required to manage all-optical networks. Several solutions are being investigated within the Alcatel laboratories. These solutions are either based on additional control channels or modulation, or the use of high speed electronic processing capable of assessing the quality of the signal while

detecting only a small percentage of the signal. In collaboration with European partners, Alcatel has demonstrated an all-optical cross-connect and has tested it in a real network [3]. Optical switching can, however, find a place even in a network that is not fully transparent. Indeed, an electronic switching matrix can be replaced by an optical one. In this case it does not provide a specific functional advantage, but the expectation is that for large switching matrices, an optical implementation will be cheaper than an electronic one. An optical switching element is also bitrate independent, which means that it is possible to upgrade ports from, say, 2.5 Gbit/s per channel to 10 Gbit/s, or even 40 Gbit/s, without changing the matrix. This is not possible with an electronic version since higher capacity requires more processing power. Whatever implementation is selected, such cross-connects perform wavelength switching, and thus allow wavelength service (end-to-end wavelength provisioning, for instance). Signaling, controlling and managing WDM networks have become hot research and development topics. Besides the introduction of an Optical Channel (OCh), which makes it possible to treat each wavelength as a separate logical channel, Internet-based protocols, such as Multi Protocol Wavelength Switching (MPS) and Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS), are being introduced at the control layer. The basic driving forces are known: apply data-oriented protocols (which proved so cost-effective for the Internet) to WDM networks and make dynamic establishment of wavelength-based routing paths possible. As data is becoming the dominant type of traffic, this trend appears natural. Nevertheless, the required constraints on Quality of Service (QoS), restoration and protection need to be carefully assessed. The impact of data is even larger and more profound on metropolitan networks. Because of the mix of different formats Internet Protocol (IP), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Gigabit Ethernet, etc such networks naturally have to evolve towards multiservice networks. On the optical layer level, WDM is the most suitable technology, yet with even greater cost constraints. Transparency, which is difficult to manage at the backbone layer, might find an easier implementation in the metropolitan area. Alcatel research is working on a number of innovative solutions [4]. The ultimate dream of an IP-over-optics approach remains, however, an optical router. This requires fast optical switching fabrics. Alcatel already has considerable experience in optical packet switching, having demonstrated the first optical ATM switching demonstrator some years ago as part of the European ATMOS and KEOPS programs. We have further refined these ideas and have adapted the concept to take into account the IP dimension. The first burst optical router has been assembled; it exploits a number of innovative approaches for both the optical elements and the control layer. This prototype has validated the feasibility of implementing an all-optical burst router including burst transmitters and receivers as well as high-speed scheduling algorithms. It is clear that optics can offer much more than just pointto-point transmission. Wavelength service, network pro-

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tection at the optical layer, wavelength routing and, eventually, a true IP-over-optics implementation are some of the evolutionary steps that are at an advanced stage within Alcatel Research.

Components: a Pace of Change Components need to meet two sets of objectives: one concerns their performance and function, while the second is linked to cost constraints. Both explain why optical components are at the heart of todays communication systems. Not only do they set the performance limits and functional constraints, but also, as they represent a significant and increasing proportion of the equipment cost, they strongly impact the final system cost. The trends mentioned above for high speed transmission and intelligent networks will materialize only if suitable technologies are available. The research highlights included in this issue of the Alcatel Telecommunications Review show where the challenges for optical components lie from a functional point of view. Transmission at 40 Gbit/s requires high-speed modulation, detection and associated electronics. Managing fiber impairments (chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion, etc) requires dedicated passive components. Dense WDM requires multiplexers and demultiplexers for higher channel counts and narrower channel spacings. Dedicated electronics, particularly the stages that interface directly with the optoelectronic chips, will be equally important for high-speed systems. Optical amplification needs to be developed for new wavelength windows (after C and L, the next window will be S), while at the same time the increasing number of channels will require more power [5]. Other functions become mandatory when moving towards optical networks: optical switches of course, but also devices capable of monitoring the QoS, and ultimately, optical regenerators. Alcatel research has achieved breakthroughs in all of these fields. As regards cost, one might think that this is more an industrial than a research issue. In fact, the cost of optoelectronic components has been reduced, and will continue to be reduced, through innovation. Oversimplifying, we can say that an optoelectronic device is made of a chip (front-end) packaged in a module (backend). The short history of evolution of optoelectronic devices was an alternation of breakthroughs in the frontend and back-end processes. The first important step was at the beginning of the 90s when, for the first time, Alcatel demonstrated the feasibility of manufacturing full 2 inch InP wafers, each with 15 000 lasers! This was made possible thanks to the development of strained quantum well lasers in the research laboratory. The technology proved capable of producing high-performance lasers which were uniform and reproducible. It also represented a breakthrough in the cost of the laser chip. However, the dominant cost then became the module, which was metallic, used a Peltier cooler and needed very accurate (manual) fiber/laser chip alignment. The first step was to eliminate the Peltier cooler and develop the socalled coax module, still using active alignment. Again this made it necessary to go back to the laser chip and develop new laser structures that could operate over a

wider temperature range (from 40 to +85C) - an attractive challenge for quantum mechanics specialists! The next move was to replace active fiber/laser alignment by a passive technique. This was achieved by rethinking the laser mounting process. Silicon motherboards have been developed, which make it possible to use an automatic self-aligning process for the laser and fiber, with the help of indentation and appropriate structuring of the laser chip. However, further innovations were needed at the laser chip, such as the integration of a taper (the equivalent of an integrated lens). All this was necessary in order to develop the surfacemountable plastic laser modules. Nothing would have been possible without innovation in various fields of physics, optics and processes. What is coming next? One trend will clearly be to integrate more functions, including both passive optical functions and dedicated electronic interfaces. SiO2/Si motherboards will play a key role in assembling the passive and active optical parts cost-effectively. There are a number of other interesting options for WDM components [6]. These trends indicate that the components

industry will evolve considerably over the next few years to offer ever higher performance and, even more important, greater functional integration at lower costs. Thus the industry will progressively
mature. Research and innovation are important factors in making this happen.

Innovation: the Art of Networking So far, we have focussed on the near- and medium-term evolution of optical technologies. However, optics is

here to stay for a long time, and disruptive technologies will inevitably appear. Some may already be knocking at the door,
for example, photonic bandgap materials which might be used for optical fibers, planar passive devices and semiconductors. In a world where innovation can happen in various places and environments, where a real application might be difficult to detect at an early stage, in other words, in a world of uncertainty, how should we manage innovation? Alcatel believes that partnership is the right way to go; it can take various forms. Consider some examples in the optical field. Multi-partner projects national and international make it possible to build efficient multidisciplinary projects combining the talents, expertise and vision from universities and industry. In Europe, Alcatel is a major player both within national projects, such as BMBF in Germany and RNRT in France, as well as within international projects, such as IST. Many of our advanced studies in the area of optical networking have been initiated in this context, and projects such as OPEN (transparent optical cross-connect), KEOPS (optical packet switching), MEPHISTO (management of alloptical networks) and PELICAN (field trial implementation of an all-optical network) were the first to explore new, innovative options.

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Fig. 1 Some of the key participants in Optics Valley In the field of basic technologies, Alcatel is also very committed to partnerThales Central Research ships through international projects. Ecole Polytechnique Projects on advanced topics such as University Paris-Sud Orsay CNRS - LULI, LOA IEF photonic bandgap materials, quantum Supelec Z.I. Courtaboeuf : boxes and, more generally, nano-techIOTA Picogiga ... nologies, are areas of ongoing activity. In specific fields, bilateral cooperation Alcatel Optics can further help to achieve impressive Terrestrial & submarine progress for the benefit of both parties. transmission OPTO + Alcatel R&I With this in mind, Alcatel has launched and is supporting a number of collabCNRS-LPN orations with major Universities and Institutions worldwide. As an example, some remarkable results have been achieved in a bilateral program with the Heinrich Hertz Institute, one of our key partners [7]. research teams. Some other elements will require disAnother such initiative is the creation of Optics Valley. ruptive approaches that may not yet have been identified. Located south of Paris, Optics Valley is an association of This is where cooperation with more academic centers of major universities, engineering schools, small to medium excellence will play a determining role. size enterprises, and large corporations that are active in Open your eyes and let the light come in! I the optics field (see Figure 1). It represents a unique pool of skills in both fundamental and applied sciences. Alcatel was one of the founders of Optics Valley and is the refReferences erence industrial partner working on optical communication. The various participants in Optics Valley are 1. S. Bigo, W. Idler, A. Scavennec, L. Du Mouza: Road to expected to give birth to many promising university/indusultra-high-capacity transmission, Alcatel Telecommunicatry collaborations. As an example, a prestigious CNRS labtions Review, 3rd Quarter 2001 (this issue), pp 177-178. oratory working on optics and nano-technologies (LPN) 2. F. Brillouet, F. Devaux, M. Renaud: From Transmission will be collocated with the Alcatel research laboratory in to Processing: Challenges for New Optoelectronic Marcoussis. The exchange of ideas and the collaboration Devices, Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 3rd Quarter facilitated by the proximity of two large laboratories one 1998, pp 232239. with an industrial culture and missions, the other with 3. J. L.Beylat, M. W. Chbat, A. Jourdan, P. A. Perrier: Field more fundamental objectives will certainly foster innoTrials of All-Optical Networking based on Wavelength vation. Thus, we believe that cooperation, Conversion, Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 3rd partnership and networking with other Quarter 1998, pp 218-224. centers of excellence are important 4. A. Jourdan, L. Tancevski, T. Pfeiffer: How much optics in future metropolitan networks?, Alcatel Telecommunicaassets. After all, it is interconnection that provides tions Review, 3rd Quarter 2001 (this issue), pp 219-221. intelligence to the human brain! 5. D. Bayart, L. Gasca, G. Gelly: Cladding-pumped erbiumdoped fiber amplifiers for WDM applications, Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 3rd Quarter 2001 (this Conclusion issue), pp 179-180. 6. J. Jacquet, K. Satzke, I. Riant: Low cost DWDM We have reviewed some of the trends in optical networks devices, Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 3rd Quarter and technologies. Although optical telecommunications 2001 (this issue), pp 181-182. now appears to be a well-established technology, it has 7. F. Devaux, O. Leclerc, B. Lavigne, P. Brindel, H. P. Noltreally only been extensively used for transmission for ing, B. Sartorius: Alcatel-HHI collaboration on all-optiabout ten years. Many challenges and opportunities are cal 3R regeneration, Alcatel Telecommunications Review, ahead of us. The future is only partly predictable. 3rd Quarter 2001 (this issue), pp 231-233. Increased capacities are inevitable, even if the present economic slowdown might change some of the milestones. The move to intelligent optical networks is also a strong move which will give added value to operators. Marko Erman is Senior Research & Innovation Many of the advances needed to implement this vision are Director and Member of the Optics Group Board. already in the laboratory, as is illustrated by several artiHe is based in Marcoussis, France. cles in this issue of the Alcatel Telecommunications Review. These articles also demonstrate the strong commitment and quality of the results of Alcatels

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S. Bigo, W. Idler, A. Scavennec, L. Du Mouza

Road to ultra-high-capacity transmission

Thanks are due to Laurent Du Mouza, who is now working with Alcatel Submarine Networks Division in Villarceaux, for his helpful contributions to this article. Introduction Fig. 1 System upgrading to achieve ultra-high capacity transmission will follow three directions: (a) increase the channel bitrate,(b) decrease the channel spacing, and (c) increase the optical bandwidth

Optical Spectrum bandwidth Btot

Channel rate R Tx Terminals Rx Terminals

Over the past few years, the capacUpgraded configuration ity of optical transmission systems Btot has been doubling faster than the (a) already impressive Moores law preR'>R Increase bitrate dictions for electronics. The per channel Btot increase in the number of channels through Dense Wavelength Divi(b) Decrease channel sion Multiplexing (DWDM) spacing accounts for most of this evoluB'tot>Btot tion. However, in order to achieve Increase total even higher capacities, the channel bandwidth bitrate will have to be increased (c) (the next step is 40 Gbit/s in commercial products), the channel spacing must be reduced and the Among recent advances in the field of ultra-high total exploited optical bandwidth has to be enlarged capacity transmission and ultra-high-bitrate com(see Figure 1 ). All three approaches will be invesponents are: a record terrestrial 10 Tbit/s tigated simultaneously to realize higher spectral (128 x 2 x 40 Gbit/s) transmission system with a efficiency (expressed in bit/s/Hz) and greater total spectral efficiency of 1.28 bit/s/Hz, which has never throughput. been achieved before; and recent progress in the Enabling technologies for high capacity, point-to-point, field of 40 Gbit/s optoelectronic and electronic comlong distance transmission include: ponents, showing that a new generation of components is feasible for the practical implementation of Low-noise, high-power, wide bandwidth and gain40 Gbit/s transmission systems. flattened optical amplifiers. Optimized optical fiber and associated dispersion management techniques for future-proof infrasRecord 10 Tbit/s Terrestrial tructures and transmission which is tolerant to Transmission Experiment propagation effects. High-speed electronics and opto-electronics for the The principle of the 10 Tbit/s transmission experiment transmitter and receiver equipment. (see Figure 2) illustrates the combined use of several Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) mitigation. of the key technologies cited above to achieve an unsur Dispersion compensating modules compatible with passed spectral efficiency of 1.28 bit/s/Hz. Low noise large optical bandwidths. and high amplification are achieved by using an opti Fast optical processing for 2R-3R regeneration, promum combination of Erbium-doped and distributed viding efficient but lower cost regeneration compared Raman amplification over the C and L bands. The chanwith back to back transmit/receive equipment. nel bitrate is 42.7 Gbit/s, obtained by the use of SiGe Very high bitrate equipment (60 Gbit/s and ETDM technologies. This includes the actual inforbeyond), based on a combination of Electronic mation bitrate of 40 Gbit/s plus a 7% overhead for the Time Division Multiplexing (ETDM) and Optical Forward Error Correcting Code (FECC). FECC proTime Division Multiplexing (TDM) techniques. vides a very efficient way of converting the 10 -4 Bit New generation of forward error correction techniques to facilitate noise tolerant transError Rate (BER) at the link output to virtually errormission. free data transmission for the actual information. Optimized modulation format for high spectral effiThe innovative channel spectral allocation is based on ciency (approaching 1 bit/s/Hz). the association of alternative 75 and 50 GHz channel Optical filters with well defined amplitude and spacings (each channel being electronically coded at phase shapes for ultra-narrow (narrower than the 42.7 Gbit/s), Vestigial Side Band (VSB) filtering and WDM channel bandwidth) filtering. Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM). These tech-

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Road to ultra-high capacity transmission

Fig. 2

Experimental setup for demonstrating terrestrial transmission with a record spectral efficiency of 1.28 bit/s/Hz
40 Gbit/s + FEC

100 km Teralight
DCF DCF C L DCF C L DCF C L SNR (in 0.1. nm) RX

1 Tx1 128 1 Tx2 128 40 Gbit/s + FEC Polar. mux C L

42.7 Gbit/s (FECC) equipment - SiGe Technology Distributed Raman amplification +C/L band EDFA

Uncorrected BER

Dispersion management - 100 km Teralight (+8ps/nm/km) DCF "Vestigal Side-Band" optical filtering - 1.28 bit/s/Hz 75GHz 50GHz 75GHz - 10.2 Tbit/s

35 20 25 35 20 25 0-6 0-5 0-4 0-3 1525 1545 1565 1585 Wavelength (nm)

Left-side filtering Right-side filtering Left and right-side filtering

1605

DCF: Dispersion Compensating Fiber

niques help to reduce detrimental crosstalk between channels to below an acceptable level. In addition, the signal is transmitted on the new Alcatel TeraLight fiber, which has been shown to be the optimum fiber design for cost-effective ultra-high-bitrate transmission and to be future proof because of its compatibility with higher channel bitrates.

tion ratio. Higher bandwidths and lower driving voltages can be achieved with the more compact InPbased Electro-Absorption Modulators (EAM). Modulators of this type are presently being studied in R&I to improve their chirp and extinction ratio (see Figure 3 ). Receivers InGaAs PIN photodiodes offer very large bandwidths and high responsivities. In addition, they can withstand high optical input powers and often exhibit very low polarization sensitivities. Nevertheless, considerable work is in progress to define structures that can meet the requirements of real systems, particularly in terms of reliability. Electronics SiGe bipolar and GaAs P-HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) technologies (provided by external foundries) are currently used for multiplexing/demultiplexing and modulator driver applications, respectively. For example, a 40 Gbit/s GaAs HEMT driver provided a high output voltage (>6 V), based on a 2-stage structure with the preamplifier followed by the main amplifier-combiner using distributed amplifiers. On the other hand, InP integrated circuits are expected to be used for specific functions, such as a 40 Gbit/s decision flip-flop at the transmitter and receiver sides, to provide improved performance margins.

Optoelectronic and Electronic Components for 40 Gbit/s Applications Many developments have been necessary to achieve a transmission rate of 40 Gbit/s per channel. Optoelectronic devices and very fast integrated circuits are now available, although their high speed capabilities often remain far from what is required. New generations of components are being developed for the practical implementation of 40 Gbit/s systems. R&I and the Alcatel Business Divisions are active in these fields, either through in-house developments or through collaborations with external suppliers. Transmitters Lithium Niobate electro-optic modulators are currently the lowest bandwidth components within the transmitter. Moreover, they require a high drive voltage of more than 5 V pp to achieve a high extinc-

Fig. 3

InP-based electro-absorption modulator

Conclusion Terabit/s capacity has been demonstrated. Compared with commercially-available WDM systems, this has been achieved by increasing the channel rate to 40 Gbit/s, by increasing the number of WDM channels to 256 to achieve an unprecedented spectral efficiency, and using the full bandwidth of the C-band and

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Trends Road to and ultra-high evolution capacity of optical transmission networks and technologies

L-band optical amplifiers. Further improvements in the transmission performance and cost-effectiveness of such large capacity systems partly depend on the progress of electronics and opto-electronics. I

Wilfried Idler is in charge of N x 40 Gbit/s transmission at the Alcatel Research & Innovation center in Stuttgart, Germany.

Sbastien Bigo is head of the WDM transmission group within Alcatel Research & Innovation in Marcoussis, France.

Andr Scavennec is Deputy Director of Opto+ based in Marcoussis, France.

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