Dr. H. Zulkarnain: English for Students in Agriculture (PNU 122 : A !

esource "ook

CHAPTER 5 MODAL AUXILIARIES

Specific instructional aims

Students are able to describe and construct sentences employing modal auxiliaries appropriately according to the time markers.

Su topics
Modal auxiliaries used in present tense. Modal auxiliaries used in past tense.

Modal auxiliaries (also called modal verbs) are special verbs that has special meaning and function, and normally used to modify other verbs. Modal auxiliaries are only used in present or past tenses, but the present tense is also used to describe the future tense. In the present or future tenses, the modal auxiliaries are accompanied by the simple form of verbs (the infinitive without to!). "owever, in past tense there are two forms of modal auxiliaries used, i.e. simply use the past form or use the past form in combination with present perfect form. #hus, the formula of sentences employing modal auxiliaries are as follows$ Present an! future tense Past tense " Su #ect $ mo!al %present& $ 'er %t(pe I& " Su #ect $ mo!al %past& $ 'er %t(pe I& Su #ect $ mo!al %past& $ )a'e $ 'er %t(pe III&
#here are six words that are categori%ed as modal auxiliaries as indicated in the following table. Mo!al au*iliaries &an May Shall 'ill Must (have(has to) Present+future &an May Shall 'ill Must (have(has to) Past &ould have Might have Should have 'ould have Must have

&ould Might Should 'ould Must (had to)

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Dr. H. Zulkarnain: English for Students in Agriculture (PNU 122 : A !esource "ook

*ught to

*ught to

*ught to

*ught to have

+xamples$ ,. - strong insecticide can kill grasshoppers and bugs effectively. . - strong insecticide coul! kill grasshoppers and bugs effectively. . - strong insecticide coul! )a'e ,ille! grasshoppers and bugs effectively. ). Severe virus infestation ma( cause great lost in crop production. . Severe virus infestation mi-)t cause great lost in crop production. . Severe virus infestation mi-)t )a'e cause! great lost in crop production. /. "asan s)all go to the farm early in the morning. . "asan s)oul! go to the farm early in the morning. . "asan s)oul! )a'e -one to the farm early in the morning. 0. 'e .ill grow pineapples in our back yard tomorrow. . 'e .oul! grow pineapples in our back yard tomorrow. . 'e .oul! )a'e -ro.n pineapples in our back yard tomorrow. 1. #hey must spray the fungicide to solve the fungus infestation. . #hey )a! to spray the fungicide to solve the fungus infestation. . #hey must )a'e spra(e! the fungicide to solve the fungus infestation. 2. #he government ou-)t to provide us with ade3uate facilities for agricultural education. . #he government ou-)t to provide us with ade3uate facilities for agricultural education. . #he government ou-)t to )a'e pro'i!e! us with ade3uate facilities for agricultural education. 4lease note that in the case of past tense of s)oul! )a'e/ ou-)t to )a'e and must )a'e/ there is a slight different in the meaning. In the first two, the modal auxiliaries indicate that the action is not performed or done yet. #herefore, the sentence saying "asan s)oul! )a'e -one to the farm early in the morning! means that although it was advisable for "asan to go early in the morning, he did not do so. #his situation is referred as unfulfilled actions!. Meanwhile, in the third modal auxiliary, there is an assumption that the action has been done completely. #hus, the sentence saying #hey must )a'e spra(e! the fungicide to solve the fungus infestation! means that they have already done the fungicide spray.

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Dr. H. Zulkarnain: English for Students in Agriculture (PNU 122 : A !esource "ook

Ou-)t to is sometimes used without a following verb if the meaning is clear, for example$ Should #e $egin soon% &es' #e ought to. In a 3uestion and negative sentences, especially those with contractions, to is sometimes moitted, for example$ (ughtn)t #e $e going soon% -lthough the omission of to was formerly possible in +nglish, it is now considered nonstandard.

Sentence transformation
#he transformation of sentences using modal auxiliaries into a negative is done by adding the negation not after the modal verb. 'hereas to transform the sentence into an interrogative can be done by putting the modal verb at the beginning of the sentence followed by sub5ect and predicate (a verb), or by using a 3uestion word followed by the modal verb, sub5ect and predicate. +xamples$ ,. #hey can grow the tomato in a plastic house. . #hey can not grow the tomato in a plastic house. . Can they grow the tomato in a plastic house6 . 0)ere can they grow the tomato6 ). 'e s)oul! !o watering two times a day. . 'e s)oul! not !o watering two times a day. . S)oul! we !o watering two times a day6 . Ho. man( times s)oul! we !o watering6 /. "asan s)oul! )a'e -one to the farm early in the morning. "asan s)oul! not )a'e -one to the farm early in the morning. S)oul! "asan )a'e -one to the farm early in the morning6

. 0)en s)oul! "asan )a'e -one to the farm6 7or the modal auxiliary )a'e+)as to/ the auxiliary !o+!oes is used for present or future, and !i! is used for the past tense. +xamples$ ,. #he government )as to increase the fund for agricultural development. . #he government !oes not )a'e to increase the fund for agricultural development.

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Dr. H. Zulkarnain: English for Students in Agriculture (PNU 122 : A !esource "ook

. Does the government )a'e to increase the fund for agricultural development. . 0)at !oes the government )a'e to increase6 ). 7armers )a! to adopt the modern technology. . 7armers !i! not )a'e to adopt the modern technology. . Di! farmers )a'e to adopt the modern technology6 . 0)o !i! )a'e to adopt the modern technology6

Stu!ents1 acti'it(
Assi-nment 2
&hange the following sentences into past tense form using appropriate modal auxiliary$ ,. ). /. 0. 1. 2. :. ;. =. 7armers )a'e to build an irrigation system in the area. She ma( leave the plantation at ,).88 o9clock. #he virus attack can spread via insects as the vector. #he government must control the price of crude palm oil (&4*). #he increase in fuel price .ill affect the agricultural sector significantly. 'e s)all buy new farm machineries by the end of this year. My aunty )as to sell one of her rice fields to pay the her son9s tuition fee this year. <ou ou-)t to understand that the virus problem is not easy to solve. #he Minister of -griculture .ill come to >ampus 4inang Masak to deliver a speech at the 0)nd ?n5a -nniversary. ,8. #hey must decide which rice variety that will be grown this year.

Assi-nment 3
&hange the following sentences into negative and interrogative forms (you may use 3uestion word)$ ,. ). /. 0. @ut meg can grow in acid soils. 7armers in Sungai Aandai .ill harvest their peppers within two weeks. #he rubber factory .ill operate next year. Scientists must do some studies to search new rice varieties.

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Dr. H. Zulkarnain: English for Students in Agriculture (PNU 122 : A !esource "ook

1. 2. :. ;. =.

<ou s)all grow good 3uality seeds from Seed Station to produce better harvest. Budi ou-)t to go to the Calai Desa to attend the agricultural extension. Many transmigrants can build a better living in the transmigration area in Bimbo Cu5ang. #he results of this research s)all give benefit to poor farmers in remote area. 'e can cultivate our land by using simple e3uipments.

,8. I s)all go to the university to become an agricultural expert.

4oca ular( list

-cid soils Cugs &rude 4alm *il (&4*) 7ungus Frasshoppers Insect @ut meg 4epper 4lantation Bemote area Seed Station Gector E tanah masam E hama kutu E minyak sawit mentah E cendawan E belalang E serangga E kemiri E lada E perkebunan E daerah terpencil E balai benih E serangga pembawa virus

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