Notes Chapter 6

ET201
ELECTRICAL
CIRCUITS

TRANSFORMER
Chapter 6
1 Prepared by WAY/JKE/PKS
INTRODUCTION
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
MUTUAL
INDUCTANCE
basic operating principal of
the transformer, motors,
generators and any other
electrical component that
interacts with another magnetic
field.
A change in the current of one
coil affects the current and
voltage in the second coil is
quantified in the property
called mutual inductance
When two coils are placed to
each other, a changing
electromagnetic field produced
by the current in one coil will
cause an induced voltage in
the second coil because of the
mutual inductance
Mutual inductance is
established by the
inductance of each coil
and by the amount
coupling between the two
coils
Magnetic Coupling
THE MUTUAL
INDUCTANCE THAT
EXISTS BETWEEN THE
TWO COILS CAN BE
GREATLY INCREASED BY
:
Positioning them
on a common soft
iron core
Increasing the
number of
turns of either
coil
5
Prepared by WAY/JKE/PKS
Magnetic Coupling
If the two coils are tightly
wound one on top of the
other over a common soft
iron core unity coupling is
said to exist between them
as any losses due to the
leakage of flux will be
extremely small.

6
Electrical Isolation
Isolation transformer isolates power out from the power line

By being able to transfer power from one circuit to another
without the use of interconnecting conductors between the two
circuits, transformers provide the useful feature of electrical
isolation.

Transformers designed to provide electrical isolation without
stepping voltage and current either up or down are called
isolation transformers.

7
Coefficient Of Coupling
Generally, the amount of inductive coupling that exists
between the two coils is expressed as a fractional number @
the coefficient of coupling, k
The value of k between 0 and 1 instead of a percentage (%)
value, where 0 indicates zero or no inductive coupling, and 1
indicating full or maximum inductive coupling.

8
Coefficient Of Coupling
If k = 1 the two coils are perfectly coupled
If k > 0.5 the two coils are said to be tightly coupled
If k < 0.5 the two coils are said to be loosely coupled.
Then the equation above which assumes a perfect coupling can be modified
to take into account this coefficient of coupling, k and is given as:
k =
H
I
1
I
2

Where M = mutual inductance
L
1
= flux linking coil 1
L
2
= flux linking coil 2

9
The Factors That Affect
Mutual Inductance
10
The Factors That Affect
Mutual Inductance
The number of
coil turns (N)
The cross-
sectional area in
m
2
(A)
Coils length in
meters, m (l)
The permeability
of free space, 4
x 10
-7
(
0
)
The relative
permeability of
the soft iron core
(
r
)
11
THE CONSTRUCTION AND
THE OPERATION OF A
TRANSFORMER
A TRANSFORMER
is a device that
transfer
electric energy
from one circuit to another
through
inductive coupled conductors
an electric current can
produce a magnetic
field (electromagnetism)
a changing magnetic field
within a coil of wire induces a
voltage across the ends of the
coil (electromagnetic induction).
Principles of
transformers
In other words.
Changing the current
in the primary coil
changes the
magnetic flux that is
developed
The changing
magnetic flux
induces a voltage in
the secondary coil.
An ideal transformer
Current passing through the primary coil
creates a magnetic field
The primary and secondary coils are
wrapped around a core of very high
magnetic permeability, such as iron
so that most of the magnetic flux passes
through both the primary and secondary coils.
If a load is connected to the secondary
winding, the load current and voltage will be
in the directions indicated, given the primary
current and voltage in the directions indicated
Types of single-
phase double-
wound transformer
construction
CORE TYPE
SHELL TYPE
Importance
of
core material
The coils used for this transformer are form-wound and are of
cylindrical type
In the case of circular cylindrical coils, they have a fair advantage
of having good mechanical strength
The low voltage windings are placed nearer to the core as it is the easiest to
insulate.
The effective core area of the transformer can be
reduced with the use of laminations and insulation.
Winding in transformer
Primary Winding
connected to the source
of power
may be either the high-
or the low voltage
winding, depending
upon the application of
the transformer
Secondary Winding
delivers power to the
load
may be either the high-
or the low-voltage
winding, depending
upon the application of
the transformer
Turns Ratio
The turns ratio of a transformer is defined as the
number of turns on its secondary divided by the
number of turns on its primary.

2
=
prmr turnx
xecundr turnx

N
1
: N
2

20
How direction of windings affect
voltage polarities
Direction of the windings determines the polarity of
the secondary voltage with respect of the primary
voltage.
Phase dots are used to indicate polarity.

21
Relationship between primary and
secondary voltages and turn ratio
22
Induced e.m.f
= N
J
Jt

where
d
dt
= the rate of change of flux.

In an ideal transformer, the rate of change of flux is the same for
both primary and secondary

Thus
1
N
1
=
2
N
2

23
Assuming no losses, E
1
=V
1
and E
2
=V
2

Hence,

The voltage ratio of an ideal transformer is directly related to the turns ratio:
2
=
2

Where
2
= :oltgc rto

2
= turns rto or trnsormcr rton

24
Step-up transformer
A step-up transformer is a constant-voltage
transformer so connected that the delivered voltage
is greater than the supplied voltage.

1
=
2
ur
2
=
2

Based on the above relationship, if N
2
is greater
than N
1
then V
2
is greater than V
1
and the device is
termed a step-up transformer.

26
Step-down transformer
A step-down transformer is one so connected that
the delivered voltage is less than that supplied.

1
=
2
ur
2
=
2

Based on the above relationship, if N
2
is less than
N
1
then V
2
is less than V
1
and the device is termed
a step-down transformer.

27
Transformer as DC isolation
A transformer does not pass DC; therefore a transformer can
be used to keep the DC voltage on the output of an amplifier
stage from affecting the bias of the next amplifier.

The AC signal is coupled through the transformer between
amplifier stages.

28
THE EFFECT OF A RESISTIVE
LOAD ACROSS THE
SECONDARY WINDING
The current delivered by the secondary when a step-up
and step-down transformer is loaded
A transformer changes both the voltage and current
on the primary side to different values on the
secondary side.

This makes a load resistance appear to have a
different value on the primary side.
30
In an ideal transformer, the primary and secondary ampere-turns
are equal
Thus,
2
=
2
=
2
=
1

If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the
same factor.

31
R
nJ R
scc
scc

R
scc
scc
=
1
n
1
n
=
1
n
2

32
Power in a transformer
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical
power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit.
Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient.
All the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field
and into the secondary circuit.
If this condition is met, the input electric power must equal the output power:
nput powcr =

0utput powcr =
S
S

33
Example 1
A transformer has 500 primary turns and 3000 secondary
turns. If the primary voltage is 240V, determine the
secondary voltage, assuming an ideal transformer.

Solution
v
1
v
2
=
N
1
N
2
cncc
24u
v
2
=
Suu
Suuu

Thus
2
=
Suuu
Suu
24u = 1.44k

34
Example 2
An ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 2:7 is fed
from a 240V supply. Determine its output voltage.

Solution
v
1
v
2
=
N
1
N
2
cncc
24u
v
2
=
2
7

Thus
2
=
7
2
24u = 84u

35
Example 3
An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 8:1 and the primary current is
3A when it is supplied at 240V. Calculate the secondary voltage and
current.

Solution

v
1
v
2
=
N
1
N
2
cncc
24u
v
2
=
8
1

Thus the secondary voltage;
2
=
1
8
24u = Su
N
1
N
2
=
I
2
I
1
cncc
2
=
N
1
N
2
I
1
=
8
1
S = 24

36
Example 4
An ideal transformer, connected to a 240V mains, supplies a 12V, 150W
lamp. Calculate the transformer turns ratio and the current taken from the
supply.

Solution
turns rto =
N
1
N
2
=
v
1
v
2
=
24u
12
= 2u

0utput powcr =
2
2
cncc
2
=
0utput powcr
2
=
1Su
12
= 12.S
v
1
v
2
=
I
2
I
1
cncc

1
=
v
2
v
1
I
2
=
12
24u
12.S = u.62S

37
NON-IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Non-ideal transformers
Real transformers are never ideal, and at times their non-idealities are
important.
Such non-idealities include the resistance of the coils, the leakage
inductance of the coils and the magnetizing inductance of the core.
These non-idealities can be added to the model shown in below figure

39
Non ideal characteristics
R1, R2 are Resistances
of the Primary and
secondary of the
Transformer.
Leakage fluxes l1,
l2 exist for Primary
and Secondary
windings respectively.
Permeability of core is
not infinite. Therefore
mmf is needed to
establish mutual flux
m in the core.
Core Losses are
included.
The core saturates
40
Power Rating Of A Transformer
copper
losses
iron losses
Total losses
in
transformers
41
Copper Losses
Copper losses are variable and result in a heating
of the conductors, due to the fact that they possess
resistance.

If R1 and R2 are the primary and secondary
winding resistances then the total copper loss is:-
1
2
R
1
+
2
2
R
2

42
Iron / Core Losses
Core losses are constant for a given value of
frequency and flux density and are of two types
hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.

Types
of core
losses
Eddy
current
loss
Hysteresis
loss
43
Hysteresis loss
Hysteresis loss is the heating of the core as a result of
the internal molecular structure reversals which occur
as the magnetic flux alternates.

The loss is proportional to the area of the hysteresis
loop and thus low loss nickel iron alloys are used for
the core since their hysteresis loops have small areas.

44
E
D
D
Y

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

L
O
S
S

Is the heating of the core due to e.m.f.s being induced not only in the
transformer windings but also in the core.
These induced e.m.f.s set up circulating currents, called eddy currents.
Owing to the low resistance of the core, eddy currents can be quite
considerable and can cause a large power loss and excessive heating of
the core.
Eddy current losses can be reduced by increasing the resistivity of the
core material or, more usually, by laminating the core (i.e. splitting it into
layers or leaves) when very thin layers of insulating material can be
inserted between each pair of laminations.
This increases the resistance of the eddy current path, and reduces the
value of the eddy current.
Total losses in transformer
P
1
=
1
2
R
1
+
2
2
R
2
+corc losscs

46
Efficiency Of A Transformer
Transformers are typically rated in volt-amperes (VA),
primary/secondary voltage, and operating frequency.
The efficiency of a transformer is a measure of the percentage of
input power that is delivered to the output

Transformer efficiency

p =
output powcr
nput powcr
=
nput powcr losscs
nput powcr
= 1
losscs
nput powcr

p =
output powcr
nput powcr
1uu

47
Where

output powcr =
2
2
co
2
= S co 0 or ull loJ
output powcr = (
2
2
co
2
) u.S = (S co 0) u.S
or l loJ

totl losscs = coppcr losscs +ron losscs or ull loJ

totl losscs = (u.S
2
coppcr losscs) + ron losscs
or l loJ

nput powcr = output powcr +losscs

48
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
The center-tapped (CT)
transformer
is equivalent to two
secondary windings with
half the voltage across
each. Center-tapped
windings are used for
rectifier supplies and
impedance-matching
transformers
Multiple-winding
transformers
have more than one winding
on a common core. They
are used to operate on, or
provide, different operating
voltages
An auto transformer
is a transformer which has
part of its winding common
to the primary and
secondary circuits.
The latter shows that the
secondary is actually part
of the primary, the current
in the secondary being (I2
I1).
Since the current is less in
this section, the cross-
sectional area of the
winding can be reduced,
which reduces the amount of
material necessary.
Symbol of Auto - Transformer
51
Advantages of Auto-transformers
a saving in cost since less copper is needed
less volume, hence less weight
a higher efficiency, resulting from lower I
2
R losses
a continuously variable output voltage is achievable
if a sliding contact is used
a smaller percentage voltage regulation

52
Disadvantages of Auto Transformer
The primary and secondary windings are not
electrically separate, hence if an open-circuit occurs
in the secondary winding the full primary voltage
appears across the secondary.

53
Example 1
A power transmission line has a resistance of 0.2 ohm.
Calculate the power loss if 200 kW of power is
transmitted from a power generator to a city at: (a)
240 V and (b) 4.4 kV.

Solution

kW P
T
488
0
2 . 0
240
10 200 P
losses core + Rs Is + Rp Ip = P
2
3
T
2 2
T

54
Example 2
Calculate the efficiency of a 400W transformer,
which reduces the 230 AC voltage to 24 V. For the
calculations, assume the resistances of the primary
and secondary windings as 0.05 Ohm and 0.01
Ohm, respectively. The losses in the transformer core
Pc = 70mW.

55
Solution Of Example 2
Copper Loss = Ip
2
Rp + Is
2
Rs
P = VI I = P/V

For the primary, I
p
: 400/230 = 1.74 Amps
For the secondary, I
S
: 400/24 = 16.67 Amps

Copper loss for primary: 1.74x 0.05 = 0.087 W

Copper loss for secondary: 16.67 x 0.01 = 0.167 W

Total Copper Loss: 0.087+ 0.167 = 0.254 W

Total loss including core loss: 0.254 + 70m = 0.324 W

p =
output powcr
nput powcr
1uu =
4uu
4uu + u.S24
1uu = 99.92%
56
People forget 50% of
information in 24 Hours,
75% in 6 days
and
90% in 30 days.

- H. Ebbinghaus -
THANK YOU
FOR
YOUR KIND ATTENTION!

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