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and
2 2 u + U ( u U) , ( ) 12 22 k0 t t2
(E-2)
where grad and div are the gradient and divergence differential operators; D, N, R, Q are all nonnegative elastic moduli; 11, 12, 22 are dynamic coefcients; is viscosity; is porosity; and k0 is permeability. The elastic modulus Q used here is not to be confused with the attenuation quality-factor Q introduced in Chapter 5. The moduli have specic physical interpretations. For example, Q is a measure of the volume change of solid and liquid, and R is related to the pressure needed to force pore uid into a given volume of the frame, measured at constant pore pressure (Deresiewicz and Rice, 1962). The last term on the right-hand side in equations E-1 and E-2, 2 (u U ) , k0 t (E-3)
is proportional to the relative motion of the frame and uid (Geertsma and Smit, 1961). This is called a dissipative term because it contains a rst time derivative, and it represents a diffusion phenomenon that acts to attenuate propagating waves. From the coefcient in the dissipative term, we infer that attenuation increases with pore-uid viscosity and the square of porosity while being inversely proportional to permeability. That explains, for example, why rocks containing high-viscosity heavy oil exhibit large
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attenuation even in the low-frequency band of 10 to 100Hz (Behura etal., 2007) and why similar behavior has been reported for low-permeability shale (Duranti etal., 2005). In the dissipative term of equation E-3, we see the connection between Biot theory and the rock properties that are of great importance in petroleum seismology. That connection is embodied further in the dimensionless frequency parameter = a /, (E-4)
where a is a representative linear dimension of the pore cross section (Deresiewicz and Rice, 1962), is angular frequency, and h is kinematic viscosity of the pore uid. The interested reader is referred to Deresiewicz and Rice (1962) for solution of the Biot-eld equations by means of scalar and vector potentials, ultimately leading to three wave equations describing the two P-waves (fast, slow) and one shear wave discussed in Chapter 7. Dutta and Ode (1983) give concise expressions for all wave speeds in a Biot poroelastic medium.