Viruses and Prokaryotes

What is a Virus?
A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells Structure
Core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid Capsid can be DNA or RNA, but not both Core can be several to several hundred genes

SO HOW BIG ARE VIRUSES???

Viruses are REALLY small. They are much smaller than bacteria. They can only be seen with an electron microscope.

Bacteriophage
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria Bacteriophage
Head capsid and DNA Tail with fibers to attach to bacteria

T group
Most commonly studied are T group T1, T2, T3, T4 etc... T4 has a DNA core within a protein coat, and tail with tail fibers to attach to bacteria.

Viral shapes
Variety of shapes
Rod Tadpole Many sided, helical or cubelike

VIRUS SHAPES Round Rod-shaped Many sided (icosohedral)

SHAPES MAY DIFFER BUT

All viruses have 1. Chromosome-like part that carries hereditary information The Core 2. Protein coat: Protects hereditary information and provides the shape! The Capsid
T4 Bacteriophage
Head DNA

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

RNA

Influenza Virus
Capsid RNA

Capsid proteins Tail sheath Tail fiber

Surface proteins

Membrane envelope

ROUND VIRUSES

Herpes virus
There are two types:
Genital oral

ROD-SHAPED

Tobacco mosaic virus

MANY SIDED

bacteriophage

E coli bacteria

Is this why viruses infect us?

YES! Viruses need living organisms in order to reproduce and form more viruses!

Injecting DNA virus

Virus Size
Size 20 to 400 nanometers (one nanometer is one billionth of a meter) Specificity usually infect specific organisms
Cannot infect animals if it infects plants Some can infect wider variety Rabies all mammals, some birds

VIRUSES ARE SPECIFIC IN THE CELLS THEY INFECT

Tobacco mosaic virus: only tobacco plantsnot wheat or corn

Rabies: only nervous system cells of mammals

Common cold: infects cells on airway passage to lungs

Lytic Infection
Cause cells to lyse or burst

1. Infection chance contact virus with right kind of bacterium. Virus attaches to bacterium and injects its DNA. Most times, complete virus particle does not enter. 2. Growth Bacterium cant tell difference between bacterial and viral DNA. RNA polymerase causes mRNA to be made from cell for virus. Viral DNA takes over and produces more DNA and viral proteins. 3. Replication Virus uses bacterial material to make thousands of copies of the protein coat and DNA. Cell becomes filled with virus particles. (All three stages can happen with E. coli within 25 minutes!) 4. DNA serves as central point for virus particles to be assembled. Cells fill with virus and lyse (burst). New viruses can now infect new cells.

SO HOW DO VIRUSES CAUSE DISEASE?

Section 19-3
Bacteriophage protein coat Bacteriophage DNA Bacterial chromosome

Bacteriophage attaches to bacteriums cell wall Bacteriophage enzyme lyses the bacteriums cell wall, releasing new bacteriophage particles that can attack other cells.

Lytic Cycle
Bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterium

Bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids assemble into complete bacteriophage particles Bacteriophage takes over bacteriums metabolism, causing synthesis of new bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids

Bacteriophage Bacteriophage DNA Bacteriophage protein

Retroviruses
RNA viruses When they infect a cell, they produce DNA copies of their RNA genes. Retroviruses have their genetic information copied backwards. RNA DNA One retrovirus is HIV. Others cause cancer in animals and humans. The theory is that viruses were not the first living things. They are dependent on living things to survive.

EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA:

The two bacterial kingdoms
Bacteria on a pin head

Eubacteria
True bacteria largest Kindgom of prokaryotes generally surrounded by cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates have a cell membrane (some have 2 cell membranes) Some have flagella for movement Found everywhere Some produce disease Some photosynthetic some very useful cheese is just one example

PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Prokaryote what does that mean? Classification of Prokaryotes All prokaryotes were in kingdom Monera. Now 2 kingdoms
Eubacteria and archaebacteria

Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria includes organisms that live in very harsh environments Methanogens live in oxygen free environments mud, digestive tracts of animals Extremely salty environments Hot springs

Identifying Bacteria
Cell Shape
Rod bacilli Sphere cocci Spiral spirilla

Bacterial Shapes

Round

Rod

Spiral

Arrangement
2 cocci diplococci long chains streptococci clumps, clusters staphylococci

Cell Wall
Chemical nature Gram staining Hans Christian Gram 2 dyes crystal violet (purple) and safranine (red)
bacteria either take one or the other If only one thick layer of carbohydrate and protein molecules outside the cell membrane picked up crystal violet appeared purple GRAM POSITIVE If cell had 2nd, outer layer of lipid and carbohydrate picked up safranine appeared red GRAM NEGATIVE

Bacterial movement
propelled by flagella lash, snake, or spiral forward no movement

Bacterial Respiration
Obligate aerobes require oxygen Obligate anaerobes must live in absence of oxygen
example is Clostridium botulinum

Facultative anaerobes can live with or without oxygen

Reproduction
Some can reproduce every 20 minutes Held in check by food and production of wastes Types: Binary Fission Replication of DNA and division in half Asexual Conjugation Sexual involves the exchange of genetic material Long bridge of protein forms between the cells Donor genetic information transferred to recipient through bridge Recipient cell has different genes at the end than it did to begin with

Importance of Bacteria
Used in production of products we use every day Yogurt Cheese Buttermilk Sour cream Pickles Sauerkraut Vinegar Wine Industry digest petroleum remove wastes and poisons from water synthesizing drugs through genetic engineering

Symbiotic Relationships (mutuallism)

E. coli in humans help us digest food make vitamins we cant, we give them a home, food, and transportation Bacteria in the intestines of cattle allow them to break down cellulose (in grass and hay)

Bacteria in the Environment

Bacteria are like the stage hands that allow the show to go on without being seen (or always given the credit) Bacteria recycle and decompose dead material Saprophytes organisms that use the complex molecules of a once living organism as their food source

Sewage decomposition
Sewage treatment bacteria is added directly to the raw sewage How does a septic tank work?

Nitrogen Fixation
All organisms are TOTALLY dependent on monerans for Nitrogen All Plants need nitrogen to make amino acids (NH2) Because animals eat plants, they get their proteins from plants What percentage of the air is Nitrogen? Plants, and most other organisms cannot use this directly Need Nitrogen to be FIXED chemically as ammonia

Nitrogen Fixation
Scientists can make synthetic nitrogen containing fertilizers by mixing Nitrogen and Hydrogen gases, heating to 500 degrees C and compressing it to 300 X normal atmospheric pressure dangerous, expensive, time consuming Many cyanobacteria can take nitrogen from the air and convert it to a useable form this is called Nitrogen Fixation Bacteria are the only organisms that can do this. Some plants have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria soybean Rhizobium grows in nodules around roots

Diseases caused by Viruses and Monerans

only a small number of viruses and bacteria can cause disease Pathogens organisms that cause disease All viruses infect living cells Disease occurs when infection causes damage to the cells

Viruses and Disease

Examples are:
Small Pox Polio Measles AIDS Mumps Influenza Yellow Fever Rabies Common Cold Ebola etc

Vaccine
The bodys own defenses must be used Vaccine dead or weakened viruses that stimulate the bodies defense system Symptoms can be treated sometimes, but once someone is infected by a virus, there is not much science can do

Bacteria and Disease

Bacterial diseases include:
Diptheria TB Typhoid Tetnus Hansen disease syphilis cholera bubonic plague Flesh Eating Bacteria

2 ways bacteria cause disease

1. Damage cells and tissues of infected organisms directly by breaking down cells 2. Releasing toxins (poisons) Many bacteria can live without a host organism (on a petri dish) Rickettsiae cannot live outside a host cell. They have leaky cell walls Rickettsiae cause Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, typhus, and Legionnaires disease

 Measures to fight bacterial infection include:

Antibiotics drugs and natural compounds that attack and destroy bacteria in the body NOT Effective against viruses