-antibodies recognize antigens on surface (capsid) on virus and bind -B cells, specifically plasma cells, secrete antibodies -B cells

make 1 specific antibody = specialized -epitopes = polypeptide sequence recognized by antibody

Humoral -in plasma of blood -target bacteria, viruses, proteins -recognition done by antibodies Cellular -phagocytes -targets cells that are infected with a virus, bacterium, etc. -cytotoxic T cell (T_c)

Antibodies -4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy 2 light) -heavy chains bonded by disulfide bridges, branch out at end -light chains under branch of heavy chain - Together looks like Y with two light branches under the branches -recognition done at the top part, bottom part constant -produced by plasma B cells (specific i.e. 1 antibody expressed / plasma)

-In zygote DNA found sequences resembling gene for antibodies -1st: V, 2nd: D, 3rd: J -After VDJ sequence, gene codes for constant part of antibody -During development of B cell, 1 V, 1D, and 1J is chosen, rest is thrown away -intron between VDJ and constant region -each B cell expresses only one antibody (depends on VDJ combination) -joining events are sloppy -> more variation -enzyme which introduces point mutations >more variation -Class switching = different constant regions -> more variation (after nearest constant is made, it can be spliced off)

Colonal selection -each B cell displays a sample of its antibody on its surface -when stimulated with an antigen, divides rapidly to produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies but short lived, and also memory cells which vegetate but stay a long time and can repeat the process once 2nd exposure occurs

Antibody + Pathogen -Bind + block: virus covered by antibodies -Target for destruction: antibodies stick and make pores on membrane of pathogen (loss of membrane -> death) or signal macrophages (which recognize antibodies on the pathogen) to come over

T cell -cytotoxic T cell, specific recognition molecule on surface = T cell receptor -T cell receptor has variable region + constant region -T cell receptor have similar concepts to antibodies (i.e. VDJ recombination) -Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) = display case, cells have MHC on their surface which show what is going on in a cell i.e. which proteins are expressed -T cell receptors recognize foreign shit in the MHCI then kills -T cells can basically see whats going on in a cell -Natural Killer cells kill off virus infected cells with low MHCI expression -MHC II is used for antigen presentation by dendritic cells/phagocytes which look for the T cell with the specific receptor -A helper T cell which recognizes the MHC II will become activated -The helper T cell will look for corresponding B cells with same MHC II antigen from the phags

Distinguishing self vs non-self -embryogenesis: assume no pathogens present -> any B or T cell recognizing something must be recognizing itself -> deletes itself (process is called education and occurs in thymus) -After birth: normal function, goes after recognized stuff