A Brief Study Looking at Stress Management Techniques among Business Majors, Education Majors, Music Majors, and Health

Promotion Human Performance Majors at !e"er State #ni$ersity

Candace Jenkins HLTH 4013 Research Methods in Health Promotion Dr. Michael Ol in !all "010 #e$er state %ni&ersit' O(den) %tah

ABST%A&T *tress a++ects e&er'one di++erentl' and there+ore) each erson mana(es their stress di++erent. Man' st,dies ha&e $een done a$o,t ho- and -h' eo le mana(e stress the -a' the' do $ased on di++erent characteristics s,ch as (ender) c,lt,re) and ethnicit'. Ho-e&er) there ha&e not $een man' st,dies on ho- colle(e st,dents mana(e stress. The intent o+ this st,d' -as to +ind o,t not onl' ho- colle(e st,dents mana(e stress) $,t also to determine i+ there are certain trends in ho- colle(e st,dents mana(e stress amon( &ario,s colle(e ma.ors. / &ol,ntar' s,r&e' -as distri$,ted to 110 , er

classmen in the $,siness) Health Promotion H,man Per+ormance 1HPHP2) ed,cation) and m,sic ma.ors at #e$er *tate %ni&ersit'. The s,r&e' asked a$o,t di++erent stress mana(ement techni3,es and the a&era(e +re3,enc' in -hich the st,dents artici ate. /lmost all o+ the st,dents did not artici ate in $io+eed$ack) smokin() or recreational dr,(s to mana(e stress. !or 445 o+ the stress mana(ement techni3,es mentioned) res,lts -ere (enerall' the same +or each ma.or. Ho-e&er) $,siness ma.ors re orted s endin( less time artici atin( in social acti&ities than an' other ma.or. HPHP ma.ors re orted hi(her +re3,encies o+ drinkin( and e6ercisin( to red,ce stress. M,sic ma.ors sho-ed hi(her +re3,encies o+ ,sin( $od' rela6ation techni3,es to mana(e stress. 7oth HPHP ma.ors and m,sic ma.ors re orted hi(her +re3,encies in ,sin( massa(e) meditation) and o&er8the8co,nter and rescri tion dr,(s to mana(e stress. These +indin(s s,((est that HPHP and m,sic ma.or mi(ht tend to mana(e stress in similar -a's. /mon( ed,cation ma.ors) no si(ni+icant trends -ere +o,nd.

THE %ESEA%&H '#EST()* )% P%)BLEM

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

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Colle(e st,dents aro,nd the (lo$e are a++ected $' stress e&er' da'. 9et not m,ch research has $een done amon( this d'namic o ,lation on this to ic. :ach st,dent mana(es stress di++erentl'. Ho-e&er) are there trends amon( colle(e ma.ors; Does one colle(e ma.or tend to ,se di++erent stress mana(ement techni3,es than another; Or do all st,dents mana(e their stress in $asicall' the same -a' as e&er'one else; /ns-ers to these 3,estions co,ld not onl' hel the st,dents ,nderstand -hich techni3,es o+ stress mana(ement -o,ld hel them the $est) $,t also hel ed,cators and administration at colle(es and ,ni&ersities hel the st,dents s,cceed in their colle(e careers. 7eca,se o+ the di&ersit' o+ the ma.ors and the con&enience o+ the location) the ro$lem in 3,estion is do $,siness ma.ors) Health Promotion H,man Per+ormance ma.ors) m,sic ma.ors) and ed,cation ma.ors mana(e stress di++erentl'; <t is ho ed that thro,(h this st,d') trends -ill $e identi+ied in ho- these ma.ors mana(e stress. Thro,(h this disco&er') methods and ro(rams co,ld $e de&elo ed to hel these st,dents s,cceed. L(TE%AT#%E %E+(E! Research seems to sho- that stress is m,lti+aceted and there+ore the stress mana(ement techni3,es ,sed &aries +rom erson to erson. /mon( colle(e -omen) one o+ the most e++ecti&e -a's to hel them mana(e stress is to ro&ide s, ort

s'stems. !or e6am le) to hel them deal -ith the demands o+ $ein( st,dents and mothers) child care is o++ered them 1Johnson) et al. "0002. The same -as tr,e +or a st,d' that +oc,sed on the interaction $et-een role clarit') -ork o&erload) or(ani=ational

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s,

ort amon( %* arm' soldiers. #hile ,nderstandin( their indi&id,al roles hel ed ort

red,ce stress no matter ho- (reat their -orkload -as) ha&in( or(ani=ational s,

si(ni+icantl' red,ced the amo,nt o+ stress soldiers +elt 17liese > Castro) "0002. /nother st,d' +o,nd that reli(iosit' increased the ositi&e o,tcomes to-ards stress and red,ced the ne(ati&e o,tcomes associated -ith stress amon( colle(e st,dents. /ccordin( to Read > LeCheminant 1"00?2) -hen st,dents -ere in&ol&ed in their ch,rch and -ere more +oc,sed on their s irit,alit') the st,dents seemed ha ier and -ere more -ell8

ad.,sted to the stress the' +ace. Other st,dies that ha&e sho-n that ro(ressi&e m,scle rela6ation and@or rela6in( m,sic -ill red,ce stress amon( colle(e st,dies 1Ai$ler > Rider) 1?B32 and that $io+eed$ack) -hen ,sed consistentl') also hel s colle(e st,dents learn to reco(ni=e and red,ce stress. 1Ratanasiri on() et al.) "0102. <n an article a$o,t ho- administrators co e -ith stress) *-ent 1"0012 states that school administrators and teachers tended to ,se more h'siolo(ical acti&ities to deal -ith stress than co(niti&e@ s'cholo(ical and inter ersonal acti&ities. There+ore) stress mana(ement techni3,es &ar' (reatl' +rom erson to erson. METH),S The data needed to determine the techni3,es ,sed $' $,siness ma.ors) ed,cation ma.ors) HPHP ma.ors) and m,sic ma.ors to mana(e stress -as (athered ,sin( a "0 3,estion s,r&e' 1re+er to a endi62. The s,r&e' asked the +re3,enc' the

artici ants ,sed each techni3,e. Partici ants -ere asked not to -rite their names or an'thin( else that -o,ld identi+' them so that their anon'mit' -o,ld $' ass,red.

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The s,r&e' -as s,$mitted to a #*% <nstit,tional Re&ie- 7oard committee +or a ro&al $e+ore $ein( distri$,ted. !ollo-in( a ro&al) the s,r&e' -as administered to a

sam le o+ 110 st,dents enrolled in ,

er di&ision co,rses +or each o+ the ma.ors

mentioned a$o&e. The co,rses incl,ded Dr. Rol+ Di6onCs *trate(ic Mana(ement) Dr. Thomas RootCs M,sic Histor' 1 and M,sic Histor' 3) Dr. Michael Ol inCs Methods in Health :d,cation) Pro+essor Jordan %tle' * orts Ps'cholo(') Pro+essor Aristin DelsonCs <nstr,ctional Plannin( and /ssessment) and Pro+essor Pe((' *a,ndersCs Pre arin() Teachin() and /ssessin( <nstr,ction. The s,r&e's -ere com leted on a &ol,ntar' $asis. The data -ere entered into an :6cel s readsheet a+ter the s,r&e's -ere ret,rned. The data -ere con&erted into ercenta(es $ased on the +re3,enc' o+ ans-ers +rom the st,dents. The res,lts are re orted in the +ollo-in( section. %ES#LTS There -ere a total o+ 110 artici ants in this st,d'. T-ent'8t-o ercent o+ the artici ants -ere $,siness ma.ors) "15 -ere Health Promotion H,man Per+ormance 1HPHP2 ma.ors) "?5 -ere ed,cation ma.ors) and "B5 -ere m,sic ma.ors. Males consisted o+ "45 o+ the artici ants -hile +emales made , the other 045. Thirt'8+i&e ercent o+ the artici ants -ere $et-een the a(es o+ 1B and "1) 3B5 -ere $et-een the a(es o+ "" and "4) 145 -ere $et-een "E and "? 'ears old) 45 -ere $et-een 30 and 33 'ears old) and B5 -ere a$o&e 33 'ears o+ a(e. O+ the $,siness ma.ors) 445 -ere males and 4E5 -ere +emales. T-el&e ercent o+ the $,siness ma.ors -ere $et-een the a(es o+ 1B and "1) 4E5 $et-een "" and "4 'ears old) "05 -ere $et-een "E and "? 'ears o+ a(e) B5 -ere $et-een 30 and 33

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'ears old) and artici ants a(ed 33 and a$o&e made , B5 o+ the $,siness ma.ors. !or HPHP ma.ors) 105 -ere males -hile B35 o+ the artici ants -ere +emales. Thirt'8three ercent -ere 1B8"1 'ears old) 4E5 -ere $et-een "" and "4 'ears old) B5 -ere "E8"? 'ears old) and 135 -ere 33 'ears old or a$o&e. The ed,cation ma.ors consisted o+ 35 males and ?05 +emales. Thirt'8t-o ercent o+ the ed,cation ma.ors -ere 1B8"1 'ears old) 345 -ere $et-een the a(es o+ "" and "4) "E8"? 'ear olds made , 1B5) E5 -ere $et-een 30 and 33 'ears old) and ?5 -ere a(ed 33 or a$o&e. Thirt' ercent o+ the m,sic ma.ors -ere males and 005 o+ the m,sic ma.ors -ere +emales. !i+t'8ei(ht ercent o+ the artici ants -ere 1B8"1 'ears old) "05 -ere a(ed ""8"4) ?5 -ere "E8"? 'ears old) 35 -ere $et-een a(es 30 and 33) and artici ants a(ed 33 'ears old or a$o&e made , the remain 145. Business "E 14 445 1" 4E5 3 1"5 1" 4E5 0 "05 " B5 " B5 HPHP "4 4 105 "0 B35 B 335 11 4E5 " B5 0 05 3 135 Education 34 1 35 33 ?05 11 3"5 1" 345 E 1B5 " E5 3 ?5 Music 33 10 305 "3 005 1? 4B5 ? "05 3 ?5 1 35 4 145 Total 110 "? "45 BB 045 41 345 44 3B5 1B 145 4 45 13 115

Total Male -emale ./01. yrs2 old 11013 yrs2 old 14015 yrs2 old 67066 yrs2 old 668 yrs2 old

One h,ndred ercent o+ $oth the $,siness ma.ors and m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' ne&er ,se $io+eed$ack as a -a' to mana(e stress. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') ?E5 ne&er ,se it -hile 45 o+ them ,se it 384 ho,rs a -eek. Dinet'8se&en ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' ne&er ,se and 35 o+ them ,se it 18" ho,rs a -eek. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use "iofeed"ack to Business HPHP Education Music

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manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

1005 05 05 05 05 05 05

?E5 05 05 45 05 05 05

?05 05 35 05 05 05 05

1005 05 05 05 05 05 05

!or $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') ?"5 state the' do not artici ate in $od' rela6ation e6ercises as a -a' to mana(e stress. :i(ht ercent state the' artici ate in $od' rela6ation e6ercises 18" ho,rs a -eek. *i6t' ercent o+ HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' said the' do not artici ate in $od' rela6ation e6ercises -hile "45 artici ate less than 1 ho,r a -eek) B5 artici ate 18" ho,rs a -eek and 4 5 artici ate 384 ho,rs a -eek. !or ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 0?5 do not artici ate in $od' rela6ation e6ercises) ?5 artici ate less than 1 ho,r a -eek and 1"5 artici ate 18" ho,rs a -eek. Thirt'8three ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not artici ate in $od' rela6ation e6ercises. !i+t'8+i&e ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' artici ate less than 1 ho,r a -eek) ?5 artici ate 18" ho,rs a -eek and 35 artici ate 384 ho,rs a -eek.

Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use "ody rela>ation to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek

Business ?"5 05 B5 05 05

HPHP E35 "45 B5 45 05

Education 0?5 ?5 1"5 05 05

Music 335 445 ?5 35 05

Jenkins 0

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

=0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

05 05

05 05

05 05

05 05

#hen it comes to drinkin( as a -a' to deal -ith stress) B15 o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' do not drink to mana(e stress. T-el&e ercent drink less than 1 ho,r a -eek) 45 drink 18" ho,rs and 45 drink 384 ho,rs a -a' to mana(e stress. *e&ent'8one ercent o+ HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not drink to mana(e stress) 45 drink less than an ho,r a -eek) 45 drink 18" ho,rs a -eek) 45 drink 384 ho,rs a -eek) 135 drink 48E ho,rs a -eek) and 45 drink 08B ho,rs a -eek. !or ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') ?45 sa' the' do not drink to mana(e stress and E5 drink less than one ho,r a -eek. :i(ht'8ei(ht ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not drink) ?5 drink less than 1 ho,r a -eek) and 35 drink 18" ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use drinking to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business B15 1"5 45 45 05 05 05

HPHP 015 45 45 45 135 45 05

Education ?45 E5 05 05 05 05 05

Music BB5 ?5 35 05 05 05 05

Thirt'8+i&e ercent o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not ,se eatin( as a -a' to mana(e stress. Thirt'8one ercent eat less than 1 ho,r a -eek) 1"5 eat 18" ho,rs a -eek) 1"5 eat 384 ho,rs a-a') B5 eat 08B ho,rs a -eek) and 45 eat more than B ho,rs to mana(e stress. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') B5 do not ,se eatin( as a -a' to mana(e stress -hile 335 eat less than 1 ho,r a
*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors Jenkins B

-eek) "?5 eat 18" ho,rs a -eek) "15 eat 384 ho,r a -eek) 45 eat 48E ho,rs a -eek) and 45 eat more than B ho,rs a -eek. !i+teen ercent do not eat to mana(e stress) 405 eat less than 1 ho,r a -eek) 1B5 ercent eat 18" ho,rs a -eek) 1"5 eat 384 ho,rs a -eek and E5 eat 08B ho,rs a -eek and 35 eat more than B ho,rs a -eek. !or m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 145 do not eat to mana(e stress) 3E5 eat less than one ho,r a -eek) 145 eat 18" ho,rs a -eek) "45 eat 384 ho,rs a -eek) E5 eat 48E ho,rs a -eek) and 35 eat more than B ho,rs a -eek as a -a' to mana(e stress. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use eating to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business 345 315 1"5 1"5 05 B5 45

HPHP B5 335 "?5 "15 45 05 45

Education 145 405 1B5 1"5 05 E5 35

Music 145 3E5 145 "45 E5 05 35

:i(ht ercent o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not e6ercise to mana(e stress) 1"5 e6ercise less than one ho,r a -eek) 145 e6ercise 18" ho,rs a -eek) "35 e6ercise 384 ho,rs a -eek) "35 e6ercise 48E ho,rs a -eek) 1"5 e6ercise 08B ho,rs a -eek) and B5 e6ercise more than B ho,rs a -eek. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' 135 e6ercise less than one ho,r a -eek) "45 e6ercise 18" ho,rs a -eek) "?5 e6ercise 384 ho,rs a -eek) 135 e6ercise 48E ho,rs a -eek) and "15 o+ HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' e6ercise more than B ho,rs a -eek. !i+teen ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' do no e6ercise to mana(e stress) 3"5 e6ercise less than one ho,r a -eek) "?5 e6ercise 18"

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ho,rs a -eek) ?5 e6ercise 384 ho,rs a -eek) 35 e6ercise 48E ho,rs a -eek) 35 e6ercise 08B ho,rs a -eek) and ?5 e6ercise more than B ho,rs a -eek. *i6 ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not e6ercise to mana(e stress) 3?5 e6ercise less than one ho,r a -eek) "45 e6ercise 18" ho,rs a -eek) 145 e6ercise 384 ho,rs a -eek) E5 e6ercise 48E ho,rs a -eek) E ercent e6ercise 08B ho,rs a -eek) and 35 e6ercise more than B ho,rs. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use e>ercise to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business B5 1"5 145 "35 "35 1"5 05

HPHP 05 135 "45 "?5 135 05 "15

Education 145 3"5 "?5 ?5 35 35 ?5

Music E5 3?5 "45 145 E5 E5 35

!or $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 3B5 ,se ho$$ies or leis,re acti&ities 18" ho,rs a -eek as a -a' to mana(e stress) "05 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek) 1"5 ,se them 48E ho,rs a -eek) and 145 ,se them more than B ho,rs a -eek. !ort'8si6 ercent o+ HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' ,se ho$$ies or leis,re acti&ities 18" ho,rs a -eek) 135 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek) and "45 ,se them 48E ho,rs a -eek. !or ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 145 sa' the' ,se ho$$ies or leis,re acti&ities less than 1 ho,r a -eek) "E5 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) "45 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek) 1"5 ,se them 48E ho,rs a -eek) ?5 ,se them 08B ho,rs a -eek) and ?5 ,se them more than B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. 7ased on the s,r&e') +i+teen ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' state the' ,se ho$$ies or leis,re less than 1 ho,r a -eek) 1"5 sa' the' ,se them 18"

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ho,rs a -eek) "15 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek) 145 ercent ,se them 48E ho,rs a -eek) ?5 ,se them 08B ho,rs a -eek) and "05 ,se them more than B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use ho""ies or leisure acti$ities to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business 05 05 3B5 "05 1"5 05 145

HPHP 05 05 4E5 135 "45 05 05

Education 05 145 "E5 "45 1"5 ?5 ?5

Music 05 145 1"5 "15 145 ?5 "05

/ccordin( to the s,r&e') 4B5 o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not ,se massa(e) ac, ress,re) or shiats, to mana(e stress. Thirt'8one ercent o+ them sa' the' them less than one ho,r a -eek and 1"5 ,se one or more o+ them 18" ho,rs a -eek. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 4E5 sa' the' do not ,se an' o+ them to mana(e stress) 4"5 ,se them less than one ho,r a -eek) B5 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 45 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek. !i+t'8si6 ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not ,se them to mana(e stress) 3"5 ,se them less than one ho,r a -eek) and 1"5 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek. !or m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') "45 do not ,se massa(e) ac, ress,re) or shiats, to mana(e stress) E15 ,se them less than one ho,r a -eek) 1"5 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 35 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use massage, acu9ressure, or shiatsu to manage stress *ot at all

Business 4B5

HPHP 4E5

Education 4E5

Music "45
Jenkins 11

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Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

315 1"5 05 05 05 05

4"5 B5 45 05 05 05

3"5 1"5 05 05 05 05

E15 1"5 35 05 05 05

!or mediation) 005 o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' do not meditate to mana(e stress) 145 meditate less than one ho,r a -eek) 45 meditate 18" ho,rs a -eek and 45 meditate 384 ho,rs a -eek. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 445 do not meditate) "45 meditate less than one ho,r) and "15 meditate 18" ho,rs a -eek. *e&ent'8one ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not meditate) "15 meditate less than one ho,r a -eek) E5 meditate 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 35 meditate 384 ho,rs a -eek. !ort'8ei(ht ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not meditate) 4"5 meditate less than one ho,r a -eek) and ?5 meditate 18" ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress.

Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use meditation to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business 005 145 45 45 05 05 05

HPHP 445 "45 "15 05 05 05 05

Education 015 "15 E5 35 05 05 05

Music 4B5 4"5 ?5 05 05 05 05

7ased on the s,r&e') B45 o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not ,se mental acti&ities to mana(e stress -hile 45 ,se them less than one ho,r a

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1"

-eek) 45 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) 45 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek) and 45 ,se them more than B ho,rs a -eek. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') E35 do not ,se mental acti&ities) "?5 ,se them less than an ho,r a -eek) 45 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 45 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. *e&ent'8one ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not ,se mental acti&ities) "15 ,se them less than one ho,r a -eek) E5 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 35 ,se them 48E ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. !ort'8ei(ht ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not ,se mental acti&ities to mana(e stress. !ort'8t-o ercent o+ them ,se mental acti&ities less than one ho,r a -eek) E5 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 35 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek.

Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use mental acti$ities to Business manage stress *ot at all B45 Less than . hour 45 .01 hours;:eek 45 60< hours;:eek 45 304 hours;:eek 05 =0/ hours;:eek 05 More than / hours 45

HPHP E35 "?5 45 45 05 05 05

Education 015 "15 E5 05 35 05 05

Music 4B5 4"5 E5 35 05 05 05

T-ent' ercent o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not take na s to mana(e stress) 3"5 na less than one ho,r a -eek) "05 na 18" ho,rs a -eek) "45 na 384 ho,rs a -eek) and 45 na 08B ho,rs a -eek. *e&enteen ercent o+

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13

HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not na ) 4"5 na less than one ho,r a -eek) "15 na 18" ho,rs a -eek) 105 na 384 ho,rs a -eek) and 45 na 48E ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. !or ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') "?5 do not na ) "E5 na less than one ho,r a -eek) "45 na 18" ho,rs a -eek) ?5 na 384 ho,rs a -eek) ?5 na 48E ho,rs a -eek) and 35 na more than B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. !i+teen ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not take na s to mana(e stress) 4B5 na less than one ho,r a -eek) 145 na 18" ho,rs a -eek) 145 na 384 ho,rs a -eek) and E5 na 48E ho,rs a -eek. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use na9s to manage Business HPHP Education Music stress *ot at all "05 105 "?5 145 Less than . hour 3"5 4"5 "E5 4B5 .01 hours;:eek "05 "15 "45 145 60< hours;:eek "45 105 ?5 145 304 hours;:eek 05 45 ?5 E5 =0/ hours;:eek 45 05 05 05 More than / hours 05 05 35 05 !ort'8si6 ercent o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' do not ,se se6 as a -a' to mana(e stress. T-el&e ercent sa' the ,se se6 less than one ho,r a -eek) "35 ,se se6 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 1?5 sa' the' ,se se6 384 ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. T-ent'8nine ercent o+ HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' do not ,se se6 to mana(e stress) "?5 ,se it less than one ho,r a -eek) "45 ,se it 18" ho,rs a -eek) B5 ,se it 384 ho,rs a -eek) and B5 ,se it 48E ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. !or ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 4"5 do not ,se se6 to mana(e stress) "05 ,se it less than one ho,r a -eek) "15 ,se it 18" ho,rs a -eek) and ?5 ,se se6 384 ho,rs a -eek. !i+t'8t-o ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not ,se se6 to mana(e stress. !i+teen ercent

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

Jenkins

14

,se se6 less than one ho,r a -eek) 1B5 ,se it 18" ho,rs a -eek) ?5 ,se it 384 ho,rs a -eek) and E5 ,se it 48E ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use se> to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business 4E5 1"5 "35 1?5 05 05 05

HPHP "?5 "?5 "45 B5 B5 05 05

Education 4"5 "05 "15 ?5 05 05 05

Music 4"5 145 1B5 ?5 E5 05 05

!rom the s,r&e's) 445 o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not sho or s end mone' to mana(e stress) 315 sho or s end mone' less than one ho,r a -eek) 45 sho or s end mone' 18" ho,rs a -eek) 45 sho or s end mone' 384 ho,rs a -eek) and B5 sho or s end mone' more than B ho,rs a -eek. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 3E5 do not sho or s end mone') 405 sho or s end mone' less than one ho,r a -eek) ?5 sho or s end mone' 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 45 sho or s end mone' 384 ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. Thirt'8ei(ht ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not sho or s end mone') 415 sho or s end mone' less than one ho,r a -eek) 1"5 sho or s end mone' 18" ho,rs a -eek) and ?5 sho or s end mone' 384 ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. !ort'8se&en ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do no sho or s end mone' to mana(e stress) 415 sho or s end mone' less than one ho,r a -eek) ?5 sho or s end mone' 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 35 sho or s end mone' 384 ho,rs a -eek. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use sho99ing;s9ending money Business HPHP Education Music

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

Jenkins

14

to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

445 315 45 45 05 05 B5

3E5 405 ?5 45 05 05 05

3B5 415 1"5 ?5 05 05 05

405 415 ?5 35 05 05 05

!or smokin() ?E5 o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not smoke to mana(e stress) -hile 45 smoke 384 ho,rs a -eek. Dinet'8si6 ercent o+ HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not smoke to mana(e stress and 45 smoke less than one ho,r a -eek. One h,ndred ercent o+ the ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' s,r&e'ed sa' the' do no smoke to mana(e stress. !or m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') ?05 state the' do no smoke and 35 sa' the' smoke less than one ho,r to mana(e stress. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use smoking to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business ?E5 05 05 45 05 05 05

HPHP ?E5 45 05 05 05 05 05

Education 1005 05 05 05 05 05 05

Music ?05 35 05 05 05 05 05

/ccordin( to the s,r&e') 45 o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not artici ate in social acti&ities to mana(e stress) 1?5 artici ate less than one ho,r a -eek) 4E5 artici ate 18" ho,rs a -eek) 145 artici ate 384 ho,rs a -eek) and another 145 artici ate in social acti&ities 48E ho,rs a -eek. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 45 do not artici ate in social acti&ities) 135 artici ate less

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

Jenkins

1E

than one ho,r a -eek) 335 artici ate 18" ho,rs a -eek) 105 artici ate 384 ho,rs a -eek) "45 artici ate 48E ho,rs a -eek) 45 artici ate 08B ho,rs a -eek) and another 45 artici ate in social acti&ities more than B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. Three ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not artici ate in social acti&ities to mana(e stress) -hile "15 artici ate less than one ho,r a -eek) 345 artici ate 18" ho,rs a -eek) "15 artici ate 384 ho,rs a -eek) 1"5 artici ate 48E ho,rs a -eek) E5 artici ate 08B ho,rs a -eek) and 35 artici ate in social acti&ities more than B ho,rs a -eek. !or m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 1B5 state the' artici ate in social acti&ities less than one ho,r a -eek) 305 artici ate 18" ho,rs a -eek) 1B5 artici ate 384 ho,rs a -eek) another 1B5 artici ate 48E ho,rs a -eek) E5 artici ate in social acti&ities 08B ho,rs a -eek) and ?5 artici ate more than B ho,rs a -eek in social acti&ities. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use social acti$ities to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business 45 1?5 4E5 145 145 05 05

HPHP 45 135 335 105 "45 45 45

Education 35 "15 345 "15 1"5 E5 35

Music 05 1B5 305 1B5 1B5 E5 ?5

T-ent'8three ercent o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' do not artici ate in s irit,al or reli(io,s de&elo ment to mana(e stress) 145 artici ate +or less than one ho,r a -eek) 1?5 artici ate +or 18" ho,rs a -eek) "35 artici ate +or 384 ho,rs a -eek) B5 artici ate +or 48E ho,rs a -eek) B5 artici ate +or 08B ho,rs a -eek) and 45 artici ate +or more than B ho,rs a -eek. !or HPHP ma.ors

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

Jenkins

10

-ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 105 state the' do not artici ate in s irit,al or reli(io,s de&elo ment to mana(e stress) B5 artici ate +or less than one ho,r a -eek) "15 artici ate +or 18" ho,rs a -eek) 335 artici ate +or 384 ho,rs a -eek) B5 artici ate +or 48E ho,rs a -eek) and 135 artici ate in s irit,al or reli(io,s de&elo ment 08B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. T-ent'8one ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not artici ate in s irit,al or reli(io,s de&elo ment to mana(e stress -hile 145 artici ate +or 18" ho,rs a -eek) 445 artici ate +or 384 ho,rs a -eek) 1"5 artici ate +or 48E ho,rs a -eek) E5 artici ate +or 08B ho,rs a -eek) and 35 artici ate +or more than B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. Dine ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' do not artici ate in s irit,al or reli(io,s de&elo ment to mana(e stress) ?5 artici ate +or less than one ho,r a -eek) 145 artici ate +or 18" ho,rs a -eek) 305 artici ate +or 384 ho,rs a -eek) 145 artici ate +or 48E ho,rs a -eek) 1B5 artici ate +or 08B ho,rs a -eek and 35 artici ate in s irit,al or reli(io,s de&elo ment +or more than B ho,rs a -eek. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use s9iritual or religious de$elo9ment to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business "35 145 1?5 "35 B5 B5 45

HPHP 105 B5 "15 335 B5 135 05

Education "15 05 145 445 1"5 E5 35

Music ?5 ?5 145 305 145 1B5 35

:i(ht ercent o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' do not talk -ith +amil') +riends) or other s, orti&e eo le to mana(e stress. Dineteen ercent

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

Jenkins

1B

sa' the' talk less than one ho,r a -eek) 4"5 talk 18" ho,rs a -eek) 1?5 talk 384 ho,rs a -eek) 45 talk 08B ho,rs a -eek) and B5 sa' the' talk more than B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 45 sa' the' talk less than one ho,r a -eek) 3B5 talk 18" ho,rs a -eek) 4"5 talk 384 ho,rs a -eek) B5 talk 48E ho,rs a -eek) and another B5 talk to +amil') +riends) or other s, orti&e eo le +or

more than B ho,rs a -eek. Thirt'8t-o ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' talk less than one ho,r a -eek) -hile "E5 talk 18" ho,rs a -eek) "45 talk 38 4 ho,rs a -eek) ?5 talk 48E ho,rs a -eek) E5 talk 08B ho,rs a -eek and 35 talk more than B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. Dine ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' talk to +amil') +riends) or other s, orti&e eo le less than one

ho,r a -eek to mana(e stress. Thirt'8three ercent talk 18" ho,rs a -eek) 1B5 talk 384 ho,rs a -eek) 145 talk 48E ho,rs a -eek) ?5 talk 08B ho,rs a -eek and 145 talk more than B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use talking :ith family, Business friends or other su99orti$e 9eo9le to manage stress *ot at all B5 Less than . hour 1?5 .01 hours;:eek 4"5 60< hours;:eek 1?5 304 hours;:eek 05 =0/ hours;:eek 45 More than / hours B5

HPHP 05 45 3B5 4"5 B5 05 B5

Education 05 3"5 "E5 "45 ?5 E5 35

Music 05 ?5 335 1B5 145 ?5 145

7ased on the s,r&e') B5 o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not ,se an' time mana(ement acti&ities to mana(e stress) 4"5 ,se them +or less than one ho,r a -eek) "05 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) 1"5 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek)

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

Jenkins

1?

45 ,se them 48E ho,rs a -eek) and B5 ,se them +or more than B ho,rs a da' to mana(e stress. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 45 do not ,se an' time mana(ement acti&ities to mana(e stress) 445 ,se them +or less than one ho,r a -eek) 3B5 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) and 45 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek. T-el&e ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not ,se an' time mana(ement acti&ities) 345 ,se them +or less than one ho,r a -eek) 415 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) ?5 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek) and 35 ,se them 48E ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. !i+t'8+i&e ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' ,se time mana(ement acti&ities +or less than one ho,r a -eek) "15 ,se them 18" ho,rs a -eek) 1"5 ,se them 384 ho,rs a -eek) 35 ,se them 08B ho,rs a -eek) and ?5 ,se them +or more than B ho,rs a -eek. Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use time management acti$ities to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business B5 4"5 "05 1"5 45 05 B5

HPHP 45 445 3B5 45 05 05 05

Education 1"5 345 415 ?5 35 05 05

Music 05 445 "15 1"5 05 35 ?5

T-el&e ercent o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' do not -atch TF as a -a' to mana(e stress) 1"5 -atch +or less than one ho,r a -eek) 1?5 -atch +or 18" ho,rs a -eek) an additional 1?5 -atch +or 384 ho,rs a -eek) another 1?5 -atch +or 48E ho,rs a -eek) B5 -atch +or 08B ho,rs a -eek) ad 1"5 -atch +or more than B ho,rs a -eek. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 105 do not -atch TF to mana(e stress) "45 -atch +or less than one ho,r a -eek) 335 -atch

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

Jenkins

"0

+or 18" ho,rs a -eek) "15 -atch +or 384 ho,rs a -eek) and 45 -atch +or 48E ho,rs a -eek. :i(hteen ercent o+ ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' do not -atch TF) E5 -atch TF +or less than one ho,r a -eek) 3"5 -atch +or 18" ho,rs a -eek) "?5 -atch +or 384 ho,rs a -eek) ?5 -atch +or 48E ho,rs a -eek) and E5 -atch +or 08B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress. !or m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 1B5 do not -atch TF to mana(e stress) "15 -atch TF +or less than one ho,r a -eek) "05 -atch +or 18" ho,rs a -eek) "15 -atch +or 384 ho,rs a -eek) E5 -atch +or 48E ho,rs a -eek) and another E5 -atch TF +or more than B ho,rs a -eek to mana(e stress.

Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use tele$ision to manage stress *ot at all Less than . hour .01 hours;:eek 60< hours;:eek 304 hours;:eek =0/ hours;:eek More than / hours

Business 1"5 1"5 1?5 1?5 1?5 B5 1"5

HPHP 105 "45 335 "15 45 05 05

Education 1B5 E5 3"5 "?5 ?5 E5 05

Music 1B5 "15 "05 "15 E5 05 E5

:i(ht'8one ercent o+ $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' ne&er take o&er8the8co,nter or rescri tion dr,(s hel them +eel $etter) red,ce ain) red,ce discom+ort) or calm them do-n. T-el&e ercent sa' the' take them once a month) 45 take them "83 times a month) and 45 take them once a -eek. !or HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') 045 ne&er take o&er8the8co,nter or rescri tion dr,(s) 45 take them once a month) B5 take them "83 times a month) 45 take them

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

Jenkins

"1

once a -eek) another 45 take them 384 times a -eek) and an additional 45 take them dail'. !or ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') B45 state the' ne&er take o&er8the8co,nter or rescri tion dr,(s) ?5 take them once a month and E5 take them "83 times a month. *e&ent'8nine ercent o+ m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' state the' ne&er take them) E5 take them once a month) 35 take them "83 times a month) E5 take them once a -eek) 35 take them 384 times a -eek) and 35 take o&er8 the8co,nter or rescri tion dr,(s dail' to hel them +eel $etter) red,ce ain) red,ce discom+ort) or calm them do-n.

Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use o$er0the0counter or 9rescri9tion drugs to manage stress *e$er )nce;month 106>;month )nce;:eek 603>;:eek ,aily Se$eral times daily

Business B15 1"5 45 45 05 05 05

HPHP 045 45 B5 45 45 45 05

Education B45 ?5 E5 05 05 05 05

Music 0?5 E5 35 E5 35 35 05

One h,ndred ercent o+ $,siness ma.ors and ed,cation ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' ne&er take recreational dr,(s to hel them co e -ith stress. Dinet'8si6 ercent o+ HPHP ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e' sa' the' ne&er ,se recreational dr,(s -hile 45 state the' ,se recreational dr,(s once a month. !or m,sic ma.ors -ho artici ated in the s,r&e') ?05 sa' the' ne&er ,se recreational dr,(s and 35 sa' the' ,se them once a month to hel them co e -ith stress.
*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors Jenkins ""

Percentage of 9artici9ants :ho use recreational drugs to manage stress *e$er )nce;month 106>;month )nce;:eek 603>;:eek ,aily Se$eral times daily

Business 1005 05 05 05 05 05 05

HPHP ?E5 45 05 05 05 05 05

Education 1005 05 05 05 05 05 05

Music ?05 35 05 05 05 05 05

&)*&L#S()*S The ,r ose o+ this st,d' -as to +ind o,t i+ $,siness ma.ors) Health Promotion H,man Per+ormance 1HPHP2 ma.ors) ed,cation ma.ors and m,sic ma.ors mana(e stress di++erentl') 7ased on the res,lts +rom this s,r&e') 445 o+ the stress mana(ement techni3,es -here e3,all' as +re3,ent amon( all +or ma.ors -hile almost all o+ the st,dents re orted not ,sin( $io+eed$ack) smokin() or recreational dr,(s to mana(e stress. Ho-e&er) there -ere a co, le o+ distin(,ishin( +eat,res a$o,t some o+ the 3,estions. !or e6am le) $,siness ma.ors tend to not artici ate in social acti&ities as m,ch as the other three ma.ors in 3,estion. !or -hate&er reason) the $,siness ma.ors -ho artici ated in the st,d' sa' the' s end less time in social acti&ities to mana(e stress. HPHP re orted hi(her rates in ,sin( drinkin() e6ercise) massa(e) meditation and o&er8the8co,nter and rescri tion dr,(s to mana(e their stress. <nterestin(l' eno,(h) m,sic ma.ors -ere (enerall' a$o,t the same -ith HPHP ma.ors in ho- the' mana(e stress) es eciall' in ,sin( massa(e) meditation) and o&er8the8co,nter and rescri tion dr,(s. <n addition) m,sic ma.ors are more likel' to ,se $od' rela6ation acti&ities to mana(e stress than the other three ma.ors. <n mana(in( stress) ed,cation ma.ors are more e&enl' s read o,t.

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

Jenkins

"3

Limitations o+ this s,r&e' incl,de time and artici ation. 7eca,se o+ the limited amo,nt o+ time to com lete this s,r&e') < -as ,na$le to do a thoro,(h anal'sis o+ the res,lts. There+ore) it is ossi$le that there is no statistical si(ni+icance in the res,lts. Ho-e&er) it is ossi$le that there is some statistical si(ni+icance as -ell. < -o,ld recommend that a +,rther anal'sis $e done. Partici ation -as also a limitation. < s,r&e'ed st,dents in all +o,r ma.ors -ho -ere in , er di&ision classes. 7eca,se < -as

com arin( $et-een the +o,r (ro, s) each (ro, sam le -as $et-een "4834 st,dents. / (reat n,m$er o+ st,dents +rom each ma.or -o,ld ha&e $een desira$le +or stron(er res,lts) $,t a(ain) limited time con&inced me to $e satis+ied -ith the sam le si=e. D,rin( this st,d') it occ,rred to me that (ender co,ld la' a role in decided -hich ma.or the artici ants chose. <+ that is the case) than (ender co,ld also la' a role in the -a' the artici ants mana(e stress. <t also occ,rred to me that c,lt,re and location co,ld also a++ect the -a' the artici ants mana(e stress and choose a ma.or. < did this st,d' in a redominatel' reli(io,s c,lt,re. There+ore) some stress mana(ement techni3,es that are (enerall' a social GnormH in one c,lt,re) s,ch as drinkin() -ere not ,sed in this c,lt,re as a normal stress mana(ement techni3,e. Location co,ld $e inter reted in t-o -a'sI location on a ma and ro6imit' to a&aila$le stress mana(ement techni3,es. Location on a ma co,ld $e connected to c,lt,re. / st,dent in De- Jerse' mi(ht choose a stress mana(ement techni3,e that a st,dent in /ri=ona mi(ht not choose $eca,se o+ social norms. Pro6imit' to a&aila$le stress mana(ement techni3,es co,ld also determine choices o+ stress mana(ement techni3,es. !or e6am le) HPHP ma.ors tend to e6ercise more as a -a' to mana(e stress. This co,ld $e $eca,se man' o+ their classes are located in the same $,ildin( as the ('m. The' mi(ht

*tress Mana(ement /mon( Colle(e Ma.ors

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choose to e6ercise more $eca,se o+ their ro6imit' to itI it is more readil' a&aila$le to them than it is to a $,siness ma.or that has to -alk clear across cam ,s to (et there. :6ercise mi(ht $e more on the mind o+ an HPHP ma.or $eca,se the' see the ('m nearl' e&er' da') -hereas other ma.ors ,s,all' need to make an e++ort to see the ('m e&er' da'. <t also occ,rred to me that) alon( -ith c,lt,re) social in+l,ence co,ld la' a +actor in ho- the artici ants mana(e stress. Do the' drink $eca,se their +riends do it; Do the' not ,se $io+eed$ack $eca,se those aro,nd them donCt kno- an'thin( a$o,t it and the' +ear lookin( di++erent $' ,sin( it; /lon( -ith that) kno-led(e co,ld ha&e a ma.or art in -hich stress mana(ement techni3,es a artici ant choose or does not choose to ,se. These are some 3,estions that < $elie&e deser&e +,rther st,d'. 7ased on these concl,sions) < -o,ld recommend that st,dents tr' a &ariet' o+ di++erent stress mana(ement techni3,es. < -o,ld recommend that more in+ormation $e (i&en to st,dents a$o,t the di++erent -a's o+ mana(in( stress. !or e6am le) a+ter collectin( the s,r&e's in one class) one o+ the artici ants asked +or a co ' o+ the s,r&e' $eca,se she said that she didnCt kno- a$o,t all the di++erent -a's to mana(e stress. Ho-e&er) ca,tion sho,ld $e ,sed $eca,se not all -a's listed on the s,r&e' to mana(e stress are ositi&e. :d,catin( st,dents on the ositi&e and ne(ati&e -a's o+ mana(in( stress is im ortant. < -o,ld also recommend that health ed,cators reali=e that certain ma.ors) s,ch as HPHP and m,sic ma.ors) tend to mana(e stress in more mental and h'sical -a's. Mental acti&ities) meditation) and e6ercise sho,ld ro$a$l' +irst $e ,sed -hen hel in( these st,dents mana(e their stress. O&erall) stress mana(ement techni3,e choices are a matter o+ re+erence and accessi$ilit'. <+ a st,dent does not like to meditate or i+ the' +eel that the tools needed to e6ercise are not accessi$le to them)

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another choice -o,ld ro$a$l' $e re+era$le. Ho-e&er) < -o,ld recommend that consideration +or their ma.or and the kind o+ en&ironment the' are aro,nd in relation to that ma.or $e considered.

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%E-E%E*&ES 7liese) P.D. > Castro) C./.) 1"0002 Role clarit') -ork o&erload) and or(ani=ational s, ortI m,ltile&el e&idence o+ the im ortance o+ s, ort. Work & Stress) 14112) E4803. Johnson) L.J.) *ch-art=) R./.) > 7o-er) 7.L) 1"0002. Mana(in( *tress amon( /d,lt #omen *t,dents n Comm,nit' Colle(es. Community College Journal of Research and Practice) "4) "B?8300. Ai$ler) F.:. > Rider) M.*.) 1Mar 1?B32. :++ects o+ Pro(ressi&e M,scle Rela6ation and M,sic on *tress as Meas,red $' !in(er Tem erat,re Res onse. Journal of Clinical Psychology) 3?1"2) "138"14 Merrill) R.) Read) C.) > LeCheminant) /.) 1J,l "00?2. The in+l,ence o+ reli(iosit' on ositi&e and ne(ati&e o,tcomes associated -ith stress amon( colle(e st,dents. Mental Health, Religion & Culture) 1"142) 4018411. Ratanasiri on() P.) *&erd,k) A.) Ha'ashino) D.) > Prince) J.) 1Mar "0102. *ettin( % the De6t Jeneration 7io+eed$ack Pro(ram +or *tress and /n6iet' Mana(ement +or Colle(e *t,dentsI / *im le and Cost8:++ecti&e / roach. College Student Journal) 44112) ?08100. *-ent) 7.) 1"0012. Ho- /dministrators Co e -ith *tress. Theory Into Practice) ""112) 00803.

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APPE*,(?
This s,r&e' is art o+ a st,d' $ein( cond,cted $' Candace Jenkins) a Health Promotion ,nder(rad,ate st,dent at #e$er *tate %ni&ersit' in O(den) %tah. The ,r ose o+ this st,d' is to learn -a's in -hich colle(e st,dents mana(e stress. This s,r&e' -ill take a$o,t 4 min,tes to com lete. Partici ation in the s,r&e' is strictl' &ol,ntar'. Do not (i&e 'o,r name an'-here on the s,r&e'. This s,r&e' -ill remain anon'mo,s. Do attem ts -ill $e made to link 'o,r identit' to 'o,r res onses. This ro.ect has $een re&ie- and a ro&ed $' the #*% <nstit,tional Re&ie- 7oard.

<+ 'o, choose to artici ate) lease com lete the s,r&e' as tr,th+,ll' and com letel' as 'o, can. Thank 'o,. The +ollo-in( is a list o+ cate(ories that eo le ,se to rela6) ,n-ind) or co e -ith stress -hile (oin( to school. Please indicate the +re3,enc' that 'o, ha&e artici ated in each o+ the +ollo-in( acti&ities o&er the ast month. Mark 'o,r ans-ers accordin( to the +ollo-in( (,ideI /mo,nt o+ time s end artici atin( in rela6in() ,n-indin() co in() or stress mana(in( acti&it'I a. not at all $. less than 1 ho,r a -eek c. 18" ho,rs er -eek d. 384 ho,rs er -eek e. 48E ho,rs er -eek +. 08B ho,rs er -eek (. More than B ho,rs er -eek @@@ @@@ 1. Biofeed"ackA ,sin( a 7io+eed$ack machine -ith monitors that 'o, o$ser&e -hile sittin(K conscio,sl' creatin( (reater le&els o+ rela6ation in arts o+ the $od' that 'o, -o,ldnCt normall' $e a$le to rela6 ". Body %ela>ation E>ercisesA autogenics8-hile l'in( do-n or sittin( in a chair -ith e'es closed) re eatin( hrases desi(ned to make ortions o+ the $od' +eel -arm and hea&'K ro(ressi&e rela6ation8$rie+l' tensin( and then releasin( each ortion o+ the $od' s,ccessi&el' +rom head to +ootK ody a!areness8$rie+l' ,ttin( 'o,r assi&e attention on each art o+ the $od' in s,ccession +rom +eet to head 3. ,rinkingA drinkin( alcohol +or co in() rela6in() ,n-indin() or esca in( ress,res o+ colle(e li+e 4. EatingA eatin( +ood .,st to hel 'o, co e -ith ress,res and stresses o+ $ein( in school 4. E>erciseA incl,des aero$ic acti&it' s,ch as r,nnin() .o((in() $ic'clin() -alkin( roller $ladin() s-immin() or other t' es o+ e6ercise s,ch as tennis) $asket$all) rac3,et$all) &olle'$all) skiin() -ei(ht li+tin() stretchin() hath 'o(a) or tai chi) etc. E. Ho""ies or Leisure acti$itiesA doing things you truly lo"e to doK doin( thin(s 'o, +ind hi(hl' en.o'a$leK ma' incl,de s,ch thin(s as listenin( to m,sic) art) +ishin() etc. 0. Massage, Acu9ressure or ShiatsuA ,sin( the hands 1'o,rs or someone elseCs2 to r,$) stroke) ress) or to,ch ortions o+ 'o,r $od' +or thera e,tic@ rela6in( ,r oses B. MeditationA incl,des transcendental meditation8re eatin( a mantra silentl' +or a eriod o+ timeK mindfulness meditation8conscio,sl' +oc,sin( on the resent momentK eriods o+ contem#lationK reathing e$ercises8conscio,sl' +oc,sin( on the rh'thmic in8and8o,t mo&ement o+ the $reath +or an e6tended eriod o+ time.

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?. Mental acti$itiesA guided imagery or creati"e "isuali%ation8&is,ali=in( rela6in( ima(es) colors) or scenarios in 'o,r ima(inationK self&hy#nosis8-hile in a rela6ed state) listenin( to or re eatin( a++irmations desi(ned to hel 'o, rela6 e&en +,rther 10. *a9sA takin( short na s d,rin( the da' 11. Se>A ,sin( se6,al interco,rse or mast,r$ation as a -a' to rela6 or ,n-ind 1". Sho99ing;S9ending moneyA s endin( mone' or time in stores .,st to hel 'o, +eel $etter 13. SmokingA tr'in( to make 'o,rsel+ +eel $etter $' smokin( to$acco or mari.,ana 14. Social Acti$itiesA s endin( time -ith +riends a-a' +rom stress+,l en&ironments) incl,din( arties) dates) eatin( o,t -ith a +riend) etc. 14. S9iritual or %eligious ,e$elo9mentA readin( , li+tin( literat,reK s endin( time in nat,reK attendin( ch,rchK eriods o+ solit,deK ra'erK .o,rnal -ritin( 1E. Talking :ith family, friends, or other su99orti$e 9eo9leA comm,nicatin( -ith others so that 'o, +eel listened to and s, orted in -hat 'o, sa' and ho- 'o, +eel 10. Time management acti$itiesA lannin( aheadK sched,lin( +,t,re acti&itiesK takin( time to e&al,ate ersonal e++ecti&eness or control o&er 'o,r li+e 1B. !atching tele$isionA &ie-in( TF. as a means to hel 'o, ,n-ind) rela6) or esca e dail' ress,res

There ma' $e other acti&ities that 'o, do to hel 'o, rela6) co e) ,n-ind) or deal -ith stress that do not +it into an' o+ the cate(ories 1181B2 listed a$o&e. #e are &er' interested in kno-in( an'thin( else 'o, re(,larl' do to rela6) and +or -hat amo,nt o+ time 'o, do them d,rin( a t' ical -eek. Please use the "lank s9ace at the end of this sur$ey to list any of these acti$ities2 /lso) -rite the a ro6imate amo,nt o+ time d,rin( a -eek that 'o, artici ate in each acti&it' that 'o, list. There are no -ron( ans-ers. !or n,m$ers 1? > "0) mark 'o,r ans-ers ,sin( the +ollo-in( (,ideI a. De&er $. /$o,t once er month c. /$o,t "83 times er month d. Once er -eek e. 384 times er -eek +. Dail' (. *e&eral times dail' @@@ @@@ 1?. )$er0the0counter or 9rescri9tion drugsA ,sin( OTCCs or rescri tion dr,(s to hel 'o, +eel $etter) red,ce ain) red,ce discom+ort) or calm 'o, do-n "0. %ecreational drugsA ,sin( chemicals 1not incl,din( mari.,ana2 to hel 'o, co e -ith stress) ress,res) or ain) or hel 'o, +eel $etter Male !emale 1B8"1 ""8"4 "E8"? 30833 33 or a$o&e 7,siness HPHP :d,cation M,sic Other

#hat is 'o,r (enderI #hat is 'o,r a(eI

#hat is 'o,r ma.orI

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