Pressure Vessel Training Module

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PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE PV-100 0 (Mar-2010)
PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

Revision 0 (Mar-2010)
Table of Contents
1. 2. Purpose.................................................................................................................................... 2 Vessels Supports ..................................................................................................................... 2 Horizontal Vessels Saddle Supports ........................................................................................ 3 Vertical Vessels .......................................................................................................................... 4 3. Data Sheet Preparation ............................................................................................................ 7 4. ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 Vs. Division 2 ......................................................... 12 5. Materials ............................................................................................................................... 13 Carbon Steel .............................................................................................................................. 13 Carbon-Moly Steel (Low Alloy Steel For High Temperature)................................................. 14 Chrome-Moly Steel (Low Alloy Steel For High Temperature)................................................ 15 Low Alloy Steel For Low Temperature .................................................................................... 16 Stainless Steel (High Alloy Steel)............................................................................................. 16 Nonferrous Alloys..................................................................................................................... 19 Material Selection ..................................................................................................................... 21 6. MDMT .................................................................................................................................. 25 Definition of Brittle Fracture .................................................................................................... 25 Impact Test Exemption per UCS-66 ......................................................................................... 26 Impact Test Exemption per UCS-66.1 ...................................................................................... 29 7. Radiography .......................................................................................................................... 34 Spot Radiography...................................................................................................................... 34 Full Radiography ...................................................................................................................... 34 8. PWHT By Service Conditions .............................................................................................. 35 9. Nozzle Connections .............................................................................................................. 36 10. Type of Hydrotest .............................................................................................................. 39

1. Purpose
To prepare Mechanical Pressure Vessel Data Sheet, the originator shall have pressure vessel design experience and shall ensure the work is both accurate and complete. The purpose of this Standard is to provide knowledge to originators for preparation of the Mechanical Pressure Vessel Data Sheet. This Practice covers an overview of the ASME Division 1 and 2, two aspects of materials selection for pressure vessels which are selection for the service conditions and selection for MDMT & design temperature. This practice also covers information about radiography & PWHT requirements and nozzle type selection.
2. Vessels Supports
Pressure vessels are normally supported by one of the following methods (See Figure 1): Skirts Support legs Support lugs Ring girders Saddles
Fig. 1 Typical Vessel Supports

Horizontal Vessels Saddle Supports

Horizontal vessels are typically supported on two saddles. The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zicks analysis presented in 1951. Material of vessel saddle shall be A283 Gr. C and reinforcing plates directly welded to shell shall be of the same material as the vessel shell. The distance between the head tangent line and the center line of the saddle should in no case be more than 20% of the tangent-to-tangent length, L. One end of the horizontal vessel typically contains a sliding support to facilitate thermal expansion. The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120, except for very small vessels.
Fig. 2 Horizontal Vessels on Saddle Supports 3

Vertical Vessels
Vertical vessels may be supported by skirts, legs or lugs. In general, vertical vessels are skirt-supported when the vessel diameter exceeds about 4'-0 or when the shell height to diameter ratio exceeds about 3. Vertical Vessel Support Legs Leg-supported vessels are normally lightweight, and the legs provide easy access to the bottom of the vessel. Legs may be made of angle, U-channel, Hbeam or pipe and the number of legs may be 3, 4 or more depending on the vessel diameter. Material of support legs shall be structural steel A36 or fabricated from either A283 Gr. C or A285 Gr. C. Legs longer than about 7 feet (2.1m) should be cross braced. Do not use legs where high vibration, shock or cyclic service is anticipated in the vessels. Legs length will be decided by piping designer.
Fig. 3 Vertical Vessel on Leg Support Vertical Vessel Lug Supports Vessels supported on lugs commonly located in structure. Two or four lugs are commonly used. The lug itself may have two gussets and a top plate. Reinforcing plate may be used to stiffening the shell. Material of support lugs shall be structural steel A283 Gr. C or A285 Gr. C. If local stress on shell at lug location exceed allowable one, use ring-girder type. Lug support elevation will be decided by piping designer.

Fig. 4 Vertical Vessel on Lug Support
Vertical Vessel Ring-Girder Sometime ring girder which consist of upper and lower ring are added on the lugs which have the advantage of supporting torsional and bending moments resulting from the transfer of loads from the vessel wall to the supports.
Fig. 5 Vertical Vessel Ring-Girder Support
Vertical Vessel Skirts When supported on skirts, the corroded centerline of skirt plate shall coincide with the corroded centerline of bottom shell plate, rounded off to the nearest 1/16" (1.5mm). Minimum thickness for carbon steel skirt shall be 1/4" (6mm). For head thicknesses 1" (25mm) and greater, the skirt thickness shall be no less than 1/4 of the thickness of the part to which it is attached, except that the skirt thickness need not exceed 1-1/2" (38mm) in satisfying this requirement. No corrosion allowance is required for skirt and base rings, unless otherwise required by client specifications, etc. Skirt shall be straight type when height to inside diameter ratio is less than 18 and shall be flare when height to inside diameter ratio is greater than or equal to 18. Skirt height will be decided by piping designer. 5

Fig. 6 Vertical Vessel on Skirt Support 6

3. Data Sheet Preparation

The Vessel Drawing/Data Sheet is prepared in conjunction with project specification suitable for obtaining comprehensive bids and subsequent purchase of pressure vessels. The engineer shall have pressure vessel design experience and shall ensure the work is both accurate and complete and shall avoid supplying information that is not needed. Below is a sample of pressure vessel data sheet that can be modified according to project requirements. This section provides guidance for completion of each numbered line on the Data Sheet as below.
Construction Code Pressure Vessel Specification Design Pressure Design Temperature Min. Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) Operating Pressure Operating Temperature Radiography Corrosion Allowance Liquid Specific Gravity Liquid Level Wind Design Code Basic Wind Speed Exposure Importance Factor Seismic Design Code Seismic Zone Soil Profile DESIGN DATA Corrosive Service Cyclic Service psig Other Special Service o Code Stamp F o MIGAS Certificate F psig MAWP Basis o Impact Test F Spot PWHT in Hydrotest Painting Specification Insulation in (By Others) Fireproofing mile/hr (By Others) Yes Yes Yes Yes Calculated No Yes No Yes No No No No Dsg Press. Per Code Per Code
Full
Yes, No Yes, No
thk: thk: ACCESSORIES
in in
SG: SG:
Platform / Ladder Clips Insulation Clips Fireproofing Clips Pipe Support Clips Earthing Lugs / Boss Lifting Lugs Tailing Lugs
Internal Ladder Top davit Cathodic Potection Name Plate
DESIGN DATA Construction Code: ASME VIII Div 1 or 2, PD5500, etc (see sec. 4 of this document) Pressure Vessel Specification: document number of pressure vessel specification Design Pressure: see the value in the process data sheet Design Temperature: see the value in the process data sheet Min. Design Metal Temperature (MDMT): see the value in the process data sheet Operating Pressure: see the value in the process data sheet Operating Temperature: see the value in the process data sheet Radiography: see sec. 7 of this document Corrosion Allowance: see the value in the process data sheet Liquid Specific Gravity: see the value in the process data sheet Liquid Level: see the HIGHEST liquid level in the process data sheet Wind Design Code: see project specification (for example: ASCE 02, UBC 97, etc) Basic Wind Speed: see project specification Exposure: see project specification Importance Factor: see project specification Seismic Design Code: see project specification (example: UBC 97, etc) Seismic Zone: see project specification Soil Profile: see project specification Corrosive Service: see process data sheet Cyclic Service: see process data sheet Other Special Service: see process data sheet Code Stamp: see process data sheet MIGAS Certificate: Yes only for Oil & Gas project MAWP Basis: calculated, if no specified in the project specification Impact Test: Per Code, if no specified in process data sheet (also see sec. 6 of this document) PWHT: Per Code, if no specified in process data sheet (also see sec. 8 of this document) Hydrotest: see project specification (also see sec.10 of this document)

Painting Specification: : document number of painting specification Insulation: see process data sheet or PID Fireproofing: see process data sheet ACCESSORIES Platform / Ladder Clips: generally is required Insulation Clips: yes, if insulation is required Fireproofing Clips: yes, if fireproofing is required Pipe Support Clips: generally is required Earthing Lugs / Boss: generally is required Lifting Lugs: generally is required Tailing Lugs : Yes, for skirt vertical vessel Internal Ladder: generally is required Top davit: generally is required for skirt vertical vessel which has internal trays Cathodic Potection: see process data sheet Name Plate: generally is required
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS Head And Shell Cladding Reinf. Pads Nozzle/Manhole Pipe Plate Necks Forgings Fittings Supports External Welded Parts ESTIMATED WEIGHT Empty Operating Full of Water Mark Qty Size (in) Rating Flange Type Proj. (in) thk: in Gaskets Boltings Internals Internal External Internal External Removable Non-Removable
SHEAR & MOMENT AT BASE (OPERATING) lb lb lb
Shear (lbf) Wind Earthquake

NOZZLE Description
Moment (lbf-ft)
Remark
NOTES
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS (see sec. 5 of this document) Head and Shell: see process data sheet (for example: SA516-70, SA240-316, etc) Cladding: see process data sheet (for example: SS316L, thk 3mm) Reinf. Pads : same material as shell and head (for example: SA516-70, SA240-316, etc) Nozzle/Manhole Necks: same generic material as head/shell (for example: SA106-B, SA312TP316L, etc) Forgings: same generic material as head/shell (for example: SA105, SA182-F316L, etc) Fittings: same generic material as head/shell (for example: SA234-WPB, SA403-WP316L, etc) Supports: generally use SA283-C External Welded Parts: same material as shell and head (for example: SA516-70, SA240-316, etc) Gasket Internal: fill up if the vessel has internal removable parts (example PTFE) External: see piping material specification (for example: 316 SS spiral wound 4.5t non-asbestos filled CS OR / 316 SS IR, etc)

Bolting Internal: fill up if the vessel has internal removable parts (example SA193-B8M/SA194-B8M) External: see piping material specification (for example: SA193-B7/SA194-2H) Internal Removable: such as trays, demister, etc, generally made from Stainless Steel (SS316, SS304, etc) Non removable: its mean the internal parts that welded to inside of vessel. The material same as shell/head (SA516-70, SA516-60, SA240-316, etc). ESTIMATED WEIGHT Empty: its mean fabrication weight without removable internals, insulation, fireproofing & platform/ladder. Operating: weight of empty plus operating liquid Full of water: weight of vessel complete with internal, insulation, etc plus water test. SHEAR & MOMENT AT BASE: Fill up calculated shear & moment due to wind & seismic base on standard ASCE, UBC, etc as required by project specification. It can be leave it, and let vendor to fill up. NOZZLE Nozzle data shall be filled up base on information in the process data sheet. (see also sec. 9 of this document) NOTES General notes should be added as necessary to support, clarify, add information, or to give direction not otherwise provided.

PRESSURE VESSEL DATA SHEET

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Client Project Location Project No.
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Construction Code Pressure Vessel Specification Design Pressure Design Temperature Min. Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) Operating Pressure Operating Temperature Radiography See section 5 Corrosion Allowance Liquid Specific Gravity Not less than 1 Liquid Level Use the highest liquid level Wind Design Code Basic Wind Speed Exposure Importance Factor Seismic Design Code Seismic Zone Soil Profile Blast Pressure Transportation Load Horiz. Accelerations Vert. Accelerations
Title : Tag Number : No. Required : Doc. No. : Rev : DESIGN DATA No See sec. 1 Corrosive Service See proc. dt sht Yes Refer to project specification No Cyclic Service See proc. dt sht Yes See process dt sht See process data sht psig Other Special Service o No See proj. spec. See process data sht Code Stamp Yes F No See process data sht oF See proj. spec. MIGAS Certificate Yes See process data sht psig MAWP Basis See proj. spec. Dsg Press. Calculated o See process data sht Per Code Impact Test No See Section 4 Yes F Full Spot PWHT No Per Code See Section64 Yes See project spec. See process data sht in Hydrotest See project spec. Painting Specification See process data sht See process data sht in Insulation in SG: Yes, thk: Insulation: see proc. dt sht or PID (By Others) No Fireproofing thk: in SG: See project specification Yes, See project specification mile/hr check to process safety (By Others) No See project specification ACCESSORIES See project specification Internal Ladder Platform / Ladder Clips See project specification Insulation Clips Top davit Fireproofing Clips Cathodic Potection See project specification Pipe Support Clips Name Plate See project specification See project specification psi Earthing Lugs / Boss See project specification g Lifting Lugs See project specification g Tailing Lugs
(See process data sht & section 3) MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS Head And Shell Internal See piping material Gaskets Cladding thk: in External See piping material Reinf. Pads Internal See piping material Boltings Nozzle/Manhole Pipe External See piping material Plate Removable Necks Internals to be the same as cladding if any, Forgings Non-Removable otherwise same as head / shell Fittings Supports External Welded Parts to be the same as head & shell ESTIMATED WEIGHT SHEAR & MOMENT AT BASE (OPERATING) Empty Roughly estimated lb Shear (lbf) Moment (lbf-ft) Operating lb Wind by vendor by vendor Roughly estimated by vendor by vendor Full of Water lb Earthquake Roughly estimated (See process dt sht & sec. 7 NOZZLE Flange Proj. Size Mark Qty Rating Remark Description Type (in) (in) See sec. 7
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SKETCH Sketch shall be consistent with the following items: - Establish a reference line for tail dimensions. Use a head tangent line or face of flange if vessel has a flanged end. - Show supports. - Show location of legs, lugs, clips, etc. - Identify and locate needed internal details. Provide only enough detail to describe the item - Locate support saddles including dimension from head tangents to center line of the saddles, elevation from the vessel centerline to the bottom of the base plate, and elevation from grade, if available. Identify which saddle will have slotted mounting holes and whether a slide plate is required. - Provide the skirt height dimension from the bottom of the base plate to the head tangent.
PRESSURE VESSEL DATA SHEET

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4. ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 Vs. Division 2

Pressure vessels may be designed to meet the requirements of either Division 1 or Division 2 of Section VIII of the ASME Code. Division 1 is based on the maximum-stress theory of failure, one of the most conservative methods available. It is the most frequently used Code in the world, and provides the most economic design and construction for the majority of vessels used in the petroleum industry. Division 2 was developed to take advantage of the technological advancements made in design methods, materials, and nondestructive examination. Division 2 vessels will consequently have thinner walls than Division 1 vessels for the same design conditions but more expensive in design and inspection cost. However, this thickness reduction results in lower materials costs, lower foundation costs, and lower shipping and erection costs. And for some cases, Division 2 can be more economical, when the reduction in material and fabrication costs exceeds the increase in design and inspection costs. The selection of Division 1 or Division 2 shall be based on both design and economic considerations. The following are the Rules of Thumb for application of ASME Section VIII, Division 2: When the required thickness according to ASME Section VIII Division 1 basis of a vessel exceeds 2 inches (50 mm) irrespective of the design pressure & materials. When the fabricated weight of the vessel excluding the internal & external weight exceeds 100 tons according to ASME Section VIII Division 1 basis. When the design pressure exceeds 3000 psig (20.68 Mpa), the ASME Section VIII Division 2 shall be applied. (See U-1 (d) of ASME Section VIII, Division 1 for Scope of Division 1). When vessels operating in cyclic service. For application of Division 2 rules, consult an experienced pressure vessel engineer. A feature of Division 2 is that the purchaser must provide the vessel vendor with USER'S DESIGN SPECIFICATION that states all intended operating conditions and loadings for the service life of the vessel. This information should constitute the basis for selecting materials and designing, fabricating and inspecting the vessel as required including the method of supporting the vessel. The purchaser must evaluate the intended operating conditions to determine whether or not a fatigue analysis is required (per AD-160, ASME VIII, Div.2) and if it is required, to provide enough information so that an analysis can be carried out. The process engineer will note on the Process Data Sheets which vessels may be considered potentially to be in "cyclic" service and attach sufficient data on the planned operating conditions to permit the mechanical engineer to evaluate the need for fatigue analysis. Appendix 5 (Mandatory) of Division 2, Design based on fatigue analysis, provides the method of design for cyclic loading.
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The USER'S DESIGN SPECIFICATION must be certified by a registered professional engineer experienced in pressure vessel design. Sample of USER'S DESIGN SPECIFICATION is in the attachment 2. The vessel vendor is required to prepare a MANUFACTURER'S DESIGN REPORT establishing the conformance with the rules of Division 2 for the design conditions specified in the Users Design Specification. This conformance should also be certified by a registered professional engineer.
5. Materials
In general, selection of vessel materials shall be base on service conditions and MDMT/design temperature. Vessel materials usually are specified in the process data sheets in generic name, by nominal composition or by trade name. In the mechanical data sheets, these generic materials shall be designated in the ASME/ASTM materials. ASME specifications have the same numerical designation as the ASTM specifications, but are preceded by SA instead of A (e.g., SA516-70). ASME specifications shall be in accordance with ASME Section II, Part A.
Carbon Steel
Carbon steels for pressure vessels have a nominal composition of iron with about 1% manganese and up to 0.35% carbon. Some limitations of carbon steels are as follows: Brittle Fracture. Carbon steels may be susceptible to brittle fracture at normal ambient temperatures. Hydrogen Attack. Carbon steel will suffer hydrogen attack at elevated temperature in high pressure hydrogen. Graphitization. Welded carbon steel is limited to 800F maximum to prevent graphitization. Graphitization is the formation of graphite, primarily in weld heat-affected zones, from the decomposition of iron carbides. This will cause the failure of even a small load or strains. Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). As-welded or cold-worked carbon steel is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in caustic, nitrate, carbonate, amine solutions and in anhydrous ammonia. Stress relief is required to prevent failures. Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC). High strength steel and hard welds in steel in aqueous solutions containing H2S are susceptible to sudden non-ductile failures. Wet H2S is defined as service conditions of at least 50 ppm of H2S dissolved in a liquid water phase. PWHT, controlling maximum strength and hardness is generally sufficient to prevent cracking. Hydrogen-Induced Cracking. Some low strength carbon steels may be susceptible to hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) in wet services containing H2S. Postweld heat treatment may also be beneficial to prevent cracking. There are 3 types of carbon steel:
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1. Non-Killed Carbon Steel, such as A283 all grade & A36. These materials are not acceptable for pressure parts. 2. Semi-Killed Carbon Steel, such as A285 all grade. These materials are acceptable for pressure parts with nominal thickness not greater than 1 inches (25 mm) and minimum design temperature not less than 30oF (-1.11oC).
Note: Semi-killed Carbon Steel per ASME SEC.II SA-6/SA-6M para.3.7 - Incompletely deoxidized steel containing oxygen to form enough carbon monoxide during solidification to offset solidification shrinkage.
3. Killed Carbon Steel, such as A515 all grade, A516 all grade, A106 all grade and A105. These materials are acceptable for pressure parts for all nominal thickness with minimum design temperature not less than -50oF (-46oC) but may be to be normalized or impact tested depending on the thickness (see UCS-66 of ASME VIII, div.1).
Note: Killed Steel per ASME SEC.II SA-6/SA-6M para.3.9 - Steel deoxidized, either by addition of strong deoxidizing agents or by vacuum treatment, to reduce oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
Common ASTM/ASME carbon steel materials: Plate for pressure parts: A285-C, A515-60 / 70, A516-60 / 70 Plate for non pressure parts: A36, A283-B / C, A285-B / C Pipe: A106-B, A333-1 / 3 / 6 Tube: A179, A214, A334-1 / 3 Forging for ANSI flange: A105, A350-LF2 / LF3 Forging for body/cover flange & tubesheet: A266-2 / 4, A765-I / II / III Welded fittings: A234-WPB, A420-WPL3
Carbon-Moly Steel (Low Alloy Steel For High Temperature)

Carbon-moly steel is similar to carbon steel but with 0.5% molybdenum (C1/2Mo) added which improves the steels high temperature strength and graphitization resistance. Some limitations of C-1/2Mo are as follows: Brittle Fracture. Unless made to fine-grain practice and normalized, carbonmoly steels may have poor toughness (increased susceptibility to brittle fracture). Hydrogen Attack. Carbon-moly steel cannot be relied upon to resist hydrogen attack. Graphitization. Carbon-moly is resistant to a maximum service temperature of 850F. Stress Corrosion Cracking. Same as for carbon steel. Sulfide Stress Cracking. Same as for carbon steel. Common ASTM/ASME Carbon-Moly (C-1/2Mo) Steel materials: Plate: A204-B Pipe: A335-P1 14

Tube: A209-T1 Forging: A182-F1 Welded fittings: A234-WP1
Chrome-Moly Steel (Low Alloy Steel For High Temperature)

Chrome-moly low alloy steels are similar to carbon steel but with chromium and molybdenum added. Typical grades are 1 Cr- Mo, 1 Cr- Mo, and 2 Cr-1 Mo. The characteristics are: Better resistance to hydrogen attack. Better high temperature strength. Chrome-moly steels do not graphitize. More difficult to fabricate. Require control of preheat for welding. Require postweld heat treatment for all welded construction. Some limitations of Chrome-Moly steels are as follows: Brittle Fracture. Chrome-moly steels become susceptible to brittle fracture at low temperatures and above about 650F embrittle in service. The 2 Cr-1 Mo steels are particularly susceptible, but 1 Cr- Mo and 1 Cr- Mo may also be susceptible. Hydrogen Attack. Resistance to hydrogen attack is dependent on the chromium and molybdenum contents in the steel. Resistance improves with increased alloy content. Stress Corrosion Cracking. Same as for carbon steel. Sulfide Stress Cracking. Same as for carbon steel. Common ASTM/ASME Chrome-Moly Steel materials: Plate 1 Cr- Mo: A387-12 Class 1 or 2 Plate 1 Cr- Mo: A387-11 Class 1 or 2 Plate 2 Cr-1 Mo: A387-22 Class 1 or 2
Note: Class 2 is Normalized and Tempered, allowable stress is higher than class1.
Pipe 1 Cr- Mo: A335-P12 Pipe 1 Cr- Mo: A335-P11 Pipe 2 Cr-1 Mo: A335-P22 Tube 1 Cr- Mo: A213-T12 Tube 1 Cr- Mo: A213-T11 Tube 2 Cr-1 Mo: A213-T22 Forging 1 Cr- Mo: A182-F12 Forging 1 Cr- Mo: A182-F11 Forging 2 Cr-1 Mo: A182-F22 Welded fittings 1 Cr- Mo: A234-WP12 Welded fittings 1 Cr- Mo: A234-WP11 Welded fittings 2 Cr-1 Mo: A234-WP22
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Low Alloy Steel For Low Temperature

To improve toughness of carbon steel at low temperature, Nickel is added to improve embrittle fracture due to its strong contact force (anti-tearing poperty). However, this material is difficult for welding. If available suppliers do not have successful experience with this material, austenitic stainless steel is a better choice. Common ASTM/ASME Nickel steel materials: Plate 2- Ni: A203-A / B Plate 3- Ni: A203-D / E Plate 9 Ni: A353 Pipe 2- Ni: A333-7 Pipe 3- Ni: A333-2 Plate 9 Ni: A333-8 Forging 2- Ni: Forging 3- Ni: A350-LF3 Forging 9 Ni: A522-I Welded fittings: -
Stainless Steel (High Alloy Steel)

Stainless steels are corrosion-resistant steels that contain at least 10.5% chromium. Chromium is unique in that it forms a passive layer on the steel surface that provides protection from corrosion. Stainless steels are classified as either austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, or duplex depending on their microstructure. 3.5.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels (3xx series) have an austenite structure similar to the high temperature structure of carbon steel. In general,the 3xx series are ironchromiumnickel alloys that contain 1626% chromium and 622% nickel. The characteristics of austenitic stainless steels are: Nonhardenable by heat treatment. Nonmagnetic. Weldable. Excellent low-temperature toughness, Can be used for both cladding and solid wall construction. Some limitations of Austenitic stainless steels are as follows: Chloride stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels can occur in aqueous solutions containing chloride ions. Cracking is most severe where the chloride ion concentration is high, the solution is hot, the pH is neutral or low, and especially where evaporation builds up deposits on the stainless steel. Recommendations to prevent chloride stress corrosion cracking include:
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1. Do not select solid wall austenitic stainless steel construction for hot and aqueous chloride services. If stainless steel is required, used as clad construction. 2. Where no other economical material is available, vessels made of solid austenitic stainless steel should be PWHT (See section 5) Sulfur-derived acids can cause polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels. These acids commonly develop during shutdowns by the oxidation of iron sulfide scale in the presence of moisture and oxygen. Usually polythionic acid cracking is prevented by using the chemically stabilized or extra low carbon grades of stainless steel and avoiding harmful heat treatments.
Common ASTM/ASME Austenitic stainless steel materials: Plate: A240-304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 347 Pipe: A312-TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 347 Tube: A213-TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 347 Forging: A182-F304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 347 Forging for body/cover flange & tubesheet: A336-F304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 347 Welded fittings: A403-WP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 347
Note: Any type austenitic SS forgings with notes G7 of ASME 1A are not recommended for the flanges, blind flange, tubesheet or any applications which can cause leakage.
There are many compositional variations of austenitic stainless steel steels. The following list summarizes these variations which frequently used for pressure vessels material: 304 Popular 188 stainless steel, lower C than 302 304L Low-carbon 304 for improved corrosion resistance 304LN Low-carbon 304 with nitrogen added for strength 304H Higher carbon 304 304Cu Copper added for improved cold working 304N Nitrogen added for strength 309 High Cr and Ni for heat resistance 309S Lower carbon 309 309Cb Niobium (columbium) added 310 Higher Cr and Ni than 309 for improved heat resistance 310S Lower carbon 310 310Cb Niobium (columbium) added 316 Mo added for improved corrosion resistance 316L Lower C for improved corrosion resistance and weldability 316LN Lower C and higher nitrogen (for strength) 316H Higher carbon 316 316N Nitrogen added for strength 316Ti Titanium added 316Cb Niobium (columbium) added 317 Higher Cr and Mo for improved corrosion resistance 317L Low-carbon 317 for improved weldability 17

321 Titanium added to minimize Cr carbide precipitation 347 Nb and Ta added to minimize Cr carbide precipitation 347H Higher carbon 347 348 Ta and Co added for restricted nuclear applications 348H Higher carbon 348
3.5.2 Ferritic Stainless Steels (4xx series) have a ferrite structure similar to the low temperature structure of carbon steel. The ferritic stainless steels are basically ironchromium alloys with chromium ranging from 10.5 to 27%. The characteristics are:
Nonhardenable with heat treatment. Magnetic. Poor Weldability Their use in pressure vessel is primarily as cladding. Embrittle in 750F to 900F Service. Straight chromium stainless steels, such as the ferritic (Types 405 and 430) and martensitic types (Type 410), containing 13% or more chromium can embrittle during exposure to temperatures in the 750F to 900F range. Prevent this problem by not using chromium stainless steels for solid wall construction of pressure vessels.
Some limitations of Ferritic stainless steels are as follows:
Common ASTM/ASME Ferritic stainless steel materials: Plate: A240-405 and 430 Pipe: N/A Tube: A268-TP405 and 430 Forging: N/A Welded fittings: N/A There are fewer variations of ferritic stainless steels than austenitic stainless steels. The ferritic stainless steels are listed below: 405 Low Cr with Al added 430 General-purpose ferritic stainless steel 3.5.3 Martensitic Stainless Steels (13Cr) Martensitic stainless steels contain added carbon, which expands the gamma loop to allow higher chromium contents to be used. Because they can be heat treated, the martensitic stainless steels generally have higher strength than the austenitic and ferritic stainless steels. The characteristics are:
Can be hardened with heat treatment. Magnetic. Poor Weldability Their use in pressure vessel is primarily as cladding.
Some limitations of Martensitic stainless steels are as follows:
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Sulfide Stress Cracking. The martensitic stainless steels are especially susceptible to sulfide stress cracking. This cracking is prevented by controlling weld strength and hardness. Embrittle in 750F to 900F Service. Straight chromium stainless steels, such as the ferritic (Types 405 and 430) and martensitic types (Type 410), containing 13% or more chromium can embrittle during exposure to temperatures in the 750F to 900F range. Prevent this problem by not using chromium stainless steels for solid wall construction of pressure vessels.
Common ASTM/ASME Martensitic stainless steel materials: Plate: A240-410 Pipe: N/A Tube: A268-TP410 Forging: N/A Welded fittings: N/A 3.5.4 Duplex Stainless Steels have structures of roughly 50% austenite and 50% ferrite (22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-1N). There are many more duplex stainless steels that have priority compositions and trade. The corrosion characteristics of these duplex stainless steels are similar to austenitic stainless steels. However, they have higher strength and better resistance to stresscorrosion cracking than austenitic stainless steels.
Note: Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC): Cracking of metal produced by the combined action of corrosion and tensile stress (residual or applied).
Nonhardenable with heat treatment. Weldable. Can be used for both cladding and solid wall construction.
Common ASTM/ASME Duplex stainless steel materials: Plate: A240-S31803 Pipe: A790-S31803 Tube: A789-S31803 Forging: A182-F51 Welded fittings: N/A The two grades most frequently used for pressure vessels are 2205 (UNS S31803) and 2507 (UNS 32750). Zenon 100 (UNS S32760), 2507, and 255 (UNS S32550) have sufficient chloride pitting resistance for seawater service.
Nonferrous Alloys
Nonferrous alloys are designated in the ASME Code by the prefix SB. Two classes of alloys occasionally considered are discussed in this section, nickel alloys and titanium alloys. NickelChromiumIron Alloys Nickel and high-nickel alloys have excellent corrosion resistance and are used in high-temperature applications in corrosive environments. 19

Inconel alloy 600 and 625 is a standard engineering material for use in severely corrosive environments at high temperatures up to 2150oF (1177oC) and also resistant to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking and corrosion by high-purity water. Fabricating and weldability are generally good with proper precautions.
Fig. 7 represents some compositional modifications of nickel and its alloys to produce special properties. Titanium Alloys. These are used infrequently for pressure vessels and used usually as cladding. Welding is difficult, requiring very clean conditions, so field repairs are not practical. Unalloyed titanium is highly resistant to the corrosion normally associated with many natural environments, including seawater. Titanium exposed continuously to seawater for about 18 years has undergone only superficial discoloration.
20

Material Selection
Table 1 illustrates pressure vessel materials typically selected for service environments. This table is not suitable for final materials selection, but only for initial investigation. For a given service environment, materials selection should be made with consideration for both corrosion rates and other potential deterioration mechanisms, such as stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen damage. When stainless steel or a more highly alloyed material is required, it is often preferable to use a carbon or low alloy steel clad with a thin layer of the high alloy material. Clad plate is usually less expensive than solid alloy plate unless the thickness of the vessel is less than 1/2 inch. Clad plate is also preferred because it is less likely to develop through-wall stress corrosion cracks than solid alloy. CLAD PLATE: A composite plate consisting of two or more metals permanently and integrally bonded over their entire intersurface by rolling under heat and pressure.
21

TABLE 1. MATERIAL SELECTION FOR SERVICE ENVIRONMENTS
22

From PVM-500 Materials, Chevron Manuals
NOTES: (1) Carbon steel. Grades commonly used for pressure vessel plates are SA285 Grade C, SA515 Grade 70 and SA516 Grade 70. Choice will be determined by minimum design metal temperature and thickness. Clad carbon steel. Carbon steel clad with 12% Cr steel is covered by Specification SA263. We usually designate a base metal plate (carbon steel per note 1 above) and the cladding as Type 405 or Type 410S. Low alloy steels. 1 Cr- Mo steel is covered by SA387 Grade 11 (plate) and SA182/336 F11 (forgings). 2 Cr-1 Mo steel is covered by SA387 Grade 22 (plate) and SA182/336 F22 (forgings). Carbon or low alloy steel clad with Type 321 or 347 stainless steel. These plates are covered by SA264 for roll band cladding. Base metal plate is designated per notes 1 or 3 above. If forgings are used for shell components or if shell plates are thick, they will be weld overlay clad rather than roll band clad. Base metal will be designated per notes 1 and 3 above.
(2)
(3)
(4)
Table 2 illustrates suitable materials base on temperature range. Any material listed for a colder temperature range may be used in a warmer temperature range depending the suitable of the material due to the vessel contain as per table 1. For example, A240-304 may be used in the temperature range of 33F to 775F.
23

TABLE 2 MATERIAL SELECTION FOR DESIGN TEMPERATURE

Component
-425 to -321
A240304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347
-320 to -151
A353 or A240304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347 A3338 or A312TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347 A3348 or A249/ A213TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347 A522-I or A182F304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347 A522-I or A336F304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347
A420WPL8 or A403WP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347
-150 to -51
A203D or A240304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347 A3333 or A312TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347 A3343 or A249/ A213TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347 A350LF3 or A182F304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347 A765III or A336F304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347 A420WPL3
or A403WP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347
-50 to -21
A51655, 60 to meet SA20
-20 to 4
A516 All Grade
Design Temperature oF 776 33 5 to to to 875 775 32

A516 All Grade A285C (min 60 oF) or A516 All Grade A106B A204B
876 to 1000
A38711, 12
1001 to 1100
A38722
1101 to 1500
A240347H or B424 (incoloy 825)
> 1500
B443 (Inconel 625)
Plate
Pipe
A312TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347
A3331, 6 or A106B
A3331, 6 or A106B
A106B
A335P1
A335P11, P12
A335P22
A312TP347H or B423 (incoloy 825)
B444 (Inconel 625)
Tube
A249/ A213TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347
A3341 or A179 or A214
A179 or A214
A179 or A214
A179 or A214
A209T1
A209T11, T12
A209T22
A213TP347H or B163 (incoloy 825)
B444 (Inconel 625)
Forgings ANSI Flange
A182F304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347
A350LF2
A105
A105
A105
A182F1
A182F11, F12
A182F22
A182F347H or B564 (incoloy 825)
B564 (Inconel 625)
Forgings non ANSI
A336F304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347
A765I, II
A765I, II
A765I, II
A765I, II
A336F1
A336F11, F12
A336F22
A336F347H or B564 (incoloy 825)
B564 (Inconel 625)
Fittings
A403WP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347
A420WPL6
A243WPB
A243WPB
A243WPB
A234WP1
A234WP11, WP12
A234WP22
A403WP347H
B366 (Inconel 625)
24

6. MDMT
Definition of Brittle Fracture
Brittle fracture can occur in ferritic steels, such as carbon, carbonmoly, chrome-moly, and 400 series stainless steels, within the normal atmospheric temperature range. Most occur during hydrotest rather than in operation. The material property Brittleness indicates that the material is prone to failure without deformation. Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy by yielding (plastic deformation) prior to failure. Toughness depends on a materials ductility and strength. Toughness therefore indicates the materials ability to resist brittle fracture. The fracture toughness of a particular material decreases with increasing section thickness for two reasons: 1. It is metallurgically more difficult to obtain good toughness properties as thickness increases. 2. Thicker sections produce greater constraint ahead of the notch due to a triaxial state-of-stress. To prevent brittle fracture, use tough materials. Toughness is a physical property of materials that primarily characterizes their resistance to brittle fracture, depending on temperature, loading rate, and thickness. Sufficiently tough steels are selected by one of the following: 25

1. Using materials selection curves, or impact exemption curves (see Fig. UCS-66 of ASME VIII div.1). 2. Using steels that have been Charpy V-Notch (CVN) impact tested to Code requirements. Using steels selected from the ASME Code impact test exemption curves is highly preferred. Impact tests increase materials costs substantially and complicate delivery.
Impact Test Exemption per UCS-66

Figure UCS-66 shall be used to establish impact testing exemptions for carbon and low alloy steels listed in Part UCS. If a minimum design metal temperature and thickness combination is on or above the curve, impact testing is not required by the rules of ASME VIII Div.1.
26

NORMALIZE Heating iron-base alloys to approximately 100oF above the critical temperature range followed by cooling to below that range in still air at ordinary temperature. The normalizing process is commonly applied to steel articles of heavy section to refine the grain. For example SA516 plate with thickness over 40 mm shall be normalized. Under 40 mm, the plates may be ordered normalized or stress relieved, or both.
27

28

For example: 1 nominal thickness of not normalized A516-60 is required MDMT at 20oF. To decide this material is required impact test or not, just go to fig. UCS-66. Not normalized A516-60 is in Curve C, from this curve in Fig. UCS-66, the MDMT for the nominal thickness of 1 is -5oF. Due to -5oF is colder than the required MDMT of 20oF, and then impact test is not required. Each component such as head, shell, nozzle, flange, tubesheet, flat cover etc, shall be evaluated for impact test requirements based on its individual material classification, and the warmest MDMT used as the MDMT for the vessel. The thickness is defined as below: 1) For butt joints other than those in flat heads and tubesheets, the nominal thickness of the thickest welded joint. 2) For corner, fillet, and lap welded joints, the thinner of the parts joined. 3) For flat heads or tubesheets, the larger of the thickness from 2) above or the flat component thickness divided by 4. 4) For castings, the largest nominal thickness. 5) For flat nonwelded parts, such as bolted flanges, tubesheets, and flat heads, the thickness of the flat component divided by 4. 6) For a nonwelded dished head, the greater of the flat flange thickness divided by 4 or the minimum thickness of the dished portion. According to UCS-66, impact tested material shall be used for the following: 1) If the governing thickness at any welded joint exceeds 4 inches and the MDMT is colder than 120oF. 2) If the governing thickness of the non-welded part exceeds 6 inches and the MDMT is colder than 120oF. 3) Materials with specified minimum yield strength greater than 65000 psi must be impact tested. 4) If the MDMT is colder than -55oF and the thickness ratio in Fig. UCS-66.1 is greater than 0.35. No impact test is required for: 1) ASME/ANSI B16.5 or B16.47 flanges if the MDMT is -20oF or warmer. 2) If the thickness is less than 0.10 inch (2.5mm) and the MDMT is -55oF or warmer. 3) The materials listed in Fig. UG-84.1 need not be impact tested if the MDMT is no more than 5oF colder than the specification impact test temperature. 4) If the MDMT is colder than -55oF but no colder than -155oF and the thickness ratio in Fig. UCS-66.1 is equal to or less than 0.35.
Impact Test Exemption per UCS-66.1

Fig. UCS-66.1 may be used to reduce the MDMT of vessels if the defined ratio is less than one but not less than 0.35. The resulting MDMT may not be colder than -55oF except as may result from the UCS-68(c) rule. UCS-68(c) is defined as below: 29

30

31

32

The following example illustrates the use of the flow chart in Fig. UCS-66.2. Say, the required MDMT is -10oF.
Due to the adjusted MDMT is colder than the required MDMT (-17oF < -10oF), then the above material is exemption from impact test. If impact testing is indicated by UCS-66, check the following to see if it can be avoided: 1. Try to Normalized the material. This is cheaper than impact testing. 2. If normalized does not help, see if a reduction per Fig. UCS-66.1 & 2 is applicable. 3. PWHT in accordance with UCS-68 (c) can give a 30oF (17oC) reduction of MDMT. PWHT may also be cheaper than impact tests.
33

7. Radiography
There are 3 basic levels of radiography - None, Spot, and Full. The minimum acceptable level of radiography for oil & gas industry is Spot. Generally, Full Radiography is required for all pressure vessels in offshore project. For the typical double butt weld in a vessel, spot radiography has a joint efficiency of 85% and full radiography has a joint efficiency of 100%. In full radiography, 100% of the weld is examined and in spot radiography, typically min. 6 inches (150 mm) of weld in every 50 feet (15 m) are examined (See UW-52). It is possible to mix the types of radiography on a single vessel for the some of the economic reasoning. According to UG-116 (e) a vessel is stamped RT 1, RT 2, RT 3, or RT 4 to indicate how it was radiographed: 1. RT 1 Full radiography of the entire vessel. 2. RT 2 Mix between full & spot radiography. In shells, longitudinal stresses (carried by circumferential welds) are typically half of circumferential stresses (carried by longitudinal welds). Basically, RT 2 allows you to fully radiograph only the longitudinal welds and to spot radiograph the circumferential one. This can result in a shell thickness equivalent to RT-1. 3. RT 3 Spot radiography of the entire vessel. 4. RT 4 fully radiograph one part of a vessel, and spot radiography for the remainder. For example, a carbon steel tower with different thickness. If the lower section has a thickness 34 mm and the top thickness is 30 mm, the thickness is necessary for mandatory per code to fully radiograph the lower section, but spot radiography for the top one.
Spot Radiography
Spot radiography is permitted for the following: 1. Vessel is not containing lethal substances. 2. Vessel carbon steel with thickness less than 1.25 inches (32 mm). 3. Vessel stainless steel with thickness less than 1.5 inches (38 mm). 4. Vessel thickness is controlled by external design pressure. 5. Unfired steam boiler with internal design pressure less than 50 psig.
Full Radiography
Full radiography is mandatory as per Code for the following: 1. Vessels containing lethal substances. See UW-2(a). 2. Unfired steam boilers with design pressure exceeding 50 psig. 3. All butt welds joined by electrogas welding with any single pass greater than 1 (38 mm) and all butt welds joined by electroslag welding.
34

4. Final closure of vessels (Ultrasonic examination when the construction does not permit radiographs). 5. Vessel for material with minimum nominal thickness as below:
P No. Material Descripion Full per R.T.
(2)
PWHT per UCS-56 (1) >= 1.5 (38mm) N/A >= 5/8 (16mm) >= 5/8 (16mm) All All N/A N/A
UCS-56 1 Group 1, 2 8 group 1, 2 9A/B group 1 3 group 1 4 group 1 5 group 1 43 45 Carbon Steel: SA36, SA285-C, SA515/51655, 50, 65, 70, SA455-I, II Austenitic stainless steel: 304, 309, 310, 316, 321, 347, Low alloy steel: 2 Ni (SA203-A, B) & 3Ni (SA203-D, E) Low alloy steel: C-1/2Mo (SA204-B) Low alloy steel: 1Cr-1/2Mo (SA387-12) & 1Cr-1/2Mo (SA387-11) Low alloy steel: 2Cr-1Mo (SA387-22) Inconel 600, 625 Incoloy 800, 825
> 1.25 (32mm) > 1.5 (38mm) > 5/8 (16mm) > 3/4 (19mm) > 5/8 (16mm) All > 3/8 (10 mm) > 3/8 (10 mm)
Note: 1. PWHT may be required for nominal thickness less than table above if required by service condition. 2. For ASME VIII Div 2: thickness. All pressure welds require 100% RT regardless the
Full RT examination is recommended for the following conditions: 1. All butt welds in head where it is made from two or more pieces of plate, and the head knuckle also should be visually inspected. 2. For service at low temperatures where undetected flaws could cause brittle fracture. 3. For service where cyclic pressures and/or temperatures are encountered and undetected flaws could initiate fatigue cracks.
8. PWHT By Service Conditions

The need for PWHT other than Code requirements are depends on some service conditions as summarized below: 1. Carbon steel vessels should be PWHT in the following services regardless the shell thickness for resistance to various types of stress corrosion cracking (SCC): Sour (wet H2S) services, for resistance to sulfide SCC (also called hydrogen embrittlement cracking). 35

Ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate above 110F, for resistance to nitrate SCC Concentrated anhydrous ammonia at any temperature, for resistance to ammonia SCC Hydrofluoric acid at any temperature, for resistance embrittlement cracking to hydrogen
Amines (DEA, MEA, MDEA, DIPA, etc.) at any temperature, for resistance to amine SCC. Potassium carbonate at any temperature, for resistance to carbonate SCC FCC Fractionator overhead systems, for resistance to carbonate SCC (Stress relief temperature should be increased to 11501250F for this service.) 2. Carbon steel vessels for boiler feedwater deaerators which use steam should be PWHT to avoid corrosion fatigue. 3. Carbon steel vessels in specific severe sour services where hydrogen blistering and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) have previously occurred (referred to as HIC services) should be PWHT. 4. Carbon steel and austenitic stainless vessels should be PWHT for resistance to caustic stress corrosion cracking (also called caustic embrittlement) if above 140F for concentrations from 1 wt% to 30 wt% caustic, and if above 110F for concentrations greater than 30 wt%. 5. Vessels made from solid types 304L, 316L, 321 and 347 should be PWHT for resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking, in case: Insulated vessels which operate continuously or intermittently above 150F. Un-insulated vessels which operate continuously or intermittently above 150F if they are in high-chloride environments. (Examples of some high chloride environments are: coastal locations and off-shore platforms with salt spray, locations with salt water fire spray systems, and process streams with high chloride contents) Types 304 and 316 can not be used for resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking due to PWHT will cause loss of corrosion resistance due to excessive sensitization at temperatures between 800F to 1500F.
9. Nozzle Connections
Normally, standard ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges for nozzle diameter 24 and less or ASME B16.47 Series B Large Diameter Steel Flanges for nozzle diameter over 24, are used for nozzle flange. Non standard flange such as girth flange for shell and tube heat exchanger shall be design as per Appendix 2 of ASME VIII division 1. When a standard flange is selected, no additional calculations are required.
36

Fig. 8 Flange types Slip-on flange is usually used for flange rating 150 psi and nozzle for atmospheric tank. Weld neck type shall be used for flange rating 300 psi and higher. Flange types are shown in fig. 8.
Fig. 9 Flange facings
Raised face is generally used for flange rating 600 psi and lower, and o-ring is applied for rating 900 psi and higher. Recessed face is commonly applied for confined joint body flange in shell and tube heat exchanger.
37

Self Reinforced (SR) / Forged Nozzles are recommended if meet one of the following: 1. Flange rating 600 psi and higher. 2. Shell components over 2 inches (50 mm) thick. 3. Design temperatures over 650F. 4. For low temperature service when CV-impact testing is required. Set-on is usually applied for connection nozzle to header in air fin cooler. Set-in with reinforcing pad is usually applied for connection nozzle to shell / head in pressure vessel for flange rating 150 psi and 300 psi.
Fig. 10 Nozzle types
38

10. Type of Hydrotest

For Division 1 the program provides three different ways to determine hydrotest pressure. For Division 2, the program provides two hydrotest options. ASME UG-99 (b) Div. I The hydrotest pressure will be 1.3 (1.5 pre 99 addenda) times the maximum allowable working pressure for the vessel multiplied by the lowest ratio of the stress value S for the test temperature to the stress value S for the design temperature. This type of hydrotest is normally used for non-carbon steel vessels where the allowable stress changes with temperature starting even at a somewhat low temperature. ASME UG-99 (c) Div. I The hydrotest pressure will be determined by multiplying the minimum MAP by 1.3 (1.5 pre 99 addenda) and reducing this value by the hydrostatic head on that part. The hydrostatic head will determined based on the dimensions of the vessel and by the "projection fields" input farther on down in this section. In addition the hydrostatic test position will also be used to determine the head pressure. ASME UG-99 (b) footnote 35 Div. 1 The hydrotest pressure will be 1.3 (1.5 pre 99 addenda) times the stated design pressure for the entire vessel, multiplied by the lowest ratio of the stress value Sa for the test temperature to the stress value S for the design temperature. ASME UG-100 Pneumatic Test The test pressure will be 1.1 (1.25 pre 99 addenda) times the stated design pressure for the entire vessel, multiplied by the lowest ratio of the stress value Sa for the test temperature to the stress value S for the design temperature. ASME AT-300 Div. 2 Based on Vessel Design Pressure The hydrotest pressure will be 1.25 times the design pressure to be marked on the vessel, multiplied by the lowest ratio of the stress intensity value Sm for the test temperature to the stress intensity value Sm for the design temperature. This type of hydrotest is normally used for non-carbon steel vessels where the allowable stress changes with temperature starting even at a somewhat low temperature. ASME AT-301 Div. 2 Based on Calculated Pressure A hydrostatic test based on a calculated pressure may be used by agreement between the user and the Manufacturer. The hydrostatic test pressure at the top of the vessel shall be the minimum of the test pressures calculated by multiplying the basis for calculated test pressure for each element by 1.25 and reducing this value by the hydrostatic head on that element.
39

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DOCUMENT TITLE DOCUMENT NO.

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE PV-100 0 (Mar-2010)

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

Fig. 1 Typical Vessel Supports

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

Horizontal Vessels Saddle Supports

Fig. 2 Horizontal Vessels on Saddle Supports 3

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

Fig. 4 Vertical Vessel on Lug Support

Fig. 5 Vertical Vessel Ring-Girder Support

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

Fig. 6 Vertical Vessel on Skirt Support 6

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

3. Data Sheet Preparation

thk: thk: ACCESSORIES

Internal Ladder Top davit Cathodic Potection Name Plate

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

SHEAR & MOMENT AT BASE (OPERATING) lb lb lb

Shear (lbf) Wind Earthquake

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL DATA SHEET

Client Project Location Project No.

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL DATA SHEET

Client Project Location Project No.

Title Tag Number No. Required Doc. No.

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

4. ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 Vs. Division 2

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

Carbon-Moly Steel (Low Alloy Steel For High Temperature)

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

Tube: A209-T1 Forging: A182-F1 Welded fittings: A234-WP1

Chrome-Moly Steel (Low Alloy Steel For High Temperature)

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

Low Alloy Steel For Low Temperature

Stainless Steel (High Alloy Steel)

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

Some limitations of Ferritic stainless steels are as follows:

Some limitations of Martensitic stainless steels are as follows:

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

TABLE 1. MATERIAL SELECTION FOR SERVICE ENVIRONMENTS

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

From PVM-500 Materials, Chevron Manuals

PRESSURE VESSEL TRAINING MODULE

TABLE 2 MATERIAL SELECTION FOR DESIGN TEMPERATURE

Design Temperature oF 776 33 5 to to to 875 775 32

A312TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347

A312TP347H or B423 (incoloy 825)

B444 (Inconel 625)

A249/ A213TP304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347

A3341 or A179 or A214

A213TP347H or B163 (incoloy 825)

B444 (Inconel 625)

Forgings ANSI Flange

A182F304, 304L, 316, 316L, 347

A182F347H or B564 (incoloy 825)