World History Essays!

~ Atlantic Slave Trade! slavery existed since ancient times! Triangle Trade - connected Africa, Americas, and Europe! Europeans traded guns, cloth, and manufactured goods for slaves, slaves brought to America (Middle Passage) and traded for molasses, sugar, and cotton ! King Afonso of the Congo complained to the King of Portugal and was ignored! escalation of violence led to an increase of wars! African Dispora - Africas population is dispersed throughout the world! industrialization made slavery less protable! colonies established for free slaves: Sierra Leone (GB) and Liberia (US)! ~ Beliefs of Islam ! Five Pillars of Islam:! ! 1. Faith! - Muslims must state that there is not a god but Muhammad and Allah is his prophet! ! 2. Prayer! - Muslims must pray 5 times a day facing the Kaaba in Mecca! ! 3. Charity! - Muslims are supposed to help others and donate some of their income to charity! ! 4. Fasting ! - Muslims must fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan which celebrates the recording of the Quran! ! 5. Pilgrimage (hajj)! - once in their lifetime if they are physically and nancially able muslims are to travel to Mecca and preform the rituals of the Hajj! Koran (Quran) - the holy book is Islam! ~ Global Conicts! 1948 War of Independence, Suez War of 1956, Six Day War, Yom Kippur War, Iranian Hostage Crisis, Iran-Iraq War, Persian Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Battle of Adowa, Boer War, Apartheid! 1948 War of Independence - Jews announce creation of Israel, Arabs (+ others) refuse to recognize Israel and declare war; Israel wins and gains half of Arab State! Suez War of 1956 - Nasser took control of the Suez Canal, British and US give aid but revoke it after they ask the Soviets for aid. US gives aid, UN keeps peace! Six Day War - after Egypt blockades Israeli shipping in the Gulf of Aquaba, Israel attacks and defeats the Arabs and gains territory ! Yom Kippur War - Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur and regain Sinai Peninsula! Hostage Crisis - 52 Americans held for 444 days by Iranian students who took over the US Embassy in Tenran! Iran-Iraq War - Both Sunni ( Iraq) and Shia (Iran) want control of the Strait of Hormuz. Cease re in 1988! Persian Gulf War - Iraq invades Kuwait, UN forces attack Iraq and Kuwait was freed! Operation Iraqi Freedom - Sadam Hussein is captured bu US and Iraq is creating a republic but trouble with Sunni/Shia/Kurds! Battle of Adowa Freedom - Italy invades Ethiopia and looses, Ethiopia is the only country to keep its independence!

 Boer War - diamonds and Gold in Boer land, British and Boers ght over land and British wins under Cecil Rhodes! Apartheid (being apart) - system of racial discrimination enforced through legislature by National Party! ~ Leaders and Their Contributions ! Kwame Nkruma - Ghana - led independence movement against Britain; organized strikes and boycotts; rst African Nation to win independence! Jomo Kenyatta - Kenya - Kikuyu Association fought to reorganize the farmland in a more balanced way; rst president of kenya; led kenyas independence movement! Robert Mugabe - Rhodesia/Zimbabwe - white settlers feared majority rule; broke away from british = independent; guerrilla leader opposed white minority govt; settled Zimbabwe = majority rule; elected rst black prime minister! Julius Nyerere - Tanzania - led independence movement; president until 1985; believed in the One Party Rule; encouraged use of Swahili Language! Leopold Senghor - Senegal - led independence movement against France; rst president; poet and philosopher; led negritude movement (encouraged Africans to value their heritage)! ~ Westernization of Other Countries (Turkey and Iran)! Turkey - westernized under Ataturk ( Mufasta Kemal ), he made turkey a secular state, took away Sharia laws, gave women the right to vote, opened public schools, had an alphabet, men couldn't wear fez, women couldn't cover face! Iran - westernized under Raza Shah Pahlavi who copied Ataturk, strengthened economy and military, western education, made Iran a monarchy ! ~ Early Humans and their Civilizations! the Paleolithic Age (old stone age) was the time when early humans began to develop tools and weapons. most people were nomadic and everyone was equal. they learned how to control re and developed a simple language! the Neolithic Age (new stone age) was the time period when they developed systematic agriculture. this helped develop villages! ~ 5 Themes go Geography! ! 1. Location - position on Earths surface; exact location - using latitude and longitude to ! ! determine your location; relative location - describing the position of a place in relation to ! another place! ! 2. Place - the physical and human characteristics of a location! ! 3. Interaction between people and their Environment - people adapt to the environment ! ! they live in. people both adapt and change their environment! ! 4. Movement - migration: the movement of people place to place and trade: movement ! ! of goods between areas! ! 5. Region - described by physical, cultural, political, and economic characteristics!

~ Impact of Geography on Middle Eastern and African Societies! ! - geography has a positive and negative effect on these areas! Middle East - oil found here; has natural barriers (Sahara desert - W, Nile River - S, Red Sea - E) ! Africa - a lot of desert (enemies didn't want to carry weapons through this), Great Rift Valley - very fertile and high population, the rain forests have tsetse ies!

^^^ not the best sorry lol