Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
1215
Signing of Magna Carta; English barons force King John to agree to a statement of their rights
1290
Edward I expells all Jews from England
1291
Sacreans (Muslims) capture Accre, last Christian stronghold in Palestine; end of Crusades after 200
years
1294
Kublai Khan dies after 35-year reign establishing Ming dynasty
1295
England’s Model Parliament—Edward I summons bishops, knights, and burgesses from all parishes for
first representative parliament
1296
A Genoese prisoner, Marco Polo, writes about his travels to Orient
1302
“Unam Sanctam,” papal bull of Pope Boniface VIII, asserts papal supremacy over every human being
King Philip IV of France convenes first Estates-General (Parliament) with all estates represented
1306
England expels 100,000 Jews who remained after Edward expulsion order of 1290
1307
Dante Alighieri, Italian poet, begins writing The Divine Comedy
1309
Pope Clement, a Frenchman, move papal court to Avignon, France, beginning “The Babylonian
Captivity,” lasting until 1377
1310
England’s barons force Edward II to appoint lords ordainers to help him rule
Parliament rules taxation shall be imposed only by Parliament
c. 1310
Perfection of the mechanical clock
1314
Battle of Bannockburn assures independence of Scotland—30,000 Scotsmen under Robert Bruce VIII
rout 100,000 led by Edward II
1318
At Battle of Dundalk, Ireland’s Edward Bruce killed three years after being proclaimed king
1325
Mexico City has its beginning in the city of Tenochtitlan founded by Aztecs in Lake Texcoco
1326
Queen Isabella and her paramour, Roger Mortimer, invade England and capture her husband, Edward
II
First mention of gunpowder (in Venice) for warfare
1327
Edward II is killed in prison; Isabella’s 14-year-old son becomes Edward III
1328
Louis IV invades Italy and declares Pope John XXII deposed for heresy
1330
John Wycliffe born in Wycliffe-on-Tees
Edward III seizes power, ends regencey of Isabella and Mortimer
1337
Beginning of “Hundred Years War” between England and France—Edward III assumes title of King of
France; French king Philip VI contests England’s claims to Normandy
1338
Declaration of Rhense—Electors of Holy Roman Empire can select emperor without papal
intervention
1341
English Parliament divided into Upper House (Lords) and Lower House (Commons)
1345
Cathedral of Notre Dame completed in Paris after 182 years of construction
1346
Battle of Crecy establishes England as military power; English longbowmen change face of warfare
1347–1351
The Black Death (bubonic plague) devastates Europe, killing as many as two-thirds of the population in
some parts
1348
Black Death reaches England
1349
Death of William of Ockham, English philosopher, who sowed seeds of independance of church and
state
1351
England removes Pope’s power to give English benefices to foreigners
1353
Parliament’s Statue of Praemunrie forbids appeals to the Pope
1356
Edward, the Black Prince of Wales, destroys French army at Battle of Poitiers
“The Golden Bull” of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV transforms empire from monarchy into
aristocratic federation to last 450 years
1359
First Swedish Riksdag (parliament); all classes represented
1360
First francs coined in France
1362
English becomes the authorized language of the law courts; French still used for legal documents
Piers Plowman written by English poet over next 30 years
Palace of Popes at Avignon completed after 28 years of construction
1366
Parliament refuses to pay feudal tribute to Pope
Statute of Kilkenny forbids marriage between Irish and English
1370
Wycliffe’s First Presentation of his doctrine on the Eucharist; he clarifies a theme which is later
enshrined as a central doctrine of the Reformation
John Ball in England preaches man’s natural equality
1374
John of Gaunt returns from French wars to become leader of the state
1377
Rioting ends Wycliffe’s trial at St. Paul’s
Pope Gregory XI issues five bulls against Wycliffe
Wycliffe agrees to “house arrest” at Oxford
Leaving Avignon, Pope Gregory XI moves papal court to Rome; ending the “Babylonian Captivity”
1378
Queen Mother ends Wycliffe’s trial at Lambeth Palace
The Great Schism divides the Catholic Church for 39 years when two opposing popes are elected—
Pope Urban V in Rome and Pope Clement VII in Avignon{Avignon }
1378
Pope Urban VI presides in Rome whilst Pope Clement VII presides in Avignon
1381
John Wycliffe publishes Confession, denying that the "substance" of bread and wine are
miraculously changed during the Eucharist; Wycliffe withdraws from public to Lutterworth
The Peasant Revolt; 30,000 rioters converge on London; ends when Wat Tyler, their leader, is betrayed
and killed
1381–1384
Wycliffe, with the assistance of his aides, intensifies his work on an English translation of Bible
(from the Latin Vulgate not the Biblical Greek and Hebrew); this is the first translation of the
Bible into the English tongue
1382
Blackfriars Synod condemns Wycliffe’s writings, followed by purge of Wycliffites at Oxford.
1383
Wycliffe, “morning star of the Reformation”, dies on New Year’s Eve
1387
Chaucer begins work on The Canterbury Tales
1389
Statute of Provisors makes papal appointments in England invalid
1393
Second Statue of Praemunrie prohibits introduction of papal bulls
1399
John of Gaunt dies; Richard II confiscates his estates; John Gaunt’s son, Henry of Bolingbroke, returns
from exile and is acclaimed by Parliament as King Henry IV; Richard II dies a year later in prison
1414
Sir Jon Oldcastle (Lord Cobham), disciple of Wycliffe, burned at stake
1415
The Council of Constance condemns Wycliffe on 267 different heresies
At Battle of Agincourt, Henry V leads English archers in victory over larger French cavalry
Council of Constance condemns Wycliffe of 267 heresies and demands that John Hus recant; he refuses
and is burned at the stake
1428
At papal command, remains of Wycliffe dug up, burned, and scattered on the river Swift
1431
Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc) burned as a witch at Rouen
1452
Leonardo da Vinci born
1453
Sack of Constantinople by the Turks; Christian refugees are welcomed into Florence bring their
libraries, including ancient copies of the Greek Septuagint, with them; this encourages the revival
of “New Learning” throughout western Europe and will make possible Erasmus’s ground
breaking work on the Greek New Testament (the basis of the Textus Receptus)
End of Hundred Years War between England and France
1455
Gutenberg completes printing the Bible using movable type (first printing of the Bible in any
language); the invention of the commercial printing press revolutionizes how knowledge and
information are shared; it proves to be an essential and powerful tool in spreading the Gospel
War of Roses begin in England
1463
Turks capture Bosnia
c. 1469
Erasmus born
1469
Lorenzo de’ Medici rules Florence
Ferdinand and Isabella marry
1470
Portuguese explorers discover Gold Coast of Africa
1471
Thomas á Kempis, author of The Imitation of Christ, dies
1473
Copernicus born
1476
William Caxton sets up printing press at Westminster
1478
Spanish Inguisition Spanish Inquisition persecutes Jews, Muslims, and heretics
1480
Ferdinand and Isabella appoint Inquisition against heresy among converted Jews
Ivan III styles himself Czar of the Russians
1482
Portuguese explorers discover bananas on west coast of Africa
1483
Luther is born at Eisleben (November 10)
1484
“At Hammel in Saxony, on the 20th of June, 1484, the Devil, in the likeness of a pied piper, carried
away 130 children, that were never after seen.”
Japan’s shogun Yoshimasa introduces the tea ceremony
Ulrich (Huldrych) Zwingli born at Wildhaus (Toggenburg) in Canton of St. Gall
1484
Caxton prints Morte D'Arthur, the poetic collection of legends about King Arthur compiled by Sir
Thomas Malory
1485
Treaty of Leipzig divides Saxony
Henry VII crowned first king of 117-year Tudor dynasty
1488
Battle of Bosworth on August 22 ends England’s 15-year Wars of the Roses;
1489
Symbols + and – come into use
1490
Beginnings of ballet at Italian courts
1491
Henry VIII born
1492
Spanish forces conquer city of Granada, expelling Islamic Moors from Iberian peninsula
Christopher Columbus, with three ships and 78 men set sail on September 6 after first attempt aborted;
arrives in the Bahamas, thinking he has reached the East Indies
Lorenzo de’ Medici dies
Christopher Columbus introduces Europeans to the pineapple, parrots, Indians, peppers, allspice,
maize, and sweet potatoes
Nuremberg geographer Behaim constructs first terrestrial globe
Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine
Profession of publisher emerges, consisting of typefounder, printer, and bookseller
Inquisitor-general Torquemada gives Spanish Jews three months to convert or leave country; 200,000
Jews are expelled
1493
Maximilian I becomes Holy Roman Emperor
The pope divides the New World between Spain and Portugal
1494
First mobile artillery firing iron cannon balls, used by Charles VIII in Italy
c.1494
William Tyndale is born
1495
First recorded outbreak of syphilis; infects army of Charles VIII at Naples
Leonardo da Vinci’s “Last Supper”
1496
Menno Simons born
John Cabot reaches coast of Newfoundland; Vasco de Gama discovers west coast of India
1497
The College of Cardinals discusses a church bill condemning “licentious clergy,” but the idea is soon
dropped
Melanchthon born
Albrecht Durer paints Apocalypse
John Cabot discovers Newfoundland
1498
Savonarola burned at the stake for heresy in Florence
Vasco de Cama establishes sea route between Portugal and India
1499
War between Swabian League and Swiss Cantons. Swiss victory forces Treaty of Basel granting Swiss
independance
Granada’s Moors revolt as Inquisitor de Cisneros introduces forced wholesale Christian conversion
1500
Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee; imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks
First human Caesarian operation performed by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer
Postal service between Vienna and Brussels established
1501
Music printed for the first time by use of movable type
Peace of Trent between France and Emperor Maximilian I recognizes French conquests in Upper Italy
Erasmus’ Enchiridion promotes a Christianity based on the Sermon of the Mount
Michaelangelo completes Pieta
Papal bull orders the burning of any books questioning Church’s authority
1502
University of Wittenberg established by Frederick, Elector of Saxony
1503
Canterbury Cathedral completed after 436 years of construction
Da Vinci paints “Mona Lisa”
Pocket handkerchief comes into use
1504
Venice sends ambassadors to Sultan of Turkey, proposing construction of a Suez Canal
1505
John Knox , the leader of the Scottish Reformation, is born
1506
William Tyndale (age 12?) enters Magdalen College at Oxford; as a youth “singularly addicted to
the scriptures”, he reads the Bible in English (translating from the Latin Vulgate) to his fellow
students (11 years prior to Luther’s 95 Thesis).
Pope Julius orders work on St. Peter’s in Rome; Da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa”
1507
Martin Luther ordained and celebrates first Mass
New geography by Waldseemüller proposes the New World be called “America” after Amerigo
Vespucci
League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon to
despoil Venice
Diet of Constance recognizes unity of Holy Roman Empire
1508
Michelangelo begins painting Sistine Chapel ceiling
1509
Henry VIII assumes English throne and marries Catherine of Aragon
Luther visits Rome
First shipload of African slaves arrives in Hispaniola (Haiti)
John Calvin, the Swiss Reformer, is born in Noyon, France
Erasmus writes Praise of Folly at Thomas More’s home
1510
African slaves cross the Atlantic to work in Portuguese sugar plantations in Brazil
1511
Pope Julius forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive French out of city; Henry VIII joins
Holy League
1512
William Tyndale completes his B.A. at Oxford
Ponce de Leon discovers Florida
Copernicus publishes that the earth actually revolves around the sun
Forces of the Holy League meet defeat at Ravenna; coalition of Swiss, papal, and imperial forces drive
French and their German mercenaries out of Milan
1513
Giovanni de Medici becomes Pope Leo X—“one of most severe trials to which God ever subjected his
church”
Peasant and labor rebellions spread eastward from Switzerland
Henry VIII conducts brief invasion of France
Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean
1515
Tyndale completes his M.A. at Oxford and is ordained, but refuses to enter monastic orders
Thomas Wolsey is appointed Cardinal and Lord Chancellor of England