MBA Research Methods-Study Guide

RESEARCH METHODS
STUDY GUIDE
For candidates of the
Master of Business Administration
his document is 2005 World Education Council and is not to be copied or distributed without prior permission of the copyright owners.
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Table of Contents
PART 1 Introduction
Aims of the Module Contents Set Texts Indicative Reading Learning and Teaching Methods Module Learning Outcomes Assessment Methods
PART 2 - Content of the Module - Research Methods
Overview The RFP and Proposal (Generic) Final Report (Generic) Data Collection: Surveys Statistical Analysis
PART 3 - Dissertation Procedure
Responsibilities of the Student Supervisory Meetings The Thesis/Dissertation/Project Implementing the Results WEC Research Project Procedure VIVA
PART 4 Appendices
Forms
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RESEARCH METHODS
PART 1
Introduction
The dissertation is an important part of this degree. This is an opportunity for students to explore a complex and important issue of their own choosing for in-depth study. The dissertation involves planning, researching and writing up of a project that improves the understanding of a significant managerial, business or organizational dimension. It will also require the student to come up with appropriate recommendations for action, or findings upon which action can be taken. The dissertation would encourage the student o To focus on a particular issue, o Undertake effective and competent primary research o Integrate theory and practice o Incorporate understanding taken from a critical review of appropriate literature o Base the dissertation on sound analysis and arguments while being sensitive to the requirements of the different audiences of the dissertation. The module, Research Methods, aims to provide the student with a framework of techniques, methodologies and direction for completing the dissertation, and satisfying the requirements of the degree with respect to a well-prepared dissertation. It gives an overview of the following: o Preparation of the proposal o Data collection o Analysis o Final report o Presentation Research Methods allows the student to appreciate the present dynamic environment the ever increasing rate of change, the
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trend towards globalization, and the ubiquitous presence of the Internet and etransactions, when preparing the dissertation.
Aims of the Module
To plan, research and write up a project that improves understanding of a significant managerial, business or organisational matter, and which, if appropriate, provides recommendations for action or findings upon which action can be determined. The dissertation should enable participants to: Be focused on a complex and important issue Undertake effective and competent primary research Integrate theory and practice Incorporate understanding taken from a critical review of the appropriate literature Base their dissertation on sound analysis and arguments Be sensitive to the requirements of the different audiences for the dissertation
Contents
Choosing a topic and designing the project Identifying a topic
Drafting research objectives Planning the research and the project
Analysing the literature and writing a critical literature review Searching the literature Summarising and prcising the literature Evaluating key concepts and theories
Developing conceptual frameworks Defining concepts Drafting conceptual frameworks
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Theorising the material
Collecting and analysing research material Choosing and designing research methods Conducting the research Analysing, sorting and classifying the material
Interpreting research material and drawing conclusions Honesty of argument and language Interpreting research material Drawing safe conclusions
Forming arguments and writing up the dissertation Arguing a thesis as well as writing a dissertation Structuring the dissertation Style and presentation specifications
Set Texts Cooper, D. and Schindler, P. (2006) Business Research Methods, 9th Ed, New York, McGraw Hill Saunders, M. (2002) Research Methods for Business Students, US, Prentice Hall
Indicative Reading
Course materials developed by Dr. Anthony Sibert on Business Research Methodology published by Raffles Education Group Colin Fisher (2004) Researching and Writing a Dissertation for Business Students, Pearson Education. May, T. (Ed) (2002) Qualitative research in Action, London: Sage. Mark N. K. Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thornhill 3rd edition (2002) Research Methods for Business Students Easterby - Smith, M. and Thorpe, R. (2001) Management Research 2nd. Ed. London: Sage.
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Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (1997) Research Methods for Managers, 2nd Ed, London: Paul Chapman.
Learning and Teaching Methods
The Total Contact Hours are 30 hours

Range of Modes of Contact include:
Seminar and Workshop: 12 hours Individual supervision: 18 hours
Range of other Learning Methods include: Exercises and simulations in the workshops. Use of the distance-learning material provided (including the use of internet facilities) Discussion on research proposals with tutors and fellow participants
Total Study Hours: for every 10 credit points, the student requires 100 study hours.
Module Learning Outcomes
On completion of this module, participants should be able to:
Define the objectives of a research project and plan a valid and practicable project to meet the objectives. Carry out a critical literature review that provides a structure and focus for the dissertation. Define concepts and structure them in ways that give a useful theoretical shape to the dissertation. Design and apply appropriate research methods and analyse the research material systematically. Frame, and argue for, a clear thesis in the documents and draw sound conclusions. Write a clearly structured, adequately expressed and well-presented
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dissertation.
Assessment Methods
Number, Type and Weighting of Elements: A written dissertation, 100%.
Type and Weighting of Methods within each element: The written dissertation should have the stated word limit (refer to module program specifications) Be focused on a complex and important issue Be based on primary research Integrate theory and practice Incorporate understanding taken from a critical review of the appropriate literature Be based on sound analysis and arguments Be sensitive to the requirements of the different audiences for the documents
The focus of the project may be on:
A part of an organisation, or a comparison between parts of an organisation A single organisation A comparison between two or more organisations A study of an industrial or commercial sector A study of a managerial function or profession
PART 2
T
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Content of the Module - Research Methods

Overview
Why study research methods? To understand
The research process and to be able to use it and prepare students to assist them in their dissertation How it would be used in the working world:
When do we do research?
When we are solving any organisational problem When we are addressing an issue When we are writing a journalistic piece
This Module will help you
Understand the whys Be familiar with the background of this discipline Understand the basics and terminology Help you define the problem Prepare the Request for Proposal (RFP) Prepare the Proposal Know what data to collect and analysis methods Prepare the final report/dissertation
The Research Process
Often treated as a sequential process with several clearly defined steps
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However, in effect, recycling, circumventing and skipping do occur Steps not necessarily in any order
Management Dilemma
Starts with management dilemma: A problem (or a symptom of a problem) that needs addressing The management dilemma leads to identification of the problem; this is not difficult The problem is to choose the management dilemma to address (consider priorities)
Step 1 - Discover Management Dilemma: may be an opportunity or a problem (at this stage, you may have only identified the symptoms). At this stage, you review published sources and interview info gatekeepers to understand the true management dilemma, not just the symptoms
Step 2 Define Management Question: Using collected exploratory info, you word the dilemma or the correction of the symptom in question form starting with how can the organisation? The purpose of this stage is to clarify the possible management actions that might be taken to solve the management dilemma. Involves interviews with info gatekeepers, brainstorming and other qualitative techniques
Stage 3 Define Research Question(s): several research questions may be formulated at this stage. Each question is an alternative action to solve the problem. Usually, the action that offers the greatest gain for least resources is researched first
Management Question
Usually of 3 types: Choice of Purposes or Objectives: What do we want to achieve? Generation & Evaluation of Solutions: How can we achieve the ends we seek? Trouble Shooting or Control Situation: Why does our dept incur high cost?
Research Question
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After exploratory research, the Research Question may need fine tuning This is because a clearer picture of the management and research questions emerge
Investigative Questions
Once the Research Question(s) has been selected, move on to Investigative Questions These are questions that the researcher must answer to satisfactorily arrive at a
conclusion about the Research Question
To formulate Investigative Questions, need to break down the general Research

Question into more specific questions about which to gather data
IQs should be included in the research proposals as they guide the development of the
Research Design
The Research Proposal: A written proposal (to ensure that parties concur). Statement of Research Question, background, time, budgets, research methods & responsibilities spelt out. Usually 1-10 pages
The RFP and Proposal (Generic)
Documents to be Prepared:
The Request for Proposal (RFP): a formal document issued by a sponsor to solicit services from research suppliers Research Proposal: an individual or companys offer to render research services to a sponsor; also known as a work plan, prospectus, outline, statement of intent, draft plan; used a guide/road map when actually carrying out research Research Proposal (Content): Executive Summary: allows busy manager to understand the thrust of the proposal quickly; should include brief statement of management dilemma, management question, research objectives/research questions Problem Statement: Background to the Management Dilemma, restrictions/ constraints on areas not to be addressed. Needs to b clear, and shows why problem needs to be addressed (benefits) Research Objectives: Addresses purpose of the investigation. Lays out what is exactly planned for the study. In descriptive study in form of research question; in causal study, in the form of hypothesis
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Literature Review: Examines recent related research studies, company data that act as a basis for study (only brief review of info) Importance/Benefits of the Study Research Design: what you are going to do in technical terms (if many alternatives, discuss all, and say why you have chosen one) Data Analysis: how will you handle data and theoretical basis for selected techniques Nature & Form of Results: Specify types of info to be obtained for use by the sponsor Qualifications of Researchers: professional and relevant experience Budget Schedule (may be in the form of CPM) Facilities & Special Resources Project Management Bibliography: for literature review Appendices Glossary Measurement Instrument Others: CVs, other firms for which researchers did jobs Final Report (Generic)
After doing this section, you should understand That a quality presentation can give a positive perception of the research The contents, types, lengths and technical specs of reports How to approach report writing How to approach an oral presentation Some Comments As part of the research proposal, sponsor & researcher usually agree on types of reporting Usually, a comprehensive final report the norm A poor final report can destroy an otherwise good study On the other hand, a well-written report can add much value to an average study Reports are of two types: Technical: meant for people who would be interested in the technical aspects need to have all info to replicate research Management: for the non-technical client. After the introductory sections, presents conclusions/recommendations. Followed by findings that support the conclusions. Appendices present the methodology Encourages clients to grasp conclusions/ recommendations without much reading Table of contents (Research Reports) Introduction: prepares the reader (usually an edited part of the research proposal): Problem statement: contains need for research; usually represented by the Management Question. Followed by more detailed set of objectives Research Objectives: addresses the purpose of the project. Theses could be Research Questions and associated Investigative Questions (in
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correlation or causal studies, could be hypothesis) Background: Preliminary results of exploratory research or study of secondary data Methodology: In short/management reports, should not be a separate section; should be part of introduction. Details in the appendix. However, to be included in the technical report. Comprises: o Sampling design details o Research Design o Specifics of data collection o Data analysis o Limitations Findings: Longest section. Objectives to explain data rather than interpretations/ conclusions. If quantitative data, should use charts, graphics, tables Conclusions: Summary & Conclusions: summary is a brief statement of essential findings. This leads to conclusions (findings state facts, conclusion draws inferences from findings) Recommendations: for management action Appendices: complex tables, details on statistical tests, supporting documents, copies of forms/questionnaires, detailed description of methodology Bibliography Data Collection: Surveys Sample Size Population (or universe): larger group from which sample is drawn. Will be the segment you are interested in investigating The larger the sample, the more representative it becomes and more reliable the results Every person in the population should have an equal chance of being selected (random sampling) Always a margin of error when a sample is used. Sample size depends on what margin of error you are willing to accept generally, an error of 3-4% acceptable I.e., sampling error is quoted as accurate to within 3% at 95% confidence level if survey done 100 times, 95 of these would have results within 3% of actual 95% certain that true answer lies within 3% of survey result Beyond sample size of 500, margin of error increases only slowly Calculation on size of sample: rule-of-thumb 10% of population (though > 30 OK if cost is a consideration) As we need about 10% for reliable results, we need to target more than 10% to take into account response rate If experience says, response rate is 25%, need to send out 400 survey forms to get 100 back Surveys Properly designed surveys (questionnaires) are a useful method of collecting info Relatively simple data from a large group of respondents Quantitative analysis possible A snapshot of conditions at a given moment. By repeating, can show trends/changes in behavior
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Useful in answering what questions leading to measurement of variables Can also answer why questions, but depth/subtlety of responses limited Key issues regarding success of surveys: question design must be relevant, readily understood, not leading Questionnaire format/length should encourage completion via brevity/clarity/multiplechoice questions Respondent sample size, as large as economically possible Method of distribution: potential respondents must be encouraged to notice the survey Final analysis: for results to be considered valid, appropriate statistical techniques must be used Best results achieved using professional advice/assistance Two methods for surveys: Self-completed questionnaires, and interviewing (via phone/face-to-face) Self-completion: could be given to customer at time of purchase or subsequently via mail Point-of-sale surveys provide immediate feedback (if real-time feedback is requested) Others: allow a considered response questionnaires usually paper-based, but completion via internet/email possible
Advantages of self-completed surveys: relative ease of organization/use can be aimed at specific group/segment can be distributed at regular intervals provide some assurance of confidentiality unless requested at point-of-sale, questionnaires can be filled at respondents convenience Disadvantage: response rates unpredictable and can be low
Point-of-sale questionnaires: misses opportunities of reaching potential or lost customers more likely filled by customers who feel strongly (especially if left on sales desk - selfselection); therefore may not be representative distribution by staff may cause sampling bias All questionnaires: may not be completed by person aimed at respondent has opportunity to read all questions before answering partial response some respondents attempt to distort results by incorrect/duplicated response Use of electronic-based questionnaires may discourage
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respondents not computer savvy Statistical Analysis
Need to use appropriate statistical analysis, once the survey results are tallied Good to refer to statistical texts, or the book by Cooper Understand the basics of presenting data contingency tables, Pareto chart, etc Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics:
Need to understand the different types of statistical samples: Simple random sample Systematic sample Stratified sample Cluster sample Need to understand the basics of a Normal Distribution Hypothesis testing, if used in the dissertation
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PART 3
Responsibilities of the students Research Students are expected to take an active part in the intellectual life of the campus centre, which includes regular attendance at appropriate seminars. The relationship between the Supervisor and the Research Student is a reciprocal one. Students are expected to; Work conscientiously and independently within the parameters of the guidance offered. While it is important to keep the Supervisor/s informed and to show work to them, student should be self directive discuss with the supervisor the type of guidance and comment which s/he finds most helpful, and agree upon a schedule of meetings take the initiative in raising problems or difficulties, however elementary they may seem, and before they become too serious attend supervisory meetings well prepared and with a clear agenda for the meeting plan a research project which is achievable within a schedule consistent with normal expectations and maintain progress in line with that schedule maintain the progress of work in accordance with the stages agreed with the Supervisor, including especially the presentation of written material as required in sufficient time to allow for comments and discussion before proceeding to the next stage within the specified period, have prepared their Research Outline containing: a definition of the area of research, evidence of their acquaintance with the background knowledge required, a literature review or annotated bibliography, a provisional framework for the future progress of the research together with a timetable for its completion adhering to the timetable of the monitoring and progress reporting procedures set out in the student guide inform the Supervisor and the Module Leader of any lengthy absences from the programme
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ensure that the standard of written English is sufficient for the presentation of a THESIS deciding when s/he wishes to submit the thesis, taking into account the Supervisor's opinion, which is however only advisory, and of the need to take account of the WEC requirements regarding length, format and organisation of the thesis For the safety of themselves and others, students working in a potentially hazardous research environment must take the initiative to ensure that they are competent in any relevant research techniques to be used.
Students not proceeding satisfactorily

A student who considers that his/her work is not proceeding satisfactorily for reasons outside his/her control should discuss the matter with the Supervisor and failing satisfaction, with the WEC Representative or Module Leader if the student feels that s/he is not establishing an effective working relationship with the Supervisor, bearing in mind; that should it be deemed necessary or advisable to change Supervisor, that there may be difficulties in finding a replacement with expertise in the thesis subject area, that any alleged inadequacy of supervisory or other arrangements during the period of study would not constitute grounds for an appeal against the result of a research examination unless there were exceptional reasons for it not having come to light until after the examination , in which case it might be considered. In addition, Supervisors may reasonably expect students to: inform their Supervisor/s of other people with whom they discuss their work Recognise that their Supervisor/s may have many competing demands on their time. The student should hand in work in good time and give adequate notice of unscheduled meetings. The need of adequate notice also applies for requests for reference from the Supervisor/s. Any formal grievance should be discussed with the WEC Representative or Module Leader who will, if appropriate, advise on the procedures to be followed.
Supervisory Meetings
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Supervisory Meetings should be regular meetings between student and supervisor/s at which academic advice is given and through which progress is monitored. This is particularly important at the outset of the research to ensure that the student's project starts well. The frequency of the meetings will depend on whether the student is full-time or parttime, and on the nature and stage of the research project.
It is important that the following points are considered early on in the supervision: role of supervisor (or supervisors if joint) frequency and timetable of future meetings arrangements for- seeing and commenting on written work monitoring procedures any relevant safety issues research infrastructure available availability of, and requirements to attend, training programmes or courses a general framework for the whole research programme a detailed plan for the early stages of the programme the research timetable should be committed to paper so that the supervisor/s can
monitor whether datelines (often speculative) have been met. the length of meetings (an hour for full-time and longer for part time students) will
vary depending on circumstances and frequency supervisors must keep a written record of supervision meetings, especially noting
what has been agreed with respect to subsequent meetings using FORM C (project progress report). These records should be copied and available to the student.
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The Thesis/Dissertation/Project
Project Presentation
Covers Masters The Thesis/Dissertation shall be bound in hard black covers with gold lettering. Bachelors The Thesis/Dissertation shall be bound in hard blue covers with gold lettering
The Front Cover should include The Title of the Research, The Full Name of the Candidate, the Institution/ University and the Date [YEAR] of submission. [TITLE] [CANDIDATES FULL NAME][Nottingham Trent University][YEAR] The Spine of the document should include The Name of the Candidate, The Title of the Research, The Course/Year. [CANDIDATES FULL NAME] [TITLE] [COURSE]][YEAR]
Contents The following should be bound in with the dissertation as contents of the bound Dissertation/Thesis/Report:
Title page The Title of the document The Author's Name The statement "Dissertation submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of [appropriate degree title] Month and Year of submission,
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The Supervisor's Name and Signature, World Education Council - [appropriate name of Campus], and The WORD COUNT. *The title in itself is a summary of the dissertation: while it should be kept concise it should attract the reader and should distinguish the contents of the dissertation from any similar dissertation. Acknowledgements page The Acknowledgements Page enables the author to express his/her thanks to those who have helped him/her in providing data for the study. To be explicit: the individual's names, followed by the job title and name of their organization from where data were obtained. Dissertation tutors, or other members of the college staff do not expect their names to be included in this section.
Abstract Also known, as an executive summary of approximately 300 words - is a summary of the whole report including purpose, approach, findings, conclusions and recommendations. The abstract is intended to give potential readers an overall picture of the entire report and the opportunity to decide whether to read and study it, more. Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Appendices
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
INTRODUCE the subject or problem to be studied. This might require the identification of key managerial concerns, theories, laws and governmental rulings, critical incidents or social changes, and current environmental issues, that make the subject critical, relevant and worthy of managerial or research attention. to inform the Reader (stylistically-forthright, direct, and brief; 5 to10 pages), the first sentence should begin with `This Study was intended to. and
immediately tell the Reader the nature of the study for the reader's interest and desire to read on. Questions to be answered: What is the subject area of study? What is the background of the subject studied? Why is it important and worthy of study?
THINK OF: *The Nature of the Study: - the Problem to be investigated
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the statement of the problem? The statement of the problem or problem statement should follow logically from what has been set forth in the background of the problem by defining the specific research need providing impetus for the study, a need not met through previous research. Present a clear and precise statement of the central question of research, formulated to address the need.
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: What is the purpose of the study? What are the RESEARCH QUESTION/S of the study? What are the specific objective/s of the study?
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Define the specific research objective/s that would answer the research Question Is of the study.
THE RATIONALE OF THE STUDY: Why in a general sense? One or two brief references to previous research or theories critical in structuring this study to support and understand the rationale The importance of the study for the reader to know, to fully appreciate the need for the study - and its educational significance Own professional experience that stimulated the study or aroused interest in the problem. The Need for the Study - will deal with valid questions or professional concerns to provide data leading to an answer - reference to literature helpful and appropriate
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Clearly describe the significance of the study. Justify why the subject requires attention. Identify key contributions of the research that can be achieved. Highlight the contributions that the study seeks to achieve towards - management practices; theoretical and methodological applications; governmental procedures, policies and laws; nation building.
THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY: Break general Research Problem down to specific Sub problems and results Major analysis of the data exposed as one of sub problems Re-read Introduction Chapter before writing Results Chapter (may have to amend
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Introduction Chapter to include unanticipated analysis of data not stated in original introduction or noted among the sub-problems) Identify the dimensions of the subject that you plan to study. Discussion on issues such as types of data the subjects or sources of information utilised, the time period involved and the geographic locations covered in the research may be discussed in this section. What aspects of the subject do you intend to study? What are the key questions to be investigated? DEFINITION OF TERMS Define the terms used in the study that are not usually encountered by readers, generally. If the study focuses on only one institution or company then a short background history of it should be included in this chapter.
SUMMARY A synopsis of the contents of the chapter that leads on to the introduction of the following chapter.
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Chapter 2 - The Review of Literature
Identify the appropriate academic and/or professional fields Evaluate and critique the literature - challenge the assumptions Be highly selective , and include only those aspects of the Research Literature and nonresearch or Conceptual literature that are relevant to developing the foundation of the current study Must serve a specific study-oriented purpose Each major previous study is discussed in a separate paragraph/s with the findings summarised collectively - same as with non-research or Conceptual literature by authorities who hold similar views.
A review of literature should read as a synthesis, written by some one who has read all of the literature and so is able to look across it all, select the highlights, and synthesise these into a totally integrated section in the context of the current study, for further use when writing the discussion of the results and conclusions. History of Research: Provide a brief history of the empirical research on the subject. - Pioneering studies, Thrust of prior research on the subject, i.e. which issues have received attention? - Theories explored and viewpoints expressed - Research methods typically used. Review of key studies Identify and summarise the key empirical studies that have a bearing on the research Provide a tabular summary of the subjects, issues studied, research methods used and other pertinent details relating to the studies, Summarise the findings of the studies. Evaluation of Key Studies: Evaluate the findings of the studies in the light of your concerns, What has been accomplished and what remains to be done?
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How do you intend to use the experience of these studies in your research?
SUMMARY: A synopsis of the contents of The Hypothesis/Research Questions and the rationale derived from the researcher's experience and from the readings of Research and Conceptual Literatures should be stated effectively at the conclusion of the review of literature chapter that leads on to the introduction of the following chapter.
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Chapter 3 - Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology
THEORETICAL / CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - using material from the previous chapter, produce the working definitions of the main concepts you will use in your study. If possible, form them into a conceptual framework of theory or hypothesis to be tested. Research Methodology Discuss the nature of the questions you are asking and choose an appropriate methodological stance for answering them. Justify the research methods you are using. Describe the practical and technical aspects of conducting the research.
Theoretical Framework Identify the Variables investigated in the study. Illustrate how the Variables interact with each other as hypothesised in the research by the aid of diagram/s (if possible) Research Approach Describe the approach adopted in the study, justification for using the approach and issues related to adopting the approach. Research Subjects Provide details about the population and sample used. What sectors of the labour force, industry or groups is the sample drawn? What are the characteristics of the population sample? What are the strong points and limitations of the sample? What is the justification of choosing the sample? Can the findings be generalised to the population?
Questionnaire Describe the questionnaire used in the study
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Background of the Questionnaire Is it original?; if any items are taken from existing questionnaire, Identify the sources. Describe the question categories. Describe the scaling methods used and state the reasons for choosing them. Issues on validity and reliability.
Administration of the Questionnaire Describe how the questionnaire was administered Discuss problems encountered, if any, that affected the results relating to sample characteristics and their potential impact on reliability and validity of the data. Statistical Methods Discuss the Selected Descriptive Statistical and Inferential Statistical methods [as in the SPSS] used in analysing the results. Having selected the variables for your study, you assume that they would either help to define your problem (dependent variable/s) and its different components or that they were contributory factors to your problem (independent variable). The purpose of data analysis is to identify whether these assumptions were correct or not, and to highlight possible new views on the problem under study. The ultimate purpose of analysis is to answer the research questions outlined in the objectives with your data
SUMMARY A synopsis of the contents of what has been written about in the Research Methodology used; The description of the sample used Descriptive data about the instrument used The design of the study and the way data were collected
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The way data were analysed - assumptions and limitations of the study.
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Chapter 4 - Presentation and Analysis of Findings
Describe what you found out and what it means Refer back to the Literature Review and your Theoretical / Conceptual Framework Present the Data in the form of Tables, figures, charts or other illustrations as needed and sequenced in terms of the Research Questions or Hypotheses tested Discuss your findings in terms of what the data actually means in terms of each segment or cell of data gathered.
SUMMARY: State the conclusions as concretely as possible in terms of each segment or cell of data gathered to answer the Research Questions and Hypotheses.
Chapter - Conclusions and Recommendations
As an introduction to the chapter, Summarise [recapitulate] the argument of the dissertation in terms of what you attempted to find out and what you accomplished i.e. address the Research Questions/Hypothesis(es).
The FINAL CHAPTER is entitled `Conclusions and Recommendations' Conclusions here mean that for each of the findings that address the Research Questions J Hypotheses, the Researcher draws a conclusion.
Recommendations mean that for each Conclusion, the Researcher suggests a recommendation. CONSIDER:
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DISCUSSION: Discuss the findings of Study in terms of the main Research Questions and Hypotheses as well as the Title of the Research and relate the findings to the Literature Review. In addition, try to explain the significance and non-significance of the results using available theory, data and facts as well as the validity and reliability of the findings and arguments in the dissertation as a whole.
IMPLICATIONS: What are the substantive implications of the experience for; - Management, Unions and other interest groups; for public policy; Nation building. - The Methodological or
procedural implications of the experience for other researchers.
LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH: Describe the possible limitations faced in the study especially from the methodological perspective.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER OR ADDITIONAL RESEARCH: Provide concrete suggestions for FURTHER RESEARCH in the field or additional research (if possible) in the research methodological areas encountered in the study. The researcher's last Recommendation will be Suggestions for Further Research'.
The FINAL CONCLUSION to the Chapter addresses the TITLE of the Research as the title reflects the whole study. Discuss how the objectives and research questions of the study have been met with the research. Highlight the key findings, implications, etc. that the research has revealed.
SOURCES: NTU-WEC-Programmes: Student Handbooks 2001
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Anderson, J. and Poole, M. 1994. Thesis and Assignment Writing (2nd ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Queensland, Australia. MBA Guidelines School of Business and Management Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang [obtained through Mr Aminul Islam and Mr Kebaili Boumediene, OC Penang]. Personal Experiences of Dr Anthony E. Sibert
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Implementing the Results
Dissemination of Findings and Agitation for Action

This Stage notes that the researchers responsibility does not end when the report has been completed. Instead the researcher should move on to actively disseminate the findings of the research and agitate for whatever changes in programme, policy, or organization are suggested by the findings. Move on to actively disseminate the Findings publishing the complete Research report Publishing summaries or sections of the report in professional journals Informing lay public in terms they can understand about the nature and significance of the findings
PUBLISH OR PERISH = the atmosphere in academic circles
Agitate for Changes

In Programme, Policy, or Organisation as suggested by the Findings The Researcher may not be recognised and even considered ill-mannered but the Researcher must believe as being part of the process of social change involved in the discovery of the better way Take the responsibility for implementing it in own setting and agitating others to do the same or else change based on Research will not take place the Researcher decides if and how change should occur
WEC Research Project Procedure The following procedure describes the steps to be followed in the selection, approval, support and assessment of the Research Project.
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The Candidate commences work on the Research Project, by attending the compulsory Research Methodology Workshop
The Candidate should be advised to start working on his/her PROPOSAL at a period during his module studies. The timing of starting a Project is determined by the Course Leader and varies from programme to programme but always commences after the Research Methodologies Workshop has been completed.
Appointment of Supervisors
The WEC Policy and Procedures for appointment of Supervisors is described in the Policy Document for Project Development. Upon WEC giving approval for a supervisor to supervise the candidate after submission of FORM A, The Supervisor and candidate first meeting should be arranged. The process of development is set out in the WEC Project Supervision Policy and Procedures document. On notification by WEC of the formal commencement of the Project (candidate submits FORM B), CANDIDATE and his/her SUPERVISOR will have meetings to develop and complete the 6 Stages of the project thesis. 1st Stage Meetings Chapter 2. The Review of Literature - discussion on Review of Literature associated closely with the Topic/Title and the writing up of Draft Chapter 2. 2nd Stage Meetings Chapter 1. Introduction - discussion on the contents of Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 and the writing up of Draft Chapter 1. 3rd Stage Meetings Chapter 3. Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology - discussion on Instrumentation, Data Collecting and Statistical Analysis and the writing up of Draft Chapter 3. 4th Stage Meetings Chapter 4. Presentation and Analysis of Findings Collection of Data and writing up of Draft Chapter 4. Conclusions and Recommendations
5th Stage Meetings Chapter 5.
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Discussion on contents of Chapter 5 and the writing up of Draft Chapter 5.
6th Stage Meetings Final Draft Discussion on the whole report or thesis and preparation of 3 softcover copies of the
thesis for submission to WEC Events following project completion: Intention to submit for Examination (FORM D) and Supervisors Final Review (FORM E) Only after WEC has approved the submission of forms D and E should the supervisor commence marking the Project.
Assessment and Grading

WEC Centre Representative to forward a copy each to the 1st Examiner [the Supervisor] and the 2nd Examiner for Assessment and Grading. The Candidates own Copy will be sent to the WEC Course Leader at WEC Offices Petaling Jaya. VIVA After the Viva, the Project Thesis should be bound (2 hard-cover submission); One copy sent to the WEC Course Leader One copy retained for indexing into the Campus Centre library.
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RESEARCH METHODS
PART 4
APPENDICES
Project Proposal Form (FORM B)
Prior to the Candidate submitting the Project Proposal Form to formerly commence their project work, the supervisor will have met with the candidate personally to discuss the TOPIC and TITLE, the PROBLEM STATEMENT, RESEARCH QUESTIONS, SIGNIFICANCE of STUDY and RESEARCH METHODOLOGY as in the Proposal Application Form.(APPENDIX)
The final agreed version between the Candidate and the Supervisor must be signed by both and submitted to the Module Leader who will, when satisfied with the project details of the proposal, forward to WEC Course Leader and WEC Registrar for the confirmation of the approved date to commence the project/research.
Project progress reporting (FORM C)
Progress reports are required to be completed and forwarded to the Module Leader to ensure candidates are progressing through the stages of the Thesis. The Reporting stages coversheet and templates for each stage completion (one sheet per stage) are listed in APPENDIX.
Project Submission for examination (FORM D)
At the completion of the project the candidate is required to apply for examination of the project, by Viva (where compulsory) and Examination. The project submission form example can be viewed as APPENDIX
Final Review of Progress (FORM E)
Page 34 of 36
The Final Review of Progress (APPENDIX) is to be completed by the Supervisor and sent to the Module Leader in support of the candidates request for examination and when recommending and requesting the Viva for the candidates project. The purpose of the Final Review of Progress is: To confirm overall progress and results against the objectives and milestones negotiated at the previous progress meetings. To receive your confirmation the candidates project is complete and of the standards required to be presented to a Viva panel and examination. To provide your views on a range of issues. We value your opinion and it assists us to improve the research education experience for new and continuing degree An opportunity for you to document your achievement and experience in competencies gained during the supervision To ask you to reflect on the development of the Research Degree Qualities
Page 35 of 36
RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL

This is an electronic word form and can be completed using MS Word.
To be completed by Candidate who wishes to commence the project / thesis

A supervisor must have been appointed prior and in agreement with this candidates proposal
Email form (Saved MS Word document or scan) to: project_ML@wecouncil.com
Student ID Number:
Family Name Email Address: Program Title Are you an International student on a visa? Yes No First Names Centre of study Your Specialisation: Visa expires on:
Have you attended & completed your Research Methodologies sessions? Yes No
WEC Appointed Supervisors Name:
Research Title: (not more than 12 words)
Problem Statement (use additional page if more space is needed)
Research Questions (use additional page if more space is needed)
Significance of Study (use additional page if more space is needed)
Research Methodology (use additional page if more space is needed)
Candidates Signature:
Electronic signature accepted when received from candidates email a/c
Supervisors Declaration: As the appointed WEC supervisor to the above named candidate, I have met and discussed the contents of this proposal and recommend the proposal be accepted to commence the project.
Date:
Supervisors Signature :
Date:
WEC Use Only

CL approved ML Other Comments: This completed form must be sent to the WEC Module Leader for evaluation and approval: project_ML@wecouncil.com
ML Approved Needs Modifying Other comments
Start Date
C
RESEARCH PROJECT - CANDIDATE'S PROGRESS REPORTS This series of Progress Report forms are to be filled-in progressively by the Candidate at the conclusion of each meeting with the Supervisor and at send of each stage of the Project preparation.
A copy of each stage form must be kept by the Supervisor and also forwarded to the Module Leader.
This is an electronic word form and can be completed using MS Word
Candidates Name
WEC Index Number
Centre
Commencement of Programme Date
Approved title of research [not exceeding 12 words]
Supervisors Name: Project Stages for Progress Reports:

STAGE ONE: Chapter 2. The Review of Literature discussion on Review of Literature associated closely with the Topic/Title and the writing up of Draft Chapter 2. STAGE TWO: Chapter 1. Introduction discussion on the contents of Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 and the writing up of Draft Chapter 1. STAGE THREE: Chapter 3. Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology discussion on Instrumentation, Data Collecting and Statistical Analysis and the writing up of Draft Chapter 3 STAGE FOUR: Chapter 4. Presentation and Analysis of Findings - collection of Data and writing up of Draft Chapter 4. STAGE FIVE: Chapter 5. Conclusions and Recommendations - discussion on contents of Chapter 5 and the writing up of Draft Chapter 5. STAGE SIX: Final Draft - discussion on the whole report or thesis and preparation of 3 soft cover copies of the thesis for supervisor examination and submission to the Module Leader
WEC Project stages report (V1)
RESEARCH PROJECT - CANDIDATE'S PROGRESS REPORT STAGE Number:

Stage Completion Date: Candidates Name Supervisor Name
Session Number
Date
Time
Candidates Agreed Upon Tasks
Cs Ini
Ss Ini
C's ini. = Candidate's Initial. S's ini. = Supervisor's Initial
Form Completion Guidelines: Each stage form submitted must be accompanied by the header page of this series. Candidate to bring this form to each session with the supervisor. At completion of this stage, the supervisor must forward a copy of the completed stage form together with the cover sheet page Form C to the Module Leader via email: project_ML@wecouncil.com
WEC Project stages report (V1)
WORLD EDUCATION COUNCIL
Intention to Submit for Examination

To be completed by Candidates of NTU programs who wish to advise of their intention to submit their project for examination
Please complete all sections. Email form (Saved MS Word document or scan) to: project_ML@wecouncil.com
Student ID Number:
Family Name Email Address: Supervisor Name Are you an International student on a visa?
Have you completed and been assessed for all other modules/coursework?
First Names
Program Title Yes No Visa expires on:
Yes
No
Centre where you are being supervised:
INTENT TO SUBMIT FOR EXAMINATION I intend to submit my thesis for Viva(1) or final examination on: date:(2) / /
(1) Applicable only where Viva panel is compulsory (2) Viva date must be 2 months from date of lodgement of this form
I certify that I have met with my appointed supervisor regularly throughout my project preparation.
Other comments you may wish to add:
Candidates Signature Supervisors Signature
Date Date
Electronic signature accepted for this document
WEC Use Only

CL Date Approved ML Approved to VIva Viva Date Set
WORLD EDUCATION COUNCIL
Supervisors Final Review

To be completed by supervisor in support of candidates request to submit their project for Viva & Examination
Please complete the relevant sections and send to project_ML@wecouncil.com
Student ID Number:
Supervisor Name
Candidates Name:
Email address
Thesis Title
Does the candidates overall project meet the requirements of the programme? Are you satisfied all stages of the project have been adequately completed under your supervision?
Program Title Total Period of supervision (months/days)
Yes
No
Centre: Yes No
Supervisors Review - Candidate
Please comment on any issues that have arisen during the supervision of the candidate
Supervisors Review Project development

Please comment on any observations for improvement or issues that you see regarding the stages of development of the project or generally on the thesis procedures.
Other comments you may wish to add:
Supervisors Signature
Date
WEC Use Only

All modules completed Yes No ML agreement to accept for Viva / Exam Viva Centre and Date Nominated
Plagarism - What it means and how to avoid it According to the definition given in the 1997 New Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language, plagiarism is "the unauthorized use of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own" (508). To avoid plagiarism, all students must document sources properly using Footnotes, Endnotes, or Parenthetical References, and must write a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited page and place it at the end of the assignment or research project paper to list the sources used. Of the three ways to document sources - Footnotes, Endnotes, and Parenthetical References, the simplest is using Parenthetical References, sometimes referred to as Parenthetical Documentation or Parenthetical Citations. Refer to your Induction Module Coursework Learning and Thinking Effectively where referencing is covered in detail. Most word processors have superscript, Footnote and Endnote capability. If you are required to use Footnotes or Endnotes, it is well worth the effort to master this feature on the computer. Do not be tempted to get someone else to write your paper, hand in the same essay to two or more different teachers, or purchase instant essays from the Web. Do not download information from CD-ROMs or someone else's original work off the Internet and directly incorporate such information into your essay without paraphrasing and acknowledging its source. Apart from being unethical, dishonest, and learning nothing in the process, the examiners will easily identify different sections of your paper. Be warned, detection software is now used that identifies plagiarism in any submitted paper! What is expected As a University student you are expected to provide evidence to support points you are making. This evidence will come from a range of sources that you must acknowledge by using an accepted referencing system. Failing to acknowledge your sources results in the most common form of plagiarism. Plagiarism is to take someones words or ideas and present them as your own (Marshall & Rowland, 1998). This means that when a person presents ideas or words as
if they are their own, they have plagiarised. This inappropriate use of ideas from books, articles, the internet, or other students work is regarded as plagiarism. Plagiarism is academic dishonesty and is regarded very seriously. WEC policy on plagarism recognises that it can be deliberate or it can be inadvertent (unintentional) but it is always considered as a serious misdemeanour. As a graduate, learning to avoid plagiarism will be an important factor in your professional life where you will be expected to respect other people's ideas in much the same way as you do in your university studies. Forms of plagiarism You may be accused of plagiarism if you: write about someones ideas without giving a reference. This includes ideas which are quoted directly or expressed in your own words. use an authors exact words without indicating you are making a direct quote and/or without giving a reference. present your own version of other people's ideas which you have collected from a number of sources you have no record of. try to put ideas in your own words but change only a few words of the original source. A lecturer may decide that as the words are almost the same as the original that this is plagiarism, even if a reference is given. copy another students work and submit it as your own. If a student lends an assignment to another student and their assignment is copied and handed in by that student, both students will be penalised equally. submit work written for you by someone else.
How can plagiarism be avoided? Keeping track of your sources can help you avoid plagiarism. Here are some strategies to do this. Check the referencing system you are expected to use. A Learning Guide on how to use the Harvard Author-Date referencing system is available here. Record the sources you use. Before beginning to take notes from any source, record all the bibliographic information. For a book you need to record the authors names, year of publication, title of book, publisher and place of publication. For a journal article you need to record the authors name, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and/or issue number and page numbers of the article. For a document on the World Wide Web you need to record the authors name, year of publication, title of the item, the date you accessed it and the URL. Take careful notes. To ensure that your essay or report does not inadvertently plagiaries another researchers work it is important to take careful, clearly written notes. Develop a system to distinguish between what you have copied directly from the source, what you have put in your own words and your comments about the source. Please refer to the Learning Guide provided to all WEC students at the start of the programme. Compile your reference list as you go . Recording the bibliographic details of each source as you read and note them is an easy way to build up your reference list. If you follow the method suggested in the Learning Guide, writing the reference list will simply be a matter of transferring your bibliographic details for each source as your reference list.
Include in-text referencing with every draft. Get into the habit of including the in-text (author, date) references as you write. Keep your work secure. Avoid sharing paper or electronic drafts of your work with other students so that you cannot be accused of academic misconduct. Paraphrase appropriately. Paraphrasing is the process of putting another persons ideas in your own words. Sometimes students express other people's ideas in their own words but change only a few words so that what they write is very similar to the original. Even if they use an in text reference to show where the idea came from, a lecturer may decide that this is plagiarism because their wording is too close to the original source. o For example, if the original source read: The dissatisfying nature of industrial or clerical work is no longer disputed. Many of to-days employees prefer a greater level of involvement in their jobs than was previously assumed. Many desire more self-control and a chance to make a greater contribution to the organisation (Schuler, Dowling and Smart, 1988, p 17.) and a student paraphrased this as: It is no longer disputed that the nature of industrial/clerical work is dissatisfying. Employees prefer more involvement, desire more self control and a chance to make a greater contribution to their organisation (Schuler, Dowling and Smart, 1988, p 17) it is likely to be considered by their marker as too close. One way to avoid this too close situation is to paraphrase a whole paragraph rather than sentence by sentence. To do this you read a paragraph, then put it aside and try to write the main idea in your own words without looking at the original. Check that you have kept to the essential meaning of the original source.
When is referencing not necessary? Some students are nervous that they will be accused of plagiarism if they do not reference every idea. At university there are some occasions where referencing is not used but this is not considered plagiarism. For example, lecturers often do not reference the ideas that they present in lecturers; some text books do not give in-text references, just a list of references at the end of chapters. Also in some disciplines certain ideas are not referenced because they are regarded as common knowledge. For example if a student writes the equation E = MC 2 they usually do not reference this to Einstein because it is regarded as common knowledge in some disciplines. There are two strategies that students can use in these situations. In relation to what constitutes common knowledge in a particular discipline it is useful to take note of the practices adopted by academic writers in the discipline. When reading academic articles and books take note of the ideas which they reference, and those which they do not reference. In relation to presenting assignments at university it is safest to assume that some level of referencing is expected with student assignments and assessments. The most notable exception to this is exams where referencing is not usually required. However, for oral presentations it is advisable to reference the ideas being presented and indicate when someone elses exact words are being used and to draw up a reference list. As you read more widely from the range of sources you will find at university, you will become aware of the ways in which experienced writers use referencing to avoid plagiarism and you will adopt and use these ways in your own writing.
Sources:
Reproduced with permission from: unisanet.unisa.edu.au/ Marshall, L & Rowland, F 1998, A Guide to Learning Independently, 3 rd Edition, Addison Wesley Longman, Melbourne. Schuler, R, Dowling, P & Smart, J 1988, Personnel/Human Resource Management in Australia, Harper and Row, Sydney.

MBA Research Methods-Study Guide

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MBA Research Methods-Study Guide

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RESEARCH METHODS

For candidates of the

Master of Business Administration

PART 2 - Content of the Module - Research Methods

PART 3 - Dissertation Procedure

Aims of the Module

Choosing a topic and designing the project Identifying a topic

Drafting research objectives Planning the research and the project

Developing conceptual frameworks Defining concepts Drafting conceptual frameworks

Theorising the material

Learning and Teaching Methods

The Total Contact Hours are 30 hours

Seminar and Workshop: 12 hours Individual supervision: 18 hours

Module Learning Outcomes

On completion of this module, participants should be able to:

Number, Type and Weighting of Elements: A written dissertation, 100%.

The focus of the project may be on:

Content of the Module - Research Methods

Why study research methods? To understand

This Module will help you

Often treated as a sequential process with several clearly defined steps

To formulate Investigative Questions, need to break down the general Research

The RFP and Proposal (Generic)

respondents not computer savvy Statistical Analysis

Students not proceeding satisfactorily

THINK OF: *The Nature of the Study: - the Problem to be investigated

Chapter 2 - The Review of Literature

Chapter 3 - Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology

Questionnaire Describe the questionnaire used in the study

Chapter 4 - Presentation and Analysis of Findings

Chapter - Conclusions and Recommendations

procedural implications of the experience for other researchers.

SOURCES: NTU-WEC-Programmes: Student Handbooks 2001

Implementing the Results

Dissemination of Findings and Agitation for Action

PUBLISH OR PERISH = the atmosphere in academic circles

Agitate for Changes

5th Stage Meetings Chapter 5.

Discussion on contents of Chapter 5 and the writing up of Draft Chapter 5.

Assessment and Grading

Project Proposal Form (FORM B)

Project progress reporting (FORM C)

Project Submission for examination (FORM D)

Final Review of Progress (FORM E)

RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL

To be completed by Candidate who wishes to commence the project / thesis

WEC Appointed Supervisors Name:

Research Title: (not more than 12 words)

Problem Statement (use additional page if more space is needed)

Research Questions (use additional page if more space is needed)

Significance of Study (use additional page if more space is needed)

Research Methodology (use additional page if more space is needed)

WEC Use Only

WEC Index Number

Commencement of Programme Date

Approved title of research [not exceeding 12 words]

Supervisors Name: Project Stages for Progress Reports:

WEC Project stages report (V1)

RESEARCH PROJECT - CANDIDATE'S PROGRESS REPORT STAGE Number:

Candidates Agreed Upon Tasks

C's ini. = Candidate's Initial. S's ini. = Supervisor's Initial

WEC Project stages report (V1)

WORLD EDUCATION COUNCIL

Intention to Submit for Examination