A PROJECT ON INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM

A Project Report On

INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM

Batchelor of Technology in
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By
Chandana Atikam Nagaraj Gunda Divya Chanda Sneha Sambari (10UK1A0410) (11UK5A0401) (10UK1A0414) (10UK1A0463)

Under the guidance of Mrs.V.Sabitha Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

VAAGDEVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to JNTU, hyderabad) P.o Bollikunta, Warangal 506 005 2011-2014

VAAGDEVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

P.o Bollikunta, Warangal 506 005

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project work entitled INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM is being submitted by Chandana Atikam Nagaraj Gunda Divya Chanda Sneha Sambari (10UK1A0410) (11UK5A0401) (10UK1A0414) (10UK1A0463)

In B.tech IV-I semister Electronics & Communication Engineering is a record bonafide work carried out by them. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University for the award of any degree

Mrs.V.Sabitha Guide

Dr.P.Prasad Rao Head of the Department

Dr.K.Prakash Rao Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With immense pleasure we would like to take this opportunity to place it on record that INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM has taken shape, but without the cooperation extended to us by certain individuals it wouldnt have been possible. We consider it as a privilage to thank all those persons who have helped us in completing this project. Our great full thanks to sri.Dr.K.Prakash, Principal& Correspondent for giving us this opportunity to under go the project work continous encouragement. We express our sincere gratitude to sri.Dr.P.Prasad Rao, Head of Electronics & Communications Engineering Department for his valuable suggestion and encouragement. We wish express our sincere gratitude and intendances to our guide Mrs.V.Sabitha For her valuable guidance in preparing and documenting our project report on

INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM.

We also express our heart full thanks to all lecturers in Electronics & Communications Engineering and all the staff members and friends of Electronics & Communications Engineering. Those who have directly or indirectly involved in completing the project work. We apologize for any oversights and inaccuracies in our acknowledgement. By: Batch no:05: Chandana Atikam Nagaraj Gunda Divya Chanda Sneha Sambari

Contents:
1. Introduction. 2. Resistor. 3. Transistor. 4. Seven Segment Display. 5. CD 4511 I.C. 6. CD 4000 I.C. 7. Piezo Buzzer.

Introduction:
There are many digital security systems but we can use this simple and reliable security system as a watch dog by installing the sensing loops around your building. You have to stretch the loop wire one to two feet above the ground or attach to the door to sense the incoming of the unauthorized into your premises. The entry of the unauthorized person can be easily traced out through a seven segment display which is placed in your bed room. The speaciality of this system is that it will display the door no which is authorized by the unauthorized person in your premises. so, with no late you can catch the unauthorized person who is trying to acess into your property. It is very simple to construct and use. Its cheap

1. Resistor:
Resistors (R) are the most fundamental and commonly used of all the electronic components, to the point where they are almost taken for granted. There are many different Types of Resistors available to the electronics constructor, from very small surface mount chip resistors up to large wirewound power resistors. The principal job of a resistor within an electrical or electronic circuit is to "resist" (hence the name resistor) or to impede the flow of electrons through them by using the type of material that they are composed from. Resistors can also act as voltage droppers or voltage dividers within a circuit.

Fig 1.1 Resistors are "Passive Devices", that is they contain no source of power or amplification but only attenuate or reduce the voltage signal passing through them. This attenuation results in electrical energy being lost in the form of heat as the resistor resists the flow of electrons through it. Then a potential difference is required between the two terminals of a resistor for current to flow. This potential difference balances out the energy lost. When used in DC circuits the potential difference, also known as a resistors voltage drop, is measured across the terminals as the circuit current flows through the resistor. Most resistors are linear devices that produce a voltage drop across themselves when an electrical current flow through them because they obey Ohm's Law, and different values of resistance produces different values of current or voltage. This can be very useful in Electronic circuits by controlling or reducing either the current flow or voltage produced across them .There are many thousands of different Types of Resistors and are produced in a variety of forms because their particular characteristics and accuracy suit certain areas of application, such as High Stability, High Voltage, High Current etc, or are used as general purpose resistors where their characteristics are less of a problem. Some of the common characteristics associated with the humble resistor are; Temperature Coefficient, Voltage Coefficient, Noise, Frequency Response, Power as well as Temperature Rating, Physical Size and Reliability.

In all Electrical and Electronic circuit diagrams and schematics, the most commonly used symbol for a fixed value resistor is that of a "zig-zag" type line with the value of its resistance given in Ohms, . Resistors have fixed resistance values from less than one ohm, ( <1 ) to well over tens of millions of ohms, ( >10M ) in value. Fixed resistors have only one single value of resistance, for example 100's but variable resistors (potentiometers) can provide an infinite number of resistance values between zero and their maximum value. Standard Resistor Symbols

Fig1.2 The symbol used in schematic and electrical drawings for a Resistor can either be a "zig-zag" type line or a rectangular box.
The Standard Resistor Colour Code Chart.

Fig 1.3

Another type of film resistor commonly known as a Thick Film Resistor is manufactured by depositing a much thicker conductive paste of CERamic and METal, called Cermet, onto an alumina ceramic substrate. Cermet resistors have similar properties to metal film resistors and are generally used for making small surface mount chip type resistors, multi-resistor networks in one package for pcb's and high frequency resistors. They have good temperature stability, low noise, and good voltage ratings but low surge current properties. Metal Film Resistors are prefixed with a "MFR" notation (eg MFR100k) and a CF for Carbon Film types. Metal film resistors are available in E24 (5% & 2% tolerances), E96 (1% tolerance) and E192 (0.5%, 0.25% & 0.1% tolerances) packages with power ratings of 0.05 (1/20th) of a Watt up to 1/2 Watt. Generally speaking Film resistors are precision low power component

2.Transistor:
Transistors have infiltrated virtually every area of science and industry, from the family car to satellites. Even the military depends heavily on transistors. The ever increasing uses for transistors have created an urgent need for sound and basic information regarding their operation.

Fig 2.1

2.1Transistor Coding:
Information for a particular transistor is shown as a code on the body of the transistor. According to the European system of coding, there are two alphabets before the number.

First alphabet represents the type of semiconductor used and the second alphabet represents the use of transistor First letter A Germanium B Silicon C Gallium Arsenide D Indium Antimide Second letter C Audio frequency Amplifier D Audio frequency power amplifier F Low power Radio frequency amplifier P High power Radio frequency amplifier Thus the transistor BC548 is B Silicon C- Audio frequency amplifier BD 140 B Silicon, D- Audio frequency power amplifier AD 140 A Germanium, D- Audio frequency power amplifier AC 187 A- Germanium, C- Audio frequency amplifier According to the American system, the code begins with 2N followed by a number that indicates the time of design. A higher number indicates recent design. Eg. 2N 2222A. There are two parts to transistor amplifier design. 1) DC biasing. 2) AC amplifier design. To ensure linear amplification by a transistor amplifier, the amplifier is normally designed so that under quiescent (no input or dc) conditions it will be operating at the centre of a linear region, as normally determined from the transistor output characteristics (Ic vs Vce). The dc bias design part of the amplifier design will ensure that the amplifier operates about an appropriate quiescent point. Subsequent to this the ac amplifier design ensures that the amplifier provides the correct ac signal gain.

2.2 D.C.BIAS DESIGN:

Below Figure shows the arrangement most commonly used for biasing an npn bipolar transistor amplifier using a single power supply.

Fig 2.2 The biasing technique consists of supplying the base of the transistor with a fraction of the supply voltage Vcc via the resistive divider network R1, R2. In addition RE is used to place the emitter at its correct voltage (determined by the value chosen for Ie) and Rc is chosen to place the collector at it's optimum operating point.The selection of R1 and R2 is simplified by replacing the voltage divider network R1, R2 by its Thevenin equivalent network. This is shown in below figure.

Fig 2.3

Thevenin equivalent voltage : Vbb = Vcc R2/(R1 + R2) Thevenin equivalent Resistance : Rbb = (R1.R2)/(R1 + R2)

(1) (2)

The current, Ie, can be determined by writing Kirchhoff's loop equation for the base-emitter ground loop. Vbb = Ib Rbb + Vbe + Ie RE and using the equation Ib = Ie/(b + 1) Ie= Vbb -V be RE + Rbb b +1 (3) (4) (5)

To make Ie insensitive to temperature and b variations, we design the circuit to satisfy the following constraint: RE >> Rbb/(b+1) Ve = Ie RE 0.1 Vcc (6) (7)

Equation (6) shows that to make Ie insensitive to variations in b we could choose to make Rbb small (i.e. lower values for R1 and R2). However this will result in a higher current drain from the power supply through R1 and R2 and a lowering of the amplifier input resistance. The amplifier ac input resistance being Rin = R1 || R2 || [(b+1) (re+Re)]. re = base-emitter resistance (usually small). A good compromise is to select R1 and R2 such that Rbb 5 RE. The best solution may take a number of iterations to find. However, a rough first guess can be made by setting the collector voltage, Vc Vcc/2. Thus Rc = (Vcc - Vc)/IQ or Rc = Vcc/2IQ

Fig 2.4

The equations for the two load lines then become: DC Load line: VCE = VCC - IC RDC (10) AC Load line: Vce = VAC - RAC Ic (11) where, in this case, RDC = Rc + RE and RAC = Rc || RL + Re.

2.3 CLASSICAL SINGLE-STAGE COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER:

A signal source Vs with output resistance Rs is coupled via Cin to the base of the transistor. Cin should be chosen large enough so that it appears as an ac short circuit over the frequency band of interest. The output from the collector is coupled to the load RL via the coupling capacitor Cout.Cout should also appear as a short circuit over the frequency band of interest. The detrimental effect of RE on the ac performance of the amplifier is eliminated by Ce. Ce acts as a short circuit to the frequencies of interest, effectively shorting RE as far as ac signals are concerned. Thus while the dc emitter current will continue to flow through RE, the ac signal current will flow through , bypassing for this reason is called an

"Emitter bypass capacitor" and the circuit is called a "Grounded emitter" or "Commonemitter amplifier".

Fig 2.5

We shall analyze the circuit of Figure 5 to determine the amplifier gain and input resistance for ac signals in the frequency range of interest. Note in this circuit the emitter resistance has been split in two. One part, , is shunted by an ac bypass capacitor Ce and ,

will not play a role in the ac circuit analysis. The total resistance in the emitter will need to be considered in the dc biasing design though.

Fig 2.6

2.4 Input Resistance:

To determine the fraction of the input signal Vs appearing at the base (vb) we first need to evaluate the input resistance defined such that

(9)

Looking into the amplifier from

, an ac signal would see R1||R2||base resistance looking

into the base. (N.B. a power supply appears as a signal ground). The base resistance = As = (10) (11)

Where re is the base-emitter resistance and is approximately equal to = 26mV/IE at 25oC. Also = /(+1) (12)

then therefore,

= (b + 1)(

) + )])

(13) (14)

= (R1||R2||[( + 1)(

2.5 Voltage Gain:

Starting with the signal at the base, = ( + ) , we find (15)

Therefore the collector current will be ic = ie = / (re + RE1)

To obtain the output voltage we multiply the total ac resistance between collector and ground (which will be Rc||RL) by ic. Thus = = -i.e, (Rc||RL) (16) (17)

as 1, (18)

and the overall gain is GAIN=

(19)

3. A seven-segment L.E.D. display:

Seven-segment display is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices for displaying numerical information. Concept and visual structure.

Fig 3.1 The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, where the optional DP decimal point (an "eighth segment") is used for the display of non-integer numbers. Seven-segment displays may use a liquid crystal display(LCD), a light-emitting diode(LED) for each segment, or other light-generating or controlling techniques such as cold cathode gas discharge, vacuum fluorescent, incandescent filaments and others. Sevensegment displays can be found in patents as early as 1908.In 1910, a seven-segment display illuminated by incandescent bulbs was used on a power-plant boiler room signal panel. They did not achieve widespread use until the advent of LEDs in the 1970s A seven-segment display may have 7, 8, or 9 leads on the chip. Usually leads 8 and 9 are decimal points. The figure below is a typical component and pin layout for sevensegmentdisplay.

Fig 3.2

3.1 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY:

The light emitting diodes in a seven-segment display are arranged in the figure below. DIODE

Fig 3.3 To convert the binary numbers to signals that can drive the L.E.D.s in the display you need a display driver. In the lab we use an MC14511 chip. The pin outs are shown below.

Fig 3.4

A, B, C, and D are the binary inputs. a, b, c, d, e, f, and g are the driver signals to the display elements. LT is the Light Test control, turns all segments on, active low. BL blanks all the segments when activated, active low. LE is the latch enable control. The truth table shown below is used to confirm that the digital signal sent to the display lights up the correct segment.

INTERNAL CIRCUITRY AND LOGIC GATES FOR 7 SEG DISPLAY

Fig 3.5

4. CD4511BC:
4.1 BCD-to-7 Segment Latch/Decoder/Driver:
The CD4511BC BCD-to-seven segment latch/decoder/driver is constructed with complementary MOS (CMOS) enhancement mode devices and NPN bipolar output drivers in a single monolithic structure. The circuit provides the functions of a 4-bit storage latch, an 8421 BCD-to-seven segment decoder, and an output drive capability. Lamp test (LT), blanking (BI), and latch enable (LE) inputs are used to test the display, to turn-off or pulse modulate the brightness of the display, and to store a BCD code, respectively. It can be used with seven-segment light emitting diodes (LED), incandescent, fluorescent, gas discharge, or liquid crystal readouts either directly or indirectly.

Lamp test(LT),blanking(BL),and latch enable or strobe inputs are provided to test the display, shut off or intensity-modulate it, and store or strobe a BCD code, respectively. Several different signals may be multiplexed and displayed when external multiplexing circuitry is used. The CD4511 is supplied in 16-lead hermetic dual-in-line ceramic packages (D and F suffixes),16-lead dual-in-line plastic packages(E-suffix),and in chip form(H-suffix).

Connection Diagrams:
Pin Assignments for SOIC and DIP

Fig 4.1

Segment Identification:

Fig 4.2

Truth table:

*Depends upon the BCD code applied during the 0 to 1 transition of LE.

Display

Fig 4.3

4.2 Absolute Maximum Ratings:

DC Supply Voltage (VDD) Input Voltage (VIN) Storage Temperature Range (TS) Power Dissipation (PD) Dual-In-Line Small Outline Lead Temperature (TL) (Soldering, 10 seconds) 260C 700 mW 500 mW -0.5V to +18V -0.5V to VDD +0.5V -65C to +150C

4.3 Recommended operating conditions:

DC Supply Voltage (VDD) Input Voltage (VIN) 3V to 15V 0V to VDD

Operating Temperature Range (TA) -40C to +85C

Switching time waveforms:

Fig 4.4

4.4 Applications:
Applications include instrument (e.g., counter, DVM, etc.) display driver computer/calculator display driver, cockpit display driver, and various clock, watch, and timer uses

4.5 Features:
Low logic circuit power dissipation High current sourcing outputs (up to 25 mA) Latch storage of code Blanking input Lamp test provision Readout blanking on all illegal input combinations Lamp intensity modulation capability Time share (multiplexing) facility Equivalent to Motorola MC14511.

5. CD 4000 IC:
The 4000B IC is a monolithic integrated circuit, available in 14-lead dual in line plastic or ceramic package and plastic micropackage. The HCC/HCF4000B nor gate provide the system designer with direct implementation of the nor function and supplement the existing family of COS/MOS gates. All inputs and outputs are buffered.

PIN CONNECTIONS:

Fig 5.1 5.1 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING:

Symbol VDD

Parameter Supply Voltage: HCC Types HCF Types

Value -0.5to+20 -0.5to+18

Unit V V

Vi II mA Ptot

Input Voltage DC Input Current (any one input)

-0.5 to VDD + 0.5 10

Total Power Dissipation (per package) Dissipation per Output Transistor for Top = Full Package Temperature Range

200 100

mW mW

Top

Operating Temperature: HCC Types HCF Types

-55to+125 -40to+85 -65 to +150

oC oC oC

Tstg

Storage Temperature

Stressesabove those listedunder Absolute Maximum Ratingsmay cause permanent damage to thedevice. This isa stress ratingonly and functional operation of the device at these or any

other conditions above those indicated in theoperational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for external periods may affect device reliability. All voltage values are referred to VSS pin voltage.

5.2 RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS: Symbol VDD Parameter Supply Voltage: HCC Types HCF Types VI Top Input Voltage Operating Temperature: HCC Types Value 3to18 3to15 0 to VDD -55to+125 oC Unit V V V

HCF Types -40to+125

SCHEMATIC AND LOGIC DIAGRAMS:

Fig 5.2
PROPAGATION DELAY TIME = 60 ns (typ.) AT CL = 50 pF, VDD = 10 V. BUFFERED INPUTS ANDOUTPUTS. STANDARDIZED SYMMETRICAL OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS. QUIESCENT CURRENT SPECIFIED TO 20 V FOR HCC DEVICE.

5V, 10V AND 15V PARAMETRIC RATINGS INPUT CURRENTOF 100nA AT 18V AND25 oC FOR HCC DEVICE. 100% TESTEDFOR QUIESCENT CURRENT. MEETSALLREQUIREMENTSOFJEDECTENTATIVE STANDARD N. 13A, STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DESCRIPTION OF B SERIESCMOS DEVICES .

6. BUZZER:
In this we used piezoceramic buzzer. FDK piezoceramic buzzers generate sound through the bending vibrations of a thin metalplate adhered to a piezoceramic disc. These buzzers feature a low power consumption, a safe, spark-free and non-contact structure, and a small size and light weight for an easy mounting to printed circuit boards. As a result, an increasing number of piezoceramic buzzers are now used to generate an artificial voice in combination with voice synthesizing ICs. To produce high-quality piezoceramic buzzers, FDK has capitalized on many years of piezoceramics production and outstandingceramic processing technologies and thin film forming techniques. By adding a sophisticated audio know-how to this manufacturing expertise, FDK offers a large array of electronic tone generating products, such as piezoceramic diaphragms, sounders and buzzers, to meet loud sound outputs, wide frequency ranges, and many other requirements

6.1 Makeup of piezoceramic buzzer products:

Fig 6.1

6.2 How to use piezoceramic buzzers:

Piezoceramic diaphragms have a simple structure consisting of a piezoceramic disc (piezoceramic element) adhered to a thin metal (or plastic) plate. When a voltage is charged in the polarization direction, the piezoceramic element contracts, and expands when voltage is charged in the reverse direction. The quick contraction-expansion motions of the piezoceramic element cause the elastic disk underneath to vibrate and generate sound waves.

Fig 6.2

6.3 How the piezoceramic diaphragm generates sound:

The piezoceramic diaphragm generates sound by either the external-drive or the selfdrive oscillation technique.

Fig 6.3

Fig 6.4

6.4 Piezoceramic buzzer measurement meth

Fig 6.5

6.5 Features:
Use of high-performance piezoceramic elements to meet loud sound volume and wide frequency range needs. High quality achieved by integrated in-house production, from piezoceramic materials to buzzers. Clear, pleasant electronic tone. Reliable, effective operation in a wide variety of equipment and ambient conditions. A wide, convenient selection from elements to complete buzzer products

6.6 Applications:
Consumer electronic appliances: Refrigerators, microwave ovens,washing

machines, electric fans, VCRs, air conditioners, bath heaters, sewing machines Clocks and toys: Digital clocks and watches, alarm clocks, calculators, game machines, greeting cards Office equipment: Photocopiers, typewriters, cash registers, personal computers, facsimiles Automotive instruments: Speed alarms; reverse drive buzzers; light,oil, battery, seatbelt check sounders, keyless entry Safety and security equipment: Fire alarms, burglar alarms, gas leakage alarms Other electronic equipment: Vending machines, automatic controllers, bicycle horns, telephones, cameras.