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The Visual Display of Quantitative Information

vs.

Excellence!
Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with: clarity precision efficiency.

!raphical displays should:


"how the data #a$e the viewer thin$ a%out the su%stance &not the methods'design'technology( )void distorting the data *resent many num%ers in a small space #a$e large datasets coherent Encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data +eveal data structure at different levels "erve a clear purpose: description exploration ta%ulation decoration

!,,D graphical displays:

Deaths from cholera in central -ondon ./01

2ew 3or$ 4ity weather

5heat prices and wages in the 67

8)D graphical displays:

Latest results from only 6 months

3D = no extra information

Traffic deaths

Traffic deaths

Traffic deaths

Theory of Data !raphics

Data:In$
data: in$ ratio 9 data:in$ total in$ used to print graphic
to the non:redundant display of data:information

9 proportion of graphic;s in$ devoted

9 . < proportion of graphic that can %e erased without loss of data: information

v. low!

data:in$ =.>

4hart?un$

Tufte &.@/A p.../( says "This may well be the worst graphic ever to find its way into print."

Substance? NO! ONLY 5 N !"#$S!! %olours&& Y#S 3D effects&&& Y#S Dis'uise( re(un(ancy&&&Y#S) mirror ima'in' cur*e( lines

Tufte &.@/A p.../( says "This may well be the worst graphic ever to find its way into print."

Data:in$ maximiBation

+,,rehension)
)%ility to correctly perceive relations among varia%les. Does the graph maximize apprehension of the relations among variables?

%larity)
)%ility to visually distinguish all the elements of a graph. Are the most important elements or relations visually most prominent?

%onsistency)

)%ility to interpret a graph %ased on similarity to previous graphs. Are the elements, symbol shapes and colors consistent with their use in previous graphs?

#fficiency)
)%ility to portray a possi%ly complex relation in as simple a way as possi%le. Are the elements of the graph economically used? s the graph easy to interpret?

Necessity)
The need for the graph and the graphical elements. s the graph a more useful way to represent the data than alternatives !table, text"? Are all the graph elements necessary to convey the relations?

-ruthfulness)
)%ility to determine the true value represented %y any graphical element %y its magnitude relative to the implicit or explicit scale. Are the graph elements accurately positioned and scaled?

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