Engle Za

Ewa Donesch-Je2o
ENGLISH
for
MEDICAL STUDENTS and
DOGTORS
CONTENTS
ti, Donesch-Je2o Enslish for Mcdicll Studnis and Doctors I
English for
liledic
students and
Doctors
E. Doncsch-Jero
Part
T
IN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
English for Medical Students and Doctors
-I,
E. Donesch-Jio
UNIT
Word List
'abdaman]
I
jama brzuszna
. abdomen [ab'dauman;
. affect [a'fekt] . ankle [eqkl]
. ,fm t4.mt
FEATURB,S OF THE HUMAN BODY
atakowa6
(choroba) kostka u nogi
_ fqhip
. armpit ['a:mpit] - pacha

. bend [bend]
The human body is composed of millions of cells which work together to maintain life. The cells unite to form tissues (the muscle, the bone, etc.); the tissues combine to form organs (the heart, the skull, etc.), and different organs are organized into systems (the circulatory system, the skeletal system, etc.). The human body consits of the following parts: the head, the neck, the trunk, upper and lower limbs. The head which is ovoid in shape has a face in front. The eyes protected by the eyelids and eyelashes are situated on both sides ofthe nose. The forehead lies above the eyes and the cheeks lie below them. The mouth is bounded by upper and lower lips. The lowest part of the face is called the chin. The head is joined to the trunk by the neck. The trunk is the largest part of the body. It consists of two main cavities: The thorax (or the chest) and the abdomen. They are separated by a dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. The thorax lies above the diaphragm and the abdomen lies below it. The upper limbs are composed of three segments: the arm, the forearm and the hand with four fingers and one thumb. The lower limbs are also divided into three parts: the thigh, the leg and the foot with toes. The joints of the upper limbs are: the shoulder joint, the elbow and the wrist. The joints of the lower limbs are: the hip joint, the knee and the ankle. The armpit (or axilla) is the hollow under the upper part of the arm and below the shoulder joint. The groin is the hollow at the junction of the inner part of each thigh with the trunk.
schylad siq,
zginat
cialo
cavity ['kaviti] jama cell [sel] - kom6rka . cheek [tJi:k] policzek . chest [tfest] - klatka piersiowa
. ^hrn lflihi h.^do
. . . . .
body
['bodi]
bone [baun] - koS6 calf [ka:f] - lydka
podbr6dek
. consist (of) [kan'sist]
. diaphragm ['daiafrem]
sklada6 siq (z) przepona
. elbow ['clbau] lokied . eye [ai] - oko
. eyelash ['ailaf] rzqsa . eyelid ['ailid] powieka . face [feis] - twarz . foot [tut], (pl.) feet [fi:t]
. forearm ['fo:ra:m]
. forchead ['forid] czolo . groin [groin] pachwina . hand [hand] rqka, dlori . head [hed] glowa
stopa
przedramiq
Hair
Ear
Nose Cheek Neck
. heart [ha:t]
. hollow ['holau] - wydrq2ony . hip [hip] - biodro . joint [d3oint] - staw
sercc
. knee [ni:]
. lcg
kolano
Shoulder
legl - podudzie .limb [im] -kohcryna . lip [ip] - walga

. loin [oin]
:it ,i'
Abdomen
. maintain [mein'tein]
Elbow
Forearm
lqdZwie
uffzymad (na tym samym poziomie)
Hip Wrist
Palm Thumtr Hand
. mouth [mau0] - usta . navel ['neival] pQpck . neck [nek] szyja . nose [naus] nos . overdo [auva'du:] -
przemqczy6 siq promieniowa6
Finger Finger nail Thigh

Knee
. radiatc ['rcidieit] . shoulder I faulda] - bark . skull [skrl] - czaszka
. spine [spain] - krqgosfup . stab [stab] - wbi6, uktu6 Calf

. thigh [Oai] udo . thorax ['0o:reks]
- klatka piersiowa
Ankle
Toe Toe nail
. thumb [Orm] - kciuk . tingling ['tinglin]
mrowienie, cierpniqcie tkanka
. tissue ['tifu:,'tisju:] . toe [tau] - palec u nogi . trunk [trr1k] - tul6w . wrist [rist] nadgarstek -
Fig.
i.
The human body
E. Donesch-Je2o
EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the main parts of the human body? 2. What are the parts of the face? 3. What are the names of the segments of upper
and lower limbs?
EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences:
The cells of the bodv combine to form:
a)
b)
c)
2. a)
The human body consists of the following parts:
b) d)
i a)
The trunk contains two main cavities:
b)
T.
,l
ih; ;;;;; i'-b
;;il;; ; ;;;;'.e-.'"'
a)
b)
L,l
5. a)
nr.r"-t..ffi;;
rh;
;;;;;;'
b)
c)
6. a)
;#'
ri."J
.o'';;;; ;.;; j;t;;;'
b)
c)
7.
ih.' i;--'.;
ii-f
i".rrJ.t,rr.' i"ri"'-t"* i"I",.,
a)
b)
c)
EXERCISE C. Practise this dialogue.
Doctor: Good morning, Mrs. Roberts. What seems to be the problem? Patient: I feel a terrible pain in my back, it's my spine, I suppose. I can't bend down, I can't pick anything up and I even can't tie my shoe laces. Doctor: Which part of your back is affected? Patient: The small of my back, the loin. Doctor: What kind of pain is it? Patient: It's a very sharp, stabbing pain. Doctor: Does it radiate anylvhere? Patient: Yes, it does. It runs towards the left leg and then along the thigh, Doctor: Patient: Doctor: Patient: Doctor: Patient:
down to the calf, foot and toes. How long have you had this pain? For three days. It started when my husband and I were moving the furniture. You see, we've just moved to a new house. I think, I might have overdone things a little. Does anything make it better? If I lie down, the pain goes away, but when I stand up, it immediately comes back. Have you noticed tingling sensation in your hands or feet? No, I haven't.
EXERCISE D. Translate into English. 1. Tul6w zawiera dwie jamy oddzielone przepon4: jamq klatki piersiowej i jamq brzusznq.
2. Staw barkowy \qczy ramiE z barkiem. 3. Kiedy gralem w tenisa zwichn$em nogQ w kostce i skaleczylem siq w kolano. 4. Kiedy podnoszE praw4 rqkq czujq ostry b61 w barku i nie mogq wyprostowa1 Nokcra. 5. Po\62 rEce na biodrach, spr6buj zgi46 kolana; trzymaj plecy prosto. 6. Kiedy biegnE szybko czujEktuj4cy b6l w klatce piersiowej. 7. Proszq polo2yt siq na brzuchu i wyprostowad nogi.
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
UNIT
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
Word List
. anterior [ren'tiaria] - przedni . comprise [kam'prais]
. ascend [a'scnd] - wstqpowa6 .,caudal ['ko:dl] - doogonowy

zawieral, obejmowad,
sklada6 siq
In the anatomical position the body is upright. The arms are by the sides and the legs are parallel to each other. The face, the eyes, the palms of the hands and the feet are all directed forwards. The anatomical position is the basis of all descriptions of the position of structures in the body. For example, the head is above the abdomen, even when the patient is lying down. Description may relate directly to the anatomical position, for example, the trunk is the central
. contain [kan'tein]
Transverse plane
zawiera(, mie6ci6 w sobie
. couch [kautJl - lelanka . cranial ['kreinial] . descend fdi'send]

-czaszkowy, glowowy
schodzid w d6l . direct [di'rekt] - skierowa6;

bezpoSredni
zstqpowa6,
. distal ['distal] - dystalny,

dalszy
part of the body, the legs extend downwards. Description may also be made with reference to
other structures. For example, the thorax is above the abdomen, the elbow is between the arm and forearm.
. dorsal ['do:sal] - grzbietowy . downwards ['daunwadz]
Fig. 2. The anatomical position.
nalw d6l, ku dolowi
. extend [ik'stend]
rozci4ga6 siq, rozprzestrzeniai siq . forwards ['fo:wadz] - naprzSd,
ku przodowi
The following locative adjectives are commonly used in medical writine to describe situation or place.
1) right,left
. inferior [in'fiaria] - dolny, niiszy . lateral ['letaral] * boczny . medial ['mi:dial] - 6rodkowy
. palm [pa:m] - dtofi . parallel ['peralal] - r6wnolegly
2) inner, outer 3) upper, lower 4) internal, extemal 5) superficial, deep (nearer and farther from the surface of the body) 6) proximal, distal (especially of limbs nearer and farther from the trunk) 7) superior, inferior (higher and lower) 8) anterior, posterior (nearer the front, nearer the back) 9) ventral, dorsal (the front, the back)
l0)cranial, caudal (toward the head, toward the lower part of the body) 11)medial,lateral (nearer and farther from the midline) For example, the head is superior to the trunk, the upper limbs are lateral to the trunk, the abdomen is inferior to the thorax and the hand is distal to the arm, the front surface of the body is the
ventral surface, the back surface is the dorsal surface of the body.
. pass [pa:s]
przejScie;
przechodzi(, . posterior [po'stiaria] ku tylowi
tylny,
. proximal ['proksimal]
- proksymalny,bli2szy
. side [said] - strona, bok . structure ['strrktfa]

struktura. budowa
. superior [sju:'piaria]
. surface ['sa:fis]
g6rny, wyLszy
powierzchnia, zewnelrzna strona . trachea [tra'kia] - tchawica
. upright ['zrprait]
EXERCISE A. Choose the appropriate locative adjective to complete the following sentences.
- wyprostowany
1.
. ventral ['ventral]
2.
3"
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
The eyes are .................. to the nose. to the nose. The mouth is ......... to the abdomen. The thorax is ......... to the wrist. elbow is .................. The .. surface of the body. The navel is on the The shoulder is toward the .............. end of the body while the hip is toward the end ofthe body. .. surface. The palm of the hand is on its .. surface of the hand. The knuckles are on the and .............. sides of the leg. The bones of the ankle are on
- brzuszny
EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue.
Doctor:
Now, I'm going to examine you. I'd like you to lie down on the couch with your legs parallel to each other, stretched out in front of you. Put your arms by the sides. Try to
E. Donesch-Jeirc
-I
lift your head up slowly as far as you can. Do you feel any pain in your back now? Patient: No, I don't. Doctor: That's OK. Noq lift your right leg up straight without bending your knee and then
Patient: Doctor: Patient: Doctor:
bring it down. Repeat this with your left leg. Do you feel anything? Oh, yes. This time I feel a sharp stab in my lower back. Stand up, please. Keep your legs stretched, feet together. I'd like you to lean forwards as far as you can and then the same backwards. Now, I want you to bend forwards again, try to touch your toes with your fingers. I can't bend farther, doctor, it hurts terribty. That's enough. Thank you, Mrs. Roberts.
1. Verbs denoting
EXERCISE C. TABLE
Verbs denoting position, direction and structure
position, direction and structure:

Structure be made up of consist of be composed of
be built up
Position
be be found
Direction
be directed lead
lie
be situated be located
run
extend
pass descend ascend
of
contain
comprise
Complete the following sentences choosing suitable verbs of position from TABLE 1. The nose in the central part of the face. 2. The cheeks .............. on either side of the face. 3. The forehead .............. above the nose. 4. The mouth .............. below the nose. 5. The diaphragm between the thorax and abdomen. 6. The abdomen .............. below the diaphragm.
l.
EXERCISE D. Write out the following TABLE 1.
sentences and choose suitable verbs
of direction from
2. The aorta through the diaphragm. 3. The trachea .............. from the larynx to the main bronchi. 4. The trachea.............. in front of the oesophagus. 5. The optic nerve from the retina into the cranial cavity. 6. The acoustic nerve from the organ of Corti into the brain.
EXERCISE E. Complete the following TABLE 1.
sentences and choose suitable verbs
The
oesophagus
downwards to the stomach.
of structure from
2. The trunk two cavities. 3. The upper limb .............. three segments. 4. The lower limb .............. three parts. 5. The upper limb .............. two joints. 6. The lower limb .............. two joints.
EXERCISE F. Translate into English.
The
skull
the brain.
1.
Oczy polozone se po obu stronach nosa.
2. Usta znajduj4 siq ponizej nosa. 3. Jama klatki piersiowej le2y nadprzeponq. 4. Tchawica prowadzi zkrtani do oskrzeli. 5. Tchawica zstEpuje przedprzelykiem. 6. Plecy sgna grzbietowej powierzchni ciala. 7. Pacha jest w czE6ci doglowowej, a pachwina
w czqSci doogonowej ctala.
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
b-
UI\IT 3
Word List
. blood vessel ['bla.d ,vesal]
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SKTN
naczynie krwionoSne
tissue
. connective
fka'nektiv 'tisju:]
tkanka l4czna
. dermis ['da:mis]
sk6ra
The skin is composed of two main layers: a thin outer layer,known as the epidermis and a thicker inner layer, called the dermis. The epidermis, a protective layer without blood vessels and nerves, is built up of flat cells of the epithelium. The cells of the epidermis reproduce themselves rapidly in its deepest layer and move up to the surface where they form a protective layer of dead cells. These dead cells are continually being lost and replaced by new ones. This process is known as keratinization. The body produces and loses a great amount of these epithelial cells every day. The cells of the epidermis contain pigment, melanin which gives the skin the colour. The hereditary factors decide whether the skin is lighter or darker in colour, and also sunlight causes the increase in melanin concentration, which protects the skin from harmful ultraviolet sun rays. In certain parts of the body the epidermis is modified to produce hair and nails. Hair grows on all the body surface, except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
wlaSciwa epidermis [.epi'da:mis] nask6rck nablonek
. epithelium [.cpi'0i:liam]
. flat fflret] * plaski

. hair [hea]
wlosy
kcratinization
[.keratini'zeifan]
keratynizacja, rogowacenie . layer ['lcia] warstwa . mammary gland
['mamari'glend]
gruczol mleczny
melanina (barwnik)
. melanin ['melanin]
. nail [neil] - paznokie6 . sebaceous gland

[si'bciJas'glend]
Hair
Sebaceous gland
Opening of sweat duct
- gruczol
.
Cornified layer
lojowy . skin [skin] - sk6ra . sole fsaul] - podeszwa

subcutaneous
[,sabkju:'teinias] EPIDERIVIIS
- podsk6rny
Stratum germinativum
. sweat gland ['swet'gland] . tough [t"f] - mocny, wytnymaly
gruczol potowy
DERMIS
Arrector muscle
Sweat gland
SUBCUTANEOUS FATTY TISSUE
Hair follicle
Papilla of hair Fig. 3. The structurc of thc skin.
The dermis, which consists mainly of elastic connective tissue, is much thicker than the epidermis.
A network of blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves runs through the dermis. The dermis forms
lines characteristic for each person, called fingerprints" The dermis contains the glands, such as sweat glands, mammary glands, and sebaceous glands which produce oil to make the skin and hair elastic. Below the dermis, there is a layer of subcutaneous tissue, which contains mainly the fat.
EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions.
1.
EXERCISE
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
What are the names of the main layers of the skin? What is the epidermis made up ofl Where are the epidermal cells produced? What tissue is the dermis composed ofl What structures does the dermis contain? What lies below the dermis?
E. Donesch-JeLo
EXERCISE B. Define the following terms.

Epidermis Keratinrzation ......... Melanin Fingerprints .............
Sebaceous gland
Sweat gland Subcutaneuos ..........
EXERCISE C. (1) Study the word roots related to the skin, glands and muscles.
Word root
adeno-
lymph(o)derma-
Refers to Gland Lymph system

Skin
Example
Adenoma - rak gruczolowy Lymphocyto sis - limfocytoza Dermatology - nauka zajmujqca siq
myocephal-
Muscle
Head
chorobami sk6ry Myocardium - miqsieri sercowy

Cephalomegaly
brachi(o)-
Arm
Brachiocephalic
- wielkoglowie - ramieniowo- glowowy
(2) The suffix -pathy means 'disease or abnormal condition of', e.g. Adenopathy is a disease or abnormal condition of the glands. Make up new terms from the roots below and the suffix -pathy
and explain their meaning as in the example. The suffix -pathy means 'disease or abnormal
LymphoDermato-
condition of '
MvoCephalo-
Brachio-
EXERCISE D. Translate into English.
1. Sk6ra zbudowana jest z nask6rka i skory wlaSciwej. 2. Kom6rki tkanki nablonkowej s4wytwarzane w najgtqbszej
warstwie nask6rka.
3. Sk6ra wlaSciwa zbudowana jest z tkanki Nqcznej. 4. Sk6ra wtaSciwa zawiera sied naczyri krwiono6nych
potowe, lojowe i mleczne.
i wtokien nerwowych oraz gruczo\y
5.
Najgtqbsza warstwa skory wla6ciwej zbudowana jest gl6wnie z warstwy ttuszczu.
- 1-
E. Donesch-Jeio
UNIT
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKTN AND ITS DISEASES
Word List . acnc ['Ekni] tr4dzik . carbon dioxide

['ka:ban dai'oksaid]
dwutlenck wqgla
. crust [kra.st] - strup . damage ['demidg] szkoda, -
uszkodzenie; uszkodzi6
. dermatitis [da:ma'taitis]
The skin provides protection from damage and entry of bacteria, regulates temperature; it is also an excretory and sensory organ. Physicai protection from damage is provided mainly by the epidermis. Thickness of the subcutaneous tissue also plays an important role in protecting against some injury. The skin acts as a barrier against the entry of microorganisms, protects the body against chemicals in the environment and ultraviolet rays in the sunlight. The skin acts like a waterproof coat for the body, preventing rapid absorption or evaporation of water and electrolytes at the surface of the body. In this way it helps to keep the quantity of water in the body constant. However, small amounts of water continuously evaporate from the skin surface. Through this process which is called perspiration the body loses 500 ml of water a day. Reguiation of temperature is a very important function of the skin. The skin contains a great number of sweat glands, which excrete sweat. The sweat consists of 95%o (per cent) of water, 2o/" of dissolved salts, a small quantity of urea and about 3Yo of carbon dioxide. In hot temperature or great muscular activity the sweat flows as fluid on the surface of the skin, which is cooled by its evaporation. By means of perspiration the body eliminates excessive amount of fluid and some salts, which maintains mineral balance of the body. The skin is a delicate sensory organ providing information about the environment. Millions of nerve endings located in the skin are sensitive to various stimuli: touch, pain, pressure, heat, cold and, itching. Another special function of the skin is secretion of ear wax by the extern al ear and sebum or oil by sebaceous glands. The skin is exposed to more injuries than any other organ of the body. It is affected by many types of infections: bacterial, viral, fungal, as weil as infections with parasites, such as scabies. Skin cancer, the rnost common ofwhich is skin melanoma, usually begins as a dark mole. It is frequently triggered by excessive exposure to the sun rays. Skin allergy and initation by harmful chemicals cause many kinds of dermatitis (or eczema) which are the commonest of all occupational diseases. Acne, which is common in adolescence,, is a condition of overactivity of sebaceous glands. Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that causes an overproduction of epithelial cells. Skin lesions are classified as primary or secondary. Primary lesions, which do not cause a break in the skin, comprise: acne, rash, eczema, furuncle, erythema and dermatomycosis. Secondary lesions, which break the skin include: crusts and fissures caused by dermatitis, excoriations and ulcers.
zapalcnic sk6ry
. dermatomycosis
[.da:matomai'kausis]
* grzybica
-
. dissolved fdi'zolvd,
fozprrszczony woskowina uszna
. car wax ['ia waks] . eczcma ['cksima] cgzema . crythcma [cri'0i:ma]

rumicfr
. cvaporatc [i'vapareit]
parowa6, ulatnia6 siq
nadmierny otarcic sk6ry, zadrapanic
. cxccssive [ik'scsiv]
. excoriation [cks.kori'cifan]
. cxcretory organ le ks'kri:tari'o:gan] . expose [iks'pauz] - wystawii, narazi1
- organ
wydalniczy
. fissurc ['frJa]
szczclina, pqkniqcic czyrak mnogi uszkodzenic
. furunclc ['{uar^qkl] . injury l'indSaril zranicnic,

podra2nienic
. initation [iri'tcifn]
. itch fitJl - swqdzic6 . lesion I'li:3an]

uszkodzcnie, zmiana chorobowa molc [maul] - znamig
. perspiration [.pa:spa'rcifn]
. ointmcnt ['ointmant]
poccnic siq ochrona
maSi
. protcction [pra'tckfn]
dostarczy6, zaopatrzy(
. providc [pra'vaid] . psoriasis fso'raiasis]
1.
2. 3. 4. How is the body temperature regulated? 5. What stirnuli are nerve endings sensitive to? 6. What are other special functions of the skin?
EXERCISE B. Define the followins terms.
What are the main functions of the skin? Which layers of the skin play an important role in protecting from injury? What is sweat excreted by?
luszczyca . rash [raf] wysypka . rclicvc [ri'li:v] - zlagodzi(,
* zatrzymywat,
. rctain [ri'tcin"l
powstrzymywai
#r***l
Acne
Psoriasis Skin melanoma Primary lesions Secondary lesions
E. Donesch-JeiLa
- Swierzb - drapai . scbum ['si:bam] - l6j

. scratch [skratJl
. scabics ['skcibi:z]
(sk6rny) secretion [si'kri:fan]
..''.t.'.......
- wydziclanic
. stimulus ['stimjulas], (pl.) stimuli - bodzicc triggcr ['triga] - wyzwoli6,

spowodowa6
. ulccr ['nlsa] wrz6d . watcrproof ['wo: ta,pru: t]

-- wodoodporny
. wax [waks]
- wosk
-I
EXERCISE C. Practise the following dialogue. Patient: It's my little daughter this time, doctor. She's got a bad rash on her neck and chest.
Doctor: How long has it been bothering her? Patient: It wasn't there when I bathed her last night. Doctor: What about her face and other parts of the body? Are they affected by the rash, too? Patient: Yes, I noticed some red patches on her cheeks and thighs. Her neck and chest don't look nice, really. Doctor: Can you describe the rash? Patient: Her skin in these sites is reddened, slightly swollen, wann and itching. She's scratching all the time. Doctor: Have you noticed anything else? Patient: No, I haven't. Her temperature is normal, but she's been irritable and crying. Doctor: Has she ever had a rash like this before? Patient: No, she hasn't; it's the first time I've noticed it. Doctor: Is she allergic to anything? Patient: So far, I haven't noticed any allergy, but I gave some bath oil to her bath and perhaps she is allergic to it. Is there anything you could give her that would clear up the Doctor:
problem? I'll prescribe some ointment and antihistamine drugs to relieve itching. That her to sleep at night, too.
will help
EXERCISE D. Translate into English. 1 . Jedn4 z funkcji skory jest ochrona ctala przed uszkodzeniem mechanicznym.
2. Temperatura cralajest obnizonaprzez pot, kt6ry paruje zpowrerzchni skory. 3. Zmtany sk6rne, kt6re nie powoduj4 uszkodzeri sk6ry to: tr4dzik , czyrak mnogi,
wysypka I egzema.
5. Rak sk6ry 6.
luszczyca,
4. Najczqstszym objawem uczulenia jest swqdz4ca wysypka, zaczerwrenienie i obrzqk sk6ry.
jest najczqSciej spowodowany nadmiernym dzialaniem promieni slonecznych. Tr4dzik czqsto wystEpuje w wieku mlodziericzymi cbrakteryzuje siE nadczynno Sciqgruczol6w
lojowych.
7.
Te zmtany sk6rne spowodowane s4 przez grzybrcEi bEdzie pan musialu?ywac specjaln4 maS6 przez dwa tygonie.
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
UNIT
THE BODY CAVITIES
Word List
. abdominopclvic cavity
[.rebdamina'pelvik'kaviti] . bound [baund]
wi4za(,
jama brzuszno-miedniczna - ograniczal,
There are three main cavities in the human body: the cranial cavity, the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The cranial cavity which is situated in the head contains the brain, which is the central part of the neryous system. It is protected by the cranium. The thoracic cavity extends from the base of the neck to the diaphragm muscle. The thorax (the chest) is supported and protected by the ribs and the sternum at the sides and front, and the spinal column at the back. The main structures in the thorax are the heart, the lungs, the oesophagus and large blood vessels, such as the aorta and pulmonary arteries. The abdominopelvic cavity, which is the largest cavity in the body lies below the diaphragm. It consists of two parts: the abdominal cavity proper and the pelvic cavity. The abdominal wall is made up ofthree layers of muscles,fat,the connective tissue and skin. The contents ofthe abdominal cavity include the main organs of digestion, such as the stomach, small and large intestines, the liver, the pancreas and the spleen, The peritoneum is a thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs in this cavity. The pelvic cavity is located inferiorly to the abdominal cavity. It is bounded anteriorly and laterally by bones. The contents of the pelvis are: the urinary bladder, the lower part of the large intestine, the rectum and in females the female reproductive organs.
. brain [brein] m6zg . cranial cavity
['kreinial 'kaviti]
- jama czaszkowa . diaphragm ['daiafram]
przepona gorqczkuj4cy
. feverish ['fi:varifl
. heart [ha:t] * serce
. large intestine
['la:d3 in'tcsti:n] - jelito grube . liver ['liva] - w4troba . lung [,rqJ - pluco
. oesophagus [i:'sofagas]
przelyk
trzustka
. pancrcas ['paqkrias]
. pelvis ['pelvis]
orzewna
. peritoneum [,peritau'ni:am]
. rectum ['rektam] - odbyt . rcproductive organs (pl.) [.ri:pra'dnktiv'o: ganz]
-organy rozrodcze . rib [rib] 2ebro
miednica
. slightly ['slaitli]
nieznacznte
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
What are the main cavities in the body? What is the thorax bounded by? What organs does the thoracic cavity contain? What are the contents of the abdominal cavity? What organs lie in the pelvis? Which is the largest cavity?
. small intestine ['smo:l
in'testi:n]
. sort out [so:t 'aut]
- jclito cicnkic
rozwi1za(
. spinal column
['spainl 'kolam]
. splecn fspli:n]
. stemum . stomach ['stnmak]
- krqgoslup - Slcdziona ['sta:nam] - rnostek
EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue. Doctor: Well, Mr. Sawitch. What's brought you here today? Patient: I've been feeling feverish for a couple of months. Every evening, when I take my temperature, it's slightly elevated, it's 37 .4"C. I don't know the reason of it and I'd like you to sort it out.
2olqdck
. thoracic cavity [0o:'rasik 'kavitil - jama klatki

piersiowej
. urinary bladder Ijuarinari 'blada]
Doctor: Do you remember how long exactly you've been feverish? Patient: I'm not sure, but I think I've been feeling like this for about six months. Doctor: Apart from fever, are there any other problems? Patient: I've been weak and tired almost all the time, it seems that I've lost all my energy. Doctor: Do you feel any pain in your muscles? Fatient: Yes, a little. Doctor: And what about your weight. Have you lost any weightlatelyT Fatient: Yes, I have, about five kilograms. Doctor: Have you been coughing? Patient: Oh, yes, I have. + Doctor: Do you feel any pain in your chest't Patient: Only when I'm coughing.
- pqcherz moczowy . wcight [wcit] waga -
E. Donesch-Jeio
EXERCISE C. Complete the following sentences, using the verbs: contain, comprise, include.
1.
2. 3. 4.
The The The The
cranial cavity thoracic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity
EXERCISE D. Here is the list of systems in the human body. Match the names and
definitions. 1. Nervous system 2. Endocrine system 3. Respiratory system 4. Circulatory system 5. Digestive system 6. Excretory system 7. Reproductive system 8. Locomotor svstem
a) is responsible for transport of food, wastes and respiratory gases; b) is resposible fornutrition (ingestion, digestion and absorption of food); c) is responsible for initability and control (response to stimuli);
d) is responsible for reproduction (propagation of species); e) is responsible for movement; f) is responsible for metabolism and growth; g) is responsible for respiration (oxygen intake and carbon dioxide loss); h) is responsible for excretion (elimination of waste products of metabolism);
EXERCISE E. Translate into English.
1.
2.
Jamapiersiowa jest ograniczona od przodu mostkiem, z boku hebrami, aztytukrqgoslupem. Serce orazptuca, polozone po jego obu stronach, majduj4 siq w jamie piersiowej.
3. Jamabrntszna,kt6rajestnajwiqkszqjam4ciala,zawieragtr6wneczq6ciukladupokarmowego. 4. Pacjent ma gorqczkE, b6l miq5ni, a kiedy kaszle cnrje b61w klatce piersiowej i plecach. 5. Czuje siq slaby i stracil nawadze od wiosny.
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
UNIT 6
Word List
THE, SI(ELETAL SYSTEM
appcndicular [a'pendi'kjula] odnosz4cy siq do koriczyn
. axial [ak'sial] osiowy . carpal ['ka:pal]

nadgarstkowy
The skeletal system provides a framework for the body and protects the vital organs. It consists of bones and joints. The human skeleton, which comprises 206 bones, is divided into two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum (breastbone). The skull is subdivided into two parts: the cranium and the facial portion. The eight bones of the cranium are united firmly and form a rounded box that encloses the brain. The bones of the trunk include the vertebral column (the spine), the ribs and the sternum. The vertebral column is made up of 33 irregularly shaped bones, called vertebrae divided into: seven cervical vertebrae (the first vertebra, the atlas, supports the head, the second, the axis, enables the movements of the head), twelve thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral vertebrae are fused together to form the sacrum, four or five small terminal bones are also fused together to form the coccyx.
Frontal bone
Temporal bone
. cervical ['sa:vikal] szyjny . clavicle ['klevikl] - obojczyk . coccyx ['koksiks] - koS6

guziczna, koS6 ogonowa m6zgoczaszka
. cranium ['kreiniam]
. femur ['fi:ma] - koSi udowa . fibula ['fibjula] - ko56

strzalkowa
. girdlc ['ga:dl] obrgcz . humerus ['hju:maras] - ko6i

ramicniowa
. lumbar ['lnmba]
- lqdZwiowy - Sr6drqczny -
. metacarpal [mcta'ka:pal]
. metatarsal fmeta'ta:sl]
Sr6dstopowy
ca
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
ible
. patella [pa'tela] -rzepka . phalanges (pl.) [fa'land3i:z], . radius ['reidias]
(sing.) phalanx
Orbital
Clav Scapula
paliczki
koS6
promieniowa
. sacrum ['seikram]
ko36
krzy2owa
Humerus
. scapula ['skapjula]
ritl
Vertebral column (spinal column)
lopatka
Rad Ulna
. skull [sknl] - czaszka . sternum ['sta:nam] - mostek . tibia ['ribia] - kosi

piszcze lowa
Carpal
. ulna ['nlna] - koS6lokciowa . vertcbra ['va:tibra],

(pl.) vertebrae
Ilium
Metacarpal Sacrum
cyx
krqg
Patella Tarsal Metatarsal Phalanx
Fibula Middle phalanx

Distal phalanx
Fig.4. The skclcton.
The bones of the thorax form a cone-shaped rib cage, which protects the heart, lungs and other organs. It is composed of twelve pairs of ribs and the sternum. The first seven pairs of ribs are attached anteriorly to the sternum. Each rib from the next three pairs is attached to the rib above. The last two pairs have no anterior attachment and are called the floating ribs.
The appendicular skeleton forms the skeleton of the upper and lower limbs. The bones of the upper limb include the shoulder girdle composed of two bones: the clavicle (or collar bone) and the scapula (or shoulder blade). The arm bone is called the humerus; the forearm bones are the ulna and the radius. There are eight carpals in each wrist, five metacarpals in each palm, three phalanges in each finger, and two phalanges in each thumb. The bones of the lower limb are attached to the pelvic girdle, which consists of two hip bones. Each lower limb contains the thigh bone called the femur, the patella (or kneecap), and two leg bones,
E. Donesch-JeiLo
t5
the tibia and fibula. There are seven tarsals in the ankle, five metatarsals in the middle of each foot. two phalanges in each big toe, and three phalanges in each other toe.
1.
What are the functions of the skeleton?
2. What is the appendicular skeleton? 3. Which bones does the rib cage include? 4. How many bones does the wrist contain? What are they called? 5. What are the other names of the collar bone, shoulder blade and patella?
6. 7. 8.
Where are they located? Is the humerus proximal or distal to the ulna? Is the tibia distal to the humerus or femur? How many bones does the middle of the foot contain? What are they called?
EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences. 1. The old woman slipped, fell and dislocated her ................. 2. Last winter I broke my ................. and had it in plaster for some weeks.
3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 8.
Two days ago he had to carry heavy boxes and now his ................. is swollen and painful. When he plays tennis, he gets a pain in his . and he cannot straighten his ............. When he was playing basketball, he sprained his Now he has to wear an elastic bandage over it. The old man was unable to bend his ................ My husband got a sharp pain in the ................ and he cannot bend down. The man fell from a ladder and broke three of his
EXERCISE C. (1) Study the word roots related to the skeletal system.
root cost(o)arthr(o)oste(o)crani(o)brachi(o)Word
The
'
to Ribs Joints Bone Skull Arm

Refers
Example
- zebrowo-mostkowy Arthrosclerosis - sztywno66 staw6w Osteoarthritis - zapalenie ko6ci i stawow Craniostenosis - zmniejszenie objqtoSci czaszki Brachialgia - b6l ramienia
Costosternal
sffix
-plasty means
plastic reconstruction
of'
(2) The suffix -plasty means 'a plastic reconstruction of', e.g. Arthroplasty is a plastic reconstruction of the joint(s). Make up new terms from the roots given below and the suffix -plasty and explain their meaning as in the example.
CostoDermatoOsteo-
CranioBrachio-
1.
4.
5. 6.
2. 3. Kaidy palec rqki sklada siq z trzech paliczk6w.
KoS6 ramieniowa\qczy siq z jednej strony z obojczykiem i lopatk4 a z drugiej strony z ko6ci4lokciowq i promieniow4. frggi krzy2owepolqczone s4ze sob4 tworzqc koS6 krzy2owq.
Szkielet kohczyny dolnej pol1czony jest z ko6imi obrqczy miedniczej. KoSi udowa jest najdluLszqr najmocniejsz4 ko6ci4 ciala ludzkiego. Rzepka kolana l4czy ko56 udowqz dwiema ko6imi podudzia, koSci4 piszczelow4 i strzalkow4.
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
UI{IT 7
Word List . alveoli (pl.) ['alvialai],
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(sing.) alveolus - pqcherzyki plucne . attach [a'tatJl -przyl4czyt . base [beis] podstawa -
. bronchi (pl.) ['broqkai],

(sing.) bronchus
. bronchiole ['broqkiaul]
oskrzela
The respiratory system (RS) is responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream and for eliminating the waste product carbon dioxide. The respiralory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,main bronchi, bronchioles and the alveoli of the lungs, called sometimes air sacs. The initial part of the respiratory system is the nose. It is divided by the nasal septum into two nasal cavities. The nasal cavities are connected posteriorly with the pharynx. The pharynx (or throat), which is a muscular tube, is divided into nasopharynx behind the nasal cavities, oropharynx behind the mouth and laryngopharynx which opens into the larynx. The tonsils are located in the oropharynx. Both the larynx and trachea are kept open by cartilages in the shape of rings. The larynx contains the vocal cords, by vibrations of which the voice is produced. The trachea (or windpipe) is a long tube which runs down through the neck to the thorax. The trachea divides into two bronchi below the base of the neck. Each bronchus enters each lung and then divides and subdivides into thin-walled tubes called bronchioles. Each bronchiole finally enters the
oskrzelik
. cone [kaun] sto2ek . factor ['fakta] czynnik . hoarseness ['ho:snis]

chrypka
. hurt [ha:t] - zranienic;

zranii. bole6
.laryngopharynx
Ia.riqgo'fariqks]
krtaniowa czqS6 gardla
. nasopharynx
. line [ain] linia; wy6cielii . lobe [aub] plat . lung [nqJ * pluco
[,neizo'fariqks]
czqSd nosowa gardla
. oropharynx fauro'freriqks]
czqSi ustna gardla
covers the surface of the lung is called the visceral pleura, while the portion that lines the chest wall is called the parietal pleura. The space between these membranes is called intrapleural space.
alveoli in the human lung. The thin walis of the alveoli permit easy passage for the carbon dioxide and oxygen entering and leaving the blood when it circulates in capillaries of the alveoli. The lungs are the essential organs of respiration. They are cone-shaped organs situated in the thoracic cavity on either side of the heart. The base of each lung rests on the diaphragm. Each lung is divided into lobes. The right lung consists of three lobes: upper, middle and lower. The left lung has two lobes: upper and lower. Each lung is lined with a double serous membrane, called the pleura. The portion of the pleura that
alveoli or the air sacs which form the terminal part of the respiratory tract. There are millions of
. parietal [pa'raitl] Scienny . pleura f'pluara] oplucna . respiration [.respi'reifan]

oddychanie
. rcspiratory system
['respiratari'sistam]
uklad oddechowy
. visceral ['visaral] -trzewny . vocal cords (pl.) ['vaukal 'ko:dz] struny

glosowe
. sac [sek] pqchcrzyk . tonsil ['tonsil] migdalek . trachca [tra'kia] tchawica
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Epiglottis Larynx
Trachea Parietal pleura
Clavicle
Bronchus Right lung Bronchiole Ribs
Pleural cavity
t
Fig.5. The respiratory organs.
Diaphragm
1.
2. What are the main parts of the respiratory system? 3. How are the larynx and trachea kept open? 4. Where are the vocal cords located? 5. What are the lungs composed of? 6. Where are the lungs located? 7. How many lobes does the right lung consist of?
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
E. Donesch-Jeio
English for Medical Students and Doctors _
Doctor: Doctor: Doctor: Patient:
Hello, Mr. Adams. I'm Dr. Evans. How are you feeling today? Are you any better?
chest and I cough a lot. I also have a sore throat and hoarseness. When did it all begin? It all began two days ago and today it's much worse. I even have some difficulty with
Patient: Hello, Dr. Evans. Patient: Not too well, I'm afraid. I have a pain in my
breathing.
Doctor: What kind of cough have you got? Do you bring anything up when you cough? Patient: At first it was a dry cough but now I've been coughing up some phlegm. Doctor: Do you feel any pain in your back on coughing? Patient: Oh yes. When I cough I feel an acute pain both in my chest and back. Doctor: Have you a fever? Patient: Yes, I have. When I took temperature this morning it was 37.80C but later it jumped up Doctor:
to 38.60C. Now, I'm going to examine you. Could you strip to your waist. First I'11have a look at your throat and then auscultate your chest. Open your mouth as wide as you can. Say 'ah'. Put your tongue out as far as you can. Take a few deep breaths in and out through your nose, please. Stop breathing for a moment.
EXBRCISE C. State the location of the following organs in relation to other organs. Use locative
ectives and locative prepositions. The nose is ............. ... to the eyes. 2. The pharynx is ........ .. to the larynx. 3. The larynx is ............ . to the pharynx. 4. The trachea runs ........,.,i...r,.... to the oesophagus. 5. The air cells are ...........1.:...... to the bronchi. 6. The lunss lie ........... to the heart.
adj
1.
EXERCISE D. (1) Study the word roots related to the parts of the respiratory system.
root pulmopneumothorac(o)pleur(a)Word
Refers
Lungs Lungs
Chest
to
Example Pulmonology
Pneumoni a
pharyng(o)-
Pleura Pharynx
laryng(o)rhino(o)bronch(o)trache(o)The suffix -itis means
Larynx
Nose
Bronchial
Trachea
tree
- nauka zqmujqca siq chorobami pluc zapalenie pluc Thoracolumbar - piersiowo-lEd2wiowy Pleuracotomy - drena?ju-y oplucnej Pharyngo scopy - wziernikowanie gar dla Laryngoscopy - wziernikowanie krtani Rhinopathy - choroba nosa Bronchoconstriction - zwEieme oskrzeli Tracheospasm - skurcz tczawrcy
'inflammation of '
(2) The suffix -itis means 'inflammation of, e.g. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi. Make up new terms from the roots given below and the suffix -itis and explain their meaning as in the Pulmoexample. PleurPharyng-
LaryngRhinTrache-
ArthrOste-
EXERCISE E. Translate into English. 1. Gardlo prowadzi do knani zawierajqcej struny glosowe, kt6rych wibracje wytwarzaj4 glos. 2. Pacjent skar?y siE na b61 gardla, chrypkq i trudnoSci w oddychaniu.
3. Wieczorem jego temperatura gwaltownie podwyzszyla siq. 4. Proszq rozebrat siq do pasa" 5. Oddychaj gtqboko prueznos; zatrzymaj oddech na chwilq. 6. Zpoczqtkt kaszel byl suchy, leczteraz pacjent wykrztusza plwocinq.

t
- 1-
E. Donesch-Jeio
UNIT
RESPIRATION AND DISEASES OF THE RE,SPIRATORY SYSTEM
Word List . absorb fab'so:b]
wchlania6, pochlania6 absorption [ab'so:pfan] - wchlanianie, pochlanianie . accessory [ak'sesari] * dodatkowy, pomocniczy . benign fbi'nain] lagodny (nowotw6r)
The function of respiration is to provide the energy needed by body cells. The act of respiration or breathing consists of two processes: extemal respiration and. internal respiration. The external respiration means the exchange of gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the blood and the atmospheric air. This process takes place in the air sacs of the lungs. The exchange of gases between the cells and the blood is known as the internal respiration. Air enters the respiratory tract through the nose or mouth. In the air sacs of the lungs oxygen diffuses to the blood where it is absorbed by erythrocytes. It is then taken to the body cells. Carbon dioxide is carried by the blood stream in the opposite direction, that is, from the tissues to the lungs. It passes from the lung capillaries into the air sacs and is finally exhaled from the lungs. The accessory organs of respiration are the ribs, the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. During inspiration the ribs move outward and the diaphragm is flattened. These processes enlarge the volume of the thorax and the air is drawn into the lungs through the respiratory tract. In expiration, the ribs are lowered by relaxation of the intercostal muscles, the diaphragm is elevated reducing the volume of the thorax. The reduced thoracic volume forces the air out from the lungs. Normally, in one minute we take 18 - 20 breaths of air. Air passages carry potentially dangerous bacteria. Therefore, all parts of the respiratory system are exposed to infection by microorganisms present in the air. The most common diseases of the upper respiratory ftactare mild infections, such as a cold, influenza, rhinitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis. The diseases of the lower respiratory hact aie more serious and include bronchitis, pneumonia, pleuritis and lung cancer. Asthma is a reversible, spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the bronchi called bronchospasm, which obstructs the passage of the air. The asthmatic attack can be caused by various stimuli, such as dust, pollen, animal fur, food, chemicals, etc. Emphysema is the loss of elasticity of the alveoli causing distention of the lungs. Respiratory distress syndrome is a cause of death in newborn babies. Tumours, both benign and malignant, of various kinds may occur in the lungs. Lung cancer is caused mainly by cigarette smoking.
. blood [bl^d] - krew . bluish ['blu:il - niebieskawy . bronchitis fbror1'kaitis]

zapalenie oskrzeli
. capillary [ka'pilari]
naczynie wlosowate . carbon dioxide ['ka:ban dai'oksaidl - dwutlenek wqgla . consecutive fkon'sekjutiv]
kolejny
sinica
rozptoszony : r ozpr asza(,
. cyanosis ['saia'nausis] . diffuse [di'fiu:s, di'{u:z]
. distension fdis'tenpn]
rozszerzenie . distress [dis'tres] ciq2ki stan, wyczerpanie . dyspnoea fdis'pnia]
duszno6ci
. cmphysema [.emfi 'si:ma]

rozedma pluc, odma
. enlarge [in'la:dg]
. cxhale feks'heil]
- powiqkszyd
. flexible ['flcksabl]
wydycha6
. haemoptysis [hi:'moptisis]
krwioplucie
chrypka
giqtki
. hoarseness ['ho:snis]
. influenza [,influ'enza]
- grypa
intercostal [inta'kostt] miqdzy2ebrowy . involve [in'volv] - wci4gn46 (w proces chorobowy) . malaise fma'Ieiz] zle samopoczucie
d>
Lung
Chest
Air
,G
Air
. malignant [ma'lignant]
zloSliwy
. obstruct [ab'strnkt]
zaczopowa(,
* zatka6,
tlen
cavity
rstal muscles
. pharlnrgitis [.farin'd3aitis]
. oxygen ['oksidgan]
Abdominal
cavity
iaphragm
zapalcnic gardla pneumonia [nju:'maunia] zapalcnie pluc
. pollen ['polan] pylck . reversible fri'va:sabl]
- odwracalny
. rhinitis frai'naitis] *niezyt

nosa. katar
. sore throat ['so:"0raut]
.
Fig.6. The thorax during brcathing: (A) inspiration, (B) expiration.
- b6l gardla spasmodic [spez'modik] spazmatyczny, skurczowy
. tonsillitis [.tonsi'laitis]
objqto66, pojcmnoSi
Respiratory symptoms include: fever, sore throat, dyspnoea (diffrculty inbreathing), cough, which may be dry or productive, sputum production, hoarseness, pain, nasal discharge, haemoptysis (coughing up blood), and cyanosis (bluish colour of the mucosa). In addition general malaise, weight loss, anaemia and weakness frequently accompany the local thoracic symptoms.
zapalenie migdalk6w . volume ['volju:m]
E. Donesch-Jeflo
t9
1.
What processes does the respiration consist of?
2. What is external respiration? 3. What is internal respiration? 4. How does the air enter the lungs? 5. What are the accessory organs of respiration? 6. How are the processes of inspiration and expiration carried out? 7. What are the most common diseases of the respiratory tract?
Doctor: Good morning, Mr. Walker. How are you today? Patient: Not so good. Doctor: I understand you still have some pain in your chest. Patient: Yes, it's very bad, especially when I cough. Doctor: Does your back ache, too? Patient: Yes, it does. I frequently have difficulties with breathing. Doctor: What's your temperature?
Patient: Not very high; Patient:
37.50C.
Doctor: I see. Now, where Doctor:
exactly have you got this pain? Here. Right along here. Thank you for a moment. Now, I'm going to examine you. Take a deep breath with your mouth open
investigations done in order to find out the cause of your problem. First of all, you'll have to get your chest X-rayed. Then for three consecutive momings you have to bring to the pathology laboratory a sampie ofthe phlegm that you cough up in the morning in order to find the pathogen responsible for your disease. Next, it will be necessary to do bronchoscopy. In this examination a narrow flexible tube is inserted to your bronchi and lungs to observe them and take samples of the tissue of your lungs, called biopsy. Don't worry, you will get a local anaesthetic before the tube is passed down into your lungs, so that you would not feel any pain. You will be admitted to hospital for a day or two to have it done.
(After an examination)
Doctor: I'd like you to have some specialist
EXERCISE C. Fill in the table explaining what happens with oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc., during inspiration and expiration. the rlbs the dlaphragm oxygen carDon oloxloe
Inspiration Expiration
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
6"
Wymiana gazowamiqdzy powietrzem atmosferycznymw pqcherzykach pfucnych, a krwi4 w kapilarach plucnych zwana jest oddychaniem zewnEtrznym. Wymiana gazowamiqdzy krwia a komorkami tkanek craNazwarra jest oddychaniem
wewnqtrznym.
Objawami infekcji dr6g oddechowych s4: gor4czka, kaszel, chrypka, dusznoSci oraz og6lne osiabienie. Proszq pokazat gdzie boli. Nalezy zrobil przeSwietlenie klatki piersiowej oraz bronchoskopiq oskrzeli i pluc, w czasie kt6rej wykonana bEdzie biopsja. Proszq przynie36 pr6bkq flegmy, kt6r4wykrztuszapan rano do badania bakteriologicznego.
EXERCISE E. Give the formal equivalents of the following terms. Each dash
one letter; some letters are given.
f)
represents
2. Armpit x a 3. Bottom b ts 4. Breathing _ _s_ _r_ _ _ _n 5. Breathing in i_ _ _i n 6. Breathing out e_ _ _ _a 7. Breastbone s 8. Chest ox 9. Coilar bone c v
1. Air sac
av
10. Kneecap 11. Limb

12.
13.
p_ _ _l_ _
xr
Shoulder blade
14.
15. 16.
17.
18.
Skull ln Small of the back Spinal column/spine V p Throat I Voice box ta Windpipe
__ l_ _a c____u_
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
UNIT
Word List
. anaemia [a'ni:mia]
THE BLOOD AI{D ITS DISORDERS
. bone marrow ['baun 'marau] szpik kostny . clot [klot] - skrzep . coagulation
fkau.egju'leiJan]
anemia
krzepniqcie
. connective tissue [ka'nektiv

'tisju:l
The blood is the sticky red fluid circulating in our veins and arteries. Its main functions are: transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, foodstuffs and hormones, defence against infections, and regulation of pH and temperature. The blood is a connective tissue. There are four primary constituents in the blood. They are: the fluid matrix called the plasma and three types of cells, namely, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Plasma is the fluid matrix of the blood. It is colourless and contains seven classes of substances: water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, wastes, gases and hormones. Water constitutes 91 per cent of plasma. Other materials are dissolved or suspended in this water. Plasma takes part in transport of some substances. Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC) are discoid, non-nucleated cells. They contain the red pigment and protein called haemoglobin. The human blood comprises 4.4to 5 million red blood cells per cubic millimetre. Erythrocytes carry oxygen from the lung capillaries to the body cells and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. Oxygen combined with haemoglobin gives the blood dark bluish red colour.
- tkanka l1cnra constituent [kan'stitjuant] - skladnik . count fkaunt] - iloS6; liczy6 . defensivc mechanism
fdi'fcnsiv'mcka.nizam]
mechanizm obronny zmniejszyt, niedob6r rozpu6ci6
. decrease [di:'kri:s]
. dcficiency [di'frJansi]
. dissolve [di'zolv] . dizziness ['dizinas] -zawr6t

enlargement [in'la:dgmant] powiqkszenie
gtowy
. exertion [ig'zafan]
wysilek
. erythrocyte [i'riOrosait]
crytrocyt, krwinka czerwona . fluid [fluid] - ptyn
. haemoglobin
[
#s& @
Lymphocyte Erythrocytes ./Iffi.:\ Ii:r'ffiFryI1.;.\,
.hi:ma'glaubin]
hemoglobina upo6ledzi6, uszkodzid
wzrasta6
. impair [im'pea]
. increase [in'kri:s] bialaczka
leukaemia [,lju:'ki:mia]
,ffix
. leukocyte ['lju:kasait]
lcukocyt, krwinka biala
u,w'n
. leukocytosis
[.lju:kasai'tausis]
\w/
Monocyte
leukocytoza, zwiqkszony poziom leukocyt6w we krwi . leukopcnia [.lju:ka'pi:nia] - lcukopcnia
Blood platelets
. matrix ['meitriks]
. multiplication
pomnozenie
substancja podstawowa
[.mnltipli'keiJan]
Fig.7 . Thc blood cells.
. nucleated ['nju:klietid]
jqdrzasty
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBC) are ameboid, nucleated cells. They are larger than erythrocytes. Their number is about 8,000 per cubic millimetre. There are two main groups of leukocytes: the granulocytes (granular leukocytes) which have granules in their cytoplasm and agranulocytes (non-granular leukocytes) which have no granules in their cytoplasm. Granulocytes are basophils, eosinophils and neukophils. Agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes. In general, leukocytes form the defensive mechanism of the body; they are part of the immune system. They ingest bacteria and produce antibodies against pathogenic organisms. Thrombocytes (blood platelets) are the smallest cells in the blood. They are non-nucleated and discoid in shape. The blood contains approximately 300,000 thrombocytes per cubic millimeke. They are mainly concerned with blood coagulation or blood clotting. Lymph is a liquid which consits of blood plasma, leukocytes and protein. The function of lymph is similar to that of blood. It circulates among the body tissues carrying oxygen and food. It also collects the waste materials from the cells.
. obese [au'bi:s] - oryfy . oedema [i'di:ma] - otylo66 . pale [peil] - blady

. plasma ['plazma]
krwi
osocze
.
.
sedimentation rate
szybkoS6 opadania suspended [sa 'spendid]
[,sedimen'teifn'reit]
zawicszony trombocyt, ptytka krwi
. thrombocyte ['Orombosait]
E. Donesch-Je2o
There are many types of disorders affecting the blood. The most common disorder of the blood is anaemia, which means deficiency of haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells. The patient feels weak, looks pale, may suffer headaches and slight fever. Leukaemia is the cancer-like disease of white blood cells. It is charactenzedby an uncontrolled multiplication or accumulation of white blood cells in the bone marrow, which replace normal maffow cells. There is also multiplication of white blood cells in such organs as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Leukaemic white blood cells multiply but they do not reach the stage at which they can defend infections. The body gradually loses its ability to fight infections. This is accompanied by anaemia and impaired blood clotting. Other disorders affecting the blood are: leukocytosis which is an increase in the number of white cells in the blood, leukopenia which means a lower than normal number of white blood cells. thrombocytosis - an increased number of platelets in the blood, thrombocytopenia - an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, and thrombosis - formation of a thrombus.
1.
What kind of tissue is the blood?
2. What are the main components of the blood? 3. What does plasma take part in? 4. What is the shape of erythrocytes and what is their quantity per cubic millimetre? 5. What is the function of erythrocytes? 6. What is the function of leukocytes? 7. What are thrombocytes concerned with?
Doctor: Doctor:
EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue. Hello, Robert. I don't want to waste your time, but can you spare me some
moments?
Consultant:
Certainly. What can I do for you?
I need a piece of advice. A patient, a45-year-old male, hypertensive, obese, with some specific symptoms was admitted to my ward three days ago. His pulse
was 100 per min., respirations 18 per min., blood pressure 1651100 mmHg, the chest X-ray showed enlargement of the left ventricle and pulmonary oedema. He gave a history of chest pain, acute headaches, occasional dizziness and dyspnoea on exertion of about one year duration. He has had increasing angina pectoris which has been present at rest. There was no history of ankle oedema. There's a positive family history. Consultant: What about his blood and urine tests? Doctor: His red blood count is 3,120,000/mm3, Hb 8g/dl, white blood count 15,000/mm3, sedimentation rate 20. His urine shows the presence of some proteins and bacteria, mainly Escherichia coli. Consultant: Haveelectrocardiogramandechocardiogrambeenordered? Doctor: Yes, they have. His ECG shows a little left ventricular hyperhophy and strain, the ST segment is decreased, the T wave looks normal, the rate and rhythm of his heart appears to be all right. His echocardiogram confirms hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Consultant: Have you ordered ultrasonography of the kidneys? Doctor: Yes, I have, but I haven't got the results yet. Consultant: When the results come, we'll see whether it is primary or secondary hypertension and what therapy should be instituted. In case there's a proved kidney failure, I'd put him on proper antibiotics, one of beta-blockers and possibly diuretics.
EXERCISE C. Fill in the following table using information in the reading passage.
Blood constituents
Shape
Number per cubic millimetre
Function
t1
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
EXERCISE D. (1) Study the word roots related to the blood and circulatory system.
root thrombarteriphlebocardiohema(to)sanguinangiovasWord
to clot Artery Vein Heart Blood Blood Blood vessel Blood vessel
Refers
Blood
Example Thrombus/Thrombi - skrzep/sk,rzepy Arteriosclerosis - stwardnienie tqtnic Phlebitis - zapalenie 2y* Cardiomegaly - powiqkszenie serca Hematology -nauka o krwi
Sanguinopoietic -krwiotworczy
Angiography - angiografia Vascularity -rLnaczynienie

The
(2) The suffix -oma means 'malignant neoplasm or tumour', e.g. Lymphoma is malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic system. Make up new terms from the roots given below and the suffrx -oma and define them as in the example.
hemato-
sffix -oma means 'malignant neoplasm or
tumour'
angloadeno-
osteo-
pleur-
1. Krew, kt6ra sklada siq z osocza oraz erytrocyt6w, leukocytow i trombocyt6w, spelnia wiele funkcji, takich jak rozprowadzanrepokarmu i tlenu do wszystkich kom6rek, obronaprzedinfekcjami or az V'r zepniqc ie w przyp adku us zko dzeni a nac zyni a krwi ono Sne go. 2. Najczqstsze choroby krwi to anemia, leukocytoza, leukopenia, tromb ocytoza,trombocytopenia, zakr zeptca i bialaczka. 3 . Pacj ent podal historiq nadciSnienia, b6lu w klatce piersiowej zawrot6w glowy oraz dusznoSci ,
przy wysilku.
4. zdjgie
5. 6.
rtg. pokazalo powiqkszone lew4 komorE serca i obrzqk pluc. Ultrasono grafranie wykazala istotnych zmian w nerkach. Pacjentowi przepisano antybiotyk, beta bloker oraz lek moczopqdny.
E. Donesch-Jeilo
-I
23
UNIT 10
Word List
. accompany [a'krmpani] . acquired [a'kwaiad]

-towarzyszyt
nabyty
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND ITS

DISORDERS
. arteriole [a:'tiariaul]
tqtniczka . arteriosclerosis
Ia:,tiariosklia'rausis]
stwardnienie tqtnic - arteria, tqtnica
. artery ['a:tari]
. atherosclerosis [.a0aro.sklia'rausis]
miazdzyca tqtnic
. atrium ['eitriam], (pl.)
atria - przedsionek . coarctation ofaorta
* wrodzony . coronary circulation
[.kaua:k"teifan av ei'ota] zwgicnie tqtnicy . congenital [kan'd3enital]
['koranari'sa: kju' leifan]
kr42enie wiericowe
. endocarditis
[.endauka:'daitis]
zapalenie
wsierdzia . Fallot's tehalogy
['falats ta'heladsi]
tetralogia Fallota
. Iumen ['lu:man]
(przewodu)
Swiatlo
. myocarditis [,maiaka:'daitis]
The main components of the cardiovascular system (CVS) are the heart, the blood vessels and the blood. The heart pumps the blood into elastic arteries, which lead to arterioles. These break up into nefworks of capillaries, which branch among the tissues. The return of the blood to the heart takes place through venules and veins. The heart is a cone-shaped hollow organ situated in the central part of the chest. Its apex is directed towards the diaphragm. The heart is approximately the size of a fist. The heart wall is built up of three layers of tissue: the pericardium, which is the outer layer, the myocardium or the cardiac muscle and the inner layer called the endocardium. The heart is divided into two sides by a septum; each side contains two chambers. The two upper chambers are called the atria or auricles, where the blood is received from the veins, and the two lower chambers called the ventricles pump the blood into the arteries. The septum which separates the atria from the ventricles contains the valves that prevent the blood from returning to the atria. The right atrioventricular valve is called the tricuspid valve because it has three flaps that open and close. When this valve is open, the blood flows freely from the right atrium into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle begins to contract, the valve closes, preventing the blood from returning to the right atrium. The left atrioventricular valve, called the bicuspid or mitral valve, has two flaps that work similarly to the tricuspid valve. The heart pumps the blood round the body through the blood vessels distributing the oxygen and food and taking back carbon dioxide and other wastes. Blood vessels leading to and from the lungs form the pulmonary circulation; the blood vessels leading to and from the tissues in the body form the systemic
zapalenie miqSnia sercowego . patent ductus arteriosus
circulation
Blood poor in oxygen Brood rich in oxygen
['peitent'd,rktas a:'tiariosas]
dro2ny przew6d tqtniczy
. pericarditis [.perika:'daitis]
. portal circulation ['po:tal .sa:kju' lcifan]
kr42enie wrotne
- zapalenie osierdzia -
. pulmonary ['pnlmanari]
ptucny przegroda rozprzesttzeniat
Pulmonary artery Superior vena cava
. septum ['septam]
Pulmonary vein Left atrium
. spread [spred] . systemic circulation

[si'stemik .sa:kju' leifan]
krq2enie o96lnoustrojowe
Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Inferior vena cava

Hepatic vein
Mitral valve
ventricle Coronarv arterv
Hepatic artery (liver) :mic artery -
. thrombus ['Orombas]
Hepatic portal vein
- skrzeplina " tightness ['taitnis] - ciasnota. Sciskanie . valve [velv] zastawka . vein [vein] - Zyla
. ventricle ['ventrikl]
Arteries to most abdominal organs artery (kidney)
Renal vein
- komora (sercowa) . venule ['venjul] 2ytka Veins of legs Fig.8. The pulmonary and systemic circulation.
The portal circulation is a branch of the general circulation carrying the blood rich in foodstuffs from the abdominal organs to the liver. The coronary circulation, which is also a branch of the systemic circulation, supplies the heart wall with the blood.
24
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
The blood flows into the right atrium from the venae cavae (vena cava superior and vena cava inferior). It passes into the right ventricle, which pumps it out along the pulmonary artery to the lungs. There the blood leaves carbon dioxide and takes oxygen. It returns along the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, passes into the left ventricle, and is pumped out through the aorta into smaller arteries that lead to the trunk, arrns, legs and the brain. Common circulatory disorders affect mainly the heart. They may be either congenital deformities or acquired heart diseases. Congenital heart disorders comprise such anomalies as patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of aorta, afral septal defect or Fallot's tetralogy. There are many forms of acquired heart diseases, for example, pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, or inflammation of th e aorta,aortitis. One of the commonest diseases of arteries is arteriosclerosis, which is characterrzedby thickening and hardening of the arterial walls. A form of this disease is atherosclerosis in which the arteries become narrowed or clogged with deposits of fatty material, mainly cholesterol in the form of atheromas. Atherosclerosis is progressive and usually does not produce symptoms until there is significant blockage of the blood flow. Sometimes, in fact one of the first symptoms of this disease is heart affack. The heart attack is caused by sudden cutting off the blood supply by a clot (thrombus). As a result of the lack of blood, part of the muscle is damaged and loses the ability to contract. This condition is known as myocardial infarction. The first symptom ofheartattackis a feeling of tightness orpressure in the central part of the chest, spreading to the back, jaw and arrns. The pain is accompanied by shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, and dizziness. The risk factors of atherosclerosis are: high level of cholesterol, high blood pressure (hypertension), cigarette smoking, obesity, a sedentary life style, ageing, being male and heredity.
i.
2. What is the function of auricles and ventricles? 3. How does the blood reach the lungs? 4. Where is the blood oxygenated? 5. Where is the blood pumped from the left venhicle? 6. What are common circulatorv diseases?
What are the main constituents of the circulatory system?
4. It ........ through the pulmonary artery ........ to the lungs. 5. It ........ out of the lungs through ........ and ........ into the left
EXERCISE C. Define the following:
Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation Coronary circulation Portal circulation Atherosclerosis Heart infarct
EXERCISE B. complete these sentences, using the verbs pass and flow. 1. Blood........ from the venae cavae into the 2. Blood ........ through the ........ to the right ventricle. 3. Blood ........ out of the ........ through the pulmonary artery.
EXERCISE D. Translate into Polish.

On 5th April a43-year-old male was admitted to hospital with acute central chest pain of 12 hours duration. He had difficulties with breathing. On the second day the heart munnurs were heard on auscultation, which disappeared 24 hours later. Then he developed anhythmia, which decreased after 2 hours. A weak pulse was palpated on the wrist. Three days prior to the admission, the patient had suffered a sporadic severe chest pain in the region of the heart. The pain spread towards the jaws and the left shoulder and down the left arm to fingers. The pain was relieved for a short time by nitroglycerin infusion. The rest of the chest was clear to auscultation and percussion. There was no history of nausea or ankle swelling. About five years ago he was treated forkidney infection. His bloodpressure was 140/95, pulse 75, temperature 37.90C. Diagnosis of myocardial infarction was confirmed by ECG and laboratory tests. The patient stayed in hospital for six weeks. He was prescribed a combined pharmacotherapy with heparin, atropine, dopamine, dobutamine, and epinephrine. Additionally, he underwent coronary angioplasty. He responded well to the therapy and was discharged home in a good condition on 20th May. The patient was asked to return to hospital for a check-up in four weeks' time. He was given very clear and strict instructions about his diet, work, exercise, and use of stimulants.
E. Donesch-Jeto
-I
r
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7
15 marca
56-letni merzczyznazostalprzyjqty do szpitala z objawami silnego b6lu
w okolicy serca. B6l promieniowal w kierunku szyi i lewego barku. Trzy latatemu pacjent leczony byl na przewlekle zapaleme staw6w. Podczas ostuchiwania klatki piersiowej, w okolicy serca slyszalne byly szmery serca.
Na nadgarstku wyczuwalne bylo slabe tqtno. Rozpoznanie zawaltt serca zostalo potwierdzone przez elektrokardiogram oraz badania
laboratoryjne.
MuszE podad choremu tabletkE nitrogliceryny, zmierzy6 ci3nienie krwi
i zrobil
elektrokardiogram. 8. Przed snem pielqgniarka musi poda6 choremu Srodek uspokajaj4cy. 9. Obawiam siq, ze to moze by1 zawat przedniej Sciany serca. 10. A: Jak czqsto bede musiala mierzyt choremu tqtno i ciSnienie krwi? B: Proszq mrerzyl tqtno co 15 minut i ciSnienie krwi co p6l godziny, dopoki jego oddech nie
1
1.
bqdzie normalny. Pacjent, po 6-tygodniowym pobycie w szpitalu , zostat wypisany w dobrym stanie zdrowta29
kwietnia.
EXERCISE F. Give the formal equivalents of the following terms. Each dash letter; some letters are given.
f)
represents one
1. Atrium
a___c__
2. Bicuspid valve 3. Cardiac muscle 4. Circulatory system 5. Clot 6. Coagulation 7. Defensive system 8. Heart attack 9. Red blood cell
10.
1
t lv
_v
c
v a- _y_ _ _m
_l_
h
i__ u__ s___e_
ir
1.
White blood cell Blood platelet
--t
i
I
t t t
t I I I
26
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
UNIT
11
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
* przew6d 26lciowy
Word List . anus ['einas] - odbyt . bile duct ['bail 'dnkt] . bowel ['baual] - jelito . caccum ['si:kam] - jelito
6lepc
The function of the digestive system is to break down food into chemical components that the body can absorb and use for energy and building cells and tissues. The digestive systern, which is also called the gastrointestinal system (GIS) is a long tube divided into several parts: the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The mouth is bounded by the upper and lower lips. The gums with teeth are situated behind them. The mouth contains the tongue and the salivary glands located around it. There are parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, all of them producing saliva. The pharynx, which is also referred to as the throat, is a short muscular tube leading to the oesophagus. The openings of the Eustachian tube are at the sides of the pharynx. The tonsils are situated below them. A long muscular tube known as the oesophagus ieads from the pharynx through the neck and thorax to the stomach. The stomach, a large ovoid J-shaped sack, lies below the diaphragm. The mucous membrane lining the inner wails of the stomach produces the gashic juice which is composed of several enzymes. The gastric juice together with the hydrochloric acid take part in the process of digestion. The entrance to the stomach is regulated by the cardiac sphincter. The stomach exit is regulated by the pyloric sphincter. They permit the passage of substances in only one direction. The small intestine, which passes from the stomach, is the longest part of the digestive system (it is 3 to 4 m long). It is divided into three regions: the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The bile duct from the liver opens into the duodenum. The large intestine begins with the caecum. A small blind tube called vermiform appendix is attached to the first part of the caecum. The caecum passes into the colon, which is divided into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon. The colon empties into the rectum. The terminal part of the digestive tube is an opening known as the anus. The organs associated with the digestive system are the liver, the gallbladder and the pancreas.
. cardia ['ka:dia] - wpust . colon ['kaulan] - okrq2nica . diarrhoea [.daia'ria]
bicgunka
. digestive system
[di'd3estiv 'sistam] - uklad pokarmowy . duodcnum ['djua'di:nam] - dwunastnica . cnzymc ['cnzaim] - enzym . Eustachian tubc [u:'stcikian 'tju:b] - h4bka Eustachiusza . gallbladdcr ['go: l'bleda] - pqchcrzyk 2olciov"ry . gashic juice ['grstric 'd3u:sl sok 2ol4dkowy . gum [gr.m] - dzi4sto . hydrochloric acid
[.haidra'klorik 'esid]
solny
kwas
. ileum ['iliam] - jclito krqte, krqtnica . jejunum [dgi'd3u:nam] jelito czcze

. livcr ['liva]
'membrcinl
. mucous mcmbrane ['mju:kas . muscular ['mnskjula]
w4troba
blona Sluzowa
miqSniowy
. nausca ['no:sia] - nudnoSci . ocsophagus [i:'sofagas]

przclyk
trzustka
Parotid salivary gland

Pharynx
Tongue
. pancrcas ['parlkrias]
Oral cavity Submaxillary salivary gland Sublingual salivary gland
. pylorus [pai'lo:ras] - odZwicmik . rectum ["rcktam]
. parotid [pa'rotid] -przwszny
Oesophagus
. rclicvc fri'li:v] * zlagodzit, . saliva [sa'laiva] - Slina
prostnica, odbytnica
. salivary gland ['salivari 'glandl - grtczol Slinowy
. sigmoid I'sigmoidl -
csica
.
Gallbladder
Stomach
Liver
Duodenum Transverse colon Ascending colon Diaphragm
Spleen Pancreas Descending colon
. . .
sphinctcr ['sfiqkta] zwicracz splccn fspli:n] - Sledziona stomach ['stnmak] - 2ol4dek sublingual [s^b'liqgwal] submandibular
- podjqzykowy
[.s,rbmnn'dibjula]
Jejunum
- podzuchwowy
Cecum
Ileum
Rectum
. throat [0raut] - gardlo . tonguc [tnqJ * jqzyk
Vermiform appendix
. vcrmiform appendix
['va:mifo:m a'pendiks]
Fig.9. The digcstive system.
wyrostck robaczkowy
. vomit ['vomit] - wymiotowai
E. Donesch-Jein
11
-..-
1. What are the functions of the digestive system? 2. What are the main parts of the digestive system? 3. What does the mouth contain? 4. What is the mouth bounded by? 5. What lies at the sides of the pharynx? 6. Where is the stomach situated? 7. What does the stomach wall secrete? 8. What are the main segments of the small intestine? 9. What terminates the digestive tube?
EXERCISE B. Look at the following diagram and complete the sentences below
Oesophagus
Diaphragm Cardiac portion of stomach
Liver
Pyloric portion of stomach Pyloric sphincter
Duodenum
Fig.10. The stomach.
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The The The The The The
the .... opening of the stomach. (distal, proximal) to the stomach. (lateral, medial) spleen lies .......... ... to the stomach. (superior, inferior) liver is situated stomach is situated .......... to the diaphragm. (superior, inferior) pylorus is the .... opening of the stomach. (distal, proximal) portion of the small intestine. (distal, proximal) duodenum is the ..........
cardia is
EXERCISE C. Study the following dialogue. Mrs. Jones: Good morning, doctor. It's Mrs. Jones speaking. I'm terribly worried about my
husband. He feels very sick. He has an acute stomachache, nausea and he can't
sleep.
Doctor: Mrs. Jones: Doctor: Mrs. Jones: Doctor: Mrs. Jones: Doctor: Mrs. Jones:
Doctor:
How long has he been feeling like this?

Since last Monday.
What's his appetite like? He has lost his appetite, he's been offfood for the last three days. Has he been vomiting? Yes, he has. He has vomited twice today. He is very weak and sweating terribly all the time. Are his bowel movements all right? They were, until Monday. Then he got diarrhoea. Can you come, doctor, and see my husband as soon as possible. He's so bad that I Qan't take him to your
surgery.
Don't woffy.
husband.
I'll
I'll be at your place in half an hour and have a good look at your also prescrible some drugs to relieve the symptoms.
EXERCISE D. (1) Study the word roots related to the digestive system.
Word root
stoma(to)-, oro-
Refers to Mouth
Example
Oronasal
- ustno-nosowy
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
oesopha(go)gastr(o)duoden(o)enter(o)col(ono)rectocholecysthepat(o)pancrea-
Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Gallbladder
Oesophag eal
przelykoor.y
Gastritis -meLytiolqdka
Duodenopathy - choroba dwunastnicy Enterography - enterografia Colitis -me2yt jelita grubego Rectostenosis - zwqLeme odbytnicy Cholecystitis - zapalenie pqcherzyka
an(o)-
Anus
Liver Pancreas
o."r.r';t":'lTlfir".o-pEcherzowy
Hepatitis
zapalenie w4troby
Pancreatitis
- zapalenie trzustki
The suffix -scopy means
(2) The suffix -scopy means 'viewing the system or organ with a scope',e.g. Colonoscopy is viewing the colon with a colonoscope. Make up new terms from the roots given below and the suffix
-scopy and explain their meaning as in the example.
OesophagoGastroDuodenoEnteroRecto-
'viewing the system or organ with a scope'
Cholecysto- ............
HepatoPancreato
EXERCISE E. Translate into English. 1. Przewod pokarmowy sklada siq z wielu odcink6w: ust, gard\a, przelyku,,2olqdka. jelita cienkiego, jelita grubego zakohczonego odbytem oraz gruczol6w trawiennych: wqtroby
2.
3. 4. 5.
Sciany Zolqdkawydzielaj4 soki trawienne zawierajqce enzymy oraz kwas solny. Pacent cierpi na b61 2olqdka, nudnoSci i brak apetytu od trzech dni. CzEsto wymiotuje i ma biegunkg. Po zbadaniu pacjentalekarz przepisat leki, kt6re zlagodzlly objawy.
E. Donesch-Jei,o
-I
UNIT
12
Word List . amino acid [a'mi:nau 'esid]
aminokwas
. antacid lant'Esid]
zwiqzek
zobojqtniaj4cy kwas . bile fbail] * ilAe,
THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION AND GASTROINTE STINAL DISORDERS
. carcinoma [,ka:si'nauma]
. chew [tfu:] 2u6 . chyme [kaim] - miazga
- rak
pokarmowa
. colitis fka'laitis]
zapalenie
okrqZnicy . diarrhoea [,daia'ria] - biegunka
. discomfort [dis'k".mfat]
dolegliwo66, zle samopoczucie
. diverticulitis
[daiva.tikju'laitis] - zapalenie uchylka . erosion [i'rau3n] -nad|erka . cxacerbation [eks,esa'beifn]
- zaostrzenie - nadmierny
. excessive [ik'sesiv]
. faeces ['fi:si:z] - kal, stolec . fat [fet] - tluszcz . fatfy acid [.freti 'asid]
kwas ttuszczowy zapalenie, nie2yt 2ol4dka
. gastritis [.gas'traitis]
. glycerol ['glisaraul] - gliceryna, glicerol
. haematemesis
[,hi:ma'temisis]
* wymioty
krwawc . maltose ['mo:ltaus] - maltoza . melaena fma'li:na] - smolowate stolce . moisten ['moisn] -zwiILy(, . patch [petfJ - lata . peristalsis [.peri'stelsis] - ruch robaczkowy jelit
. protein ['prauti:n] . ptyalin ['taialin] . rennin ['renin]
bialko,
proteina
The process of digestion begins when food is in the mouth. Chewing breaks food into smaller pieces which are moistened and initially digested by the saliva. The saliva, which contains enzyme salivary amylase, begins the breakdown of starch. Then the foodpasses down through the oesophagus into the stomach. The main processes of digestion occur in the stomach. The walls of the stomach secrete gastric juice composed of enzymes and hydrochloric acid. These enzymes, pepsin and gastric lipase, break down proteins into peptones and some fats, like butter, into fatty acids and glycerol. In young children, rennin acts on the protein in the milk. The semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juice that leaves the stomach is called chyme. From the stomach, the chyme passes into the small intestine. It is moved through the small intestine by movements known as peristalsis. Here the process of digestion is completed by the action of bile secreted by the liver, pancreatic juice secreted by the pancreas, and by the action of enzymes secreted by the walls of the small intestine. Peptones are changed to peptides and then to amino acids, fats are converted into fatty acids and glycerol, and carbohydrates into simple sugars: glucose, fructose and galactose. The products of digestion are absorbed by the villi of the small intestine and carried by the blood to the tissues. Undigested food passes on to the large intestine. Here water is absorbed and faeces is formed, which is eliminated from the body every twenty four hours. Main disorders of the digestive system affect almost all its parts. Common diseases ofthe stomach are gastritis, ulcer and carcinoma. They cause loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, malnutrition and abdominal pain. The duodenum and the stomach are frequently affected by peptic ulceration. It is caused by the erosion of small patches in the mucous membrane which lines the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or occasionally in other parts of the digestive tract, such as the oesophagus and colon. This erosion is caused by excessive production of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes. The first symptom is a persistent burning pain in the epigastric region of the abdomen, which is relieved by food or antacid drugs. The pain may last for a few days, weeks or months, exacerbations occur in spring or autumn. In the severe cases, bleeding, or even perforation of the stomach or duodenum may occur which is manifested by melaena and haematemesis. Diseases of the large intestine are colitis, carcinoma and diverticulitis. The symptoms are diarrhoea, abdominal pain
and discomfort.
ptialina
podpuszczka
. villi (pl.) ['vilai], (sing,) villus - kosmki
. starch [sta:tJl - skrobia ' ulcer ['^lsa] - wrz6d
TABLE 2. A summary of the process of digestion

Site Secretion Saliva Gastric iuice Enzymes Substrates Starch Proteins
Fats
Products
Mouth
Stomach
Salivarv amvlase
Pepsin
Maltose
Peptones Fatty acids, glycerol Peptones
Lipase Rennin
Small Pancreatic
intesinte
juice
Pancreatic amylase Lioase
Proteins in milk Polysaccharides
Maltose
Lipids
Proteins (Peptones)
Peptones
Trypsin Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Glvcerol and fattv acids Polypeptides -+ Amino acids

Polypeptides -+
Polypeptides
Amino acids Amino acids
30
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
Site
Secretion
Enzymes
Substrates
Products
Intestinal juice
Aminopeptidase Maltase
Sucrase
Polypeptides Maltose
Sucrose Lactose
Amino acids
Ulucose
Glucose and fructose Glucose and Galactose
Lactase
EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. l. Where does the process of digestion begin?
2. What is the function of the saliva? 3. What do the walls of the stomach secrete? 4. What is the function of the enzymes in the stomach? 5. What is chyme? 6. What processes are completed in the small intestine? 7. What happens with the digested and undigested food? 8. What are the cornmon diseases of the digestive system?
EXERCISE B. Complete the sentences with the appropriate verbs (active or passive).
1.
In the mouth the
2. The walls of the stomach 3. In the stomach, the food 4. The enzymes and bile ......... 5. The products of digestion 6. The undigested food ........
Dr
Mr.
food
.... and .... gastric juices. .... into chyme.
initially
.... by the saliva.
the fats. .... by the villi. on into the large intestine.
EXERCISE C. Practise the following dialogue.
Evans'
f;:3,,T:T;:i',H?;;:"J#'"#;",:il,?ff8'JJlTlJ,*Tli'J"",','$.,",
questions?
Yes, fine.
Benson: Dr. Evans:

Dr. Burns: Dr. Evans:
I'd be interested to answer your questions. This is Mr.Benson, who is 5l years old. He works as an accountant for a big hrm. He is married, with three children. Mr.Benson's problem are peptic ulcers. What were his complaints on admission? A severe, burning upper abdominal pain, tenderness to deep and superficial palpation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, occasional melaena and lack of
appetite. When was Mr.Benson admitted to hospital? Five days ago. How long have you been bothered by these symptoms, Mr.Benson? The pain started about two years ago. At first the pain appeared in spring and autumn. It wasn't a continuous pain, it was on and off. It was on about an hour after ameal. But now I feel it all the time. Was there anything that relieved the pain? Oh yes. Some food and a glass of milk seemed to make it better. Now, no relief
at all. Can you show where it hurts.
Burns: Evans: Dr. Burns: Mr. Benson:

Dr. Dr.
Dr.
Mr. Benson:
Dr.
Burns:
Burns: Mr. Benson: Dr. Burns: Mr. Benson: Dr. Burns: Mr. Benson: Dr. Burns:
Right here (indicating the epigastric abdominal area). Have you lost any weight? Nearly eight kilos in the last two months. I've had no appetite, you see. What about smoking and drinking? I smoke about 20 cigarettes a day and drink a pint of beer a day. I'd like to check your abdomen. Could you take off your pyjamas top, please, Mr. Benson. Thank you. Now, lie flat, hands by your sides. Try to relax your abdominal muscies. Breathe in and out slowly. I'm going to press here a little. Let me know if it hurts you here.
The sffix -ectomy means 'excision of '
EXERCISE D. The suffix -ectomy means 'excision of', e.g. Appendectomy is the excision of the appendix. Make up new terms from the word roots given below and the suffix
-ectomy and explain their meaning as in the example.
E. Donesch-JeLo
31
GastrDuodenIle- ......... Jejun-
ColonCholecystPancreatSplen-
1.
Papka pokarmowa jest przesuwanazilol4dka do jelita cienkiego, a nastEpnie do jelita grubego dziqki perystaltyce Scian 2ol4dka i jelit.
W jelicie cienkim produkty trawienia s4wchlaniane do krwi, kt6ra rozprowadza je do wszystkich tkanek ctala. Jedn4 z czEstych dolegliwoSci ukladu pokarmowego jest owrzodzenie jelit. Chory skar?y siq na silny, piek4cy b6l nadbrzusza i nudnoSci. Zjedzenre posilku i wypicie szklanki mleka ztagodzilob6l. Chory twierdzi, ze najsilniejszy atak b6lu wyst4pil wczoraj w nocy.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
UNIT 13
Word List
anuria [a'njuaria]
THE URINARY SYSTEMAND ITS DISORDERS
(nerki)
-bezmocz . bladder ['blada] pEcherz . calyx ['keiliks] kielich -
. cortex ['ko:teks] kora dysuria [disjuaria]
The function of the urinary system, which is also called the genitourinary system (GUS), is to secrete and eliminate the liquid waste products of metabolism (urine) from the body. Organs that comprise the urinary system are: two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.
Vena cava
bolesne, trudne oddawanie moczu
. failurc ['fcilja]
- niewydolnoS6 .
. glomerulus [glo'merulas]
klqbuszek nerkowy haematuria ['hi:ma'duaria]
krwiomocz
Calyx
Pelvis
Nephron Renal vein
Medulla
Cortex
incontincnce fin'kontinans] - nietrzymanie moczu . kidney ['kidni] nerka . Icsion ['li:3an] -zmiana chorobowa . medulla [ma'dnla] rdzeh, substancja rdzenna . neoplasm ['ni:oplazm]
nowotw6r
zapalenie nerek
. nephritis [ne'fraitis]
Bladder
. nephroblastoma
[.nefroblas'tauma]
nerczak niedojrzaly, guz
Wilmsa
. nephron ['nefron]
. nocturia fnok'tjuaria]
nefron
Fig.1l. The urinary system. Urethra
. oliguria [oli'gjuaria]
sk4pomocz
nadmicrna diureza nocna
. pelvis ['pelvis]
miedniczka nerkowa
The kidneys are bean-shaped structures located on the posterior abdominal wall. Each kidney is built up of an outer layer called the cortex and the inner portion called the medulla. Each kidney is surrounded by a membrane called the capsule. The medulla is made up of nephrons. Each kidney contains about one million nephrons. The nephron is a tiny coiled tube with a network of capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule. The tubule leads from the Bowman's capsule to the calyx and then to the pelvis where urine collects before passing into the ureter. The ureter extends down from the pelvis of each kidney to the bladder. The bladder is a muscular sack in which the urine is stored
. pyelonephritis
[.paialona 'fraitis] odmiedniczkowe zaoalenie nerck
. pyuria fpaijuaria]
ropomocz
zatrzy manic, wstrzym secrete fsi:'kri:t]
an i e
. rctcntion [ri'tcntn]
before
it is eliminated from the body. The urethra leads the urine from
the bladder directly to the
- wydzielad
external opening in the female and via the penis in the male. Disorders of the urinary tract range from mild infections to serious disorders that obstruct the urine flow. Urinary tract infections are caused by the presence of bacteria, usually Escherichia coli. Infection may occur in any part of the urinary tract and may affect the bladder (cystitis), the urethra (urethritis), the kidney (nephritis) or both the kidney and the renal pelvis (pyelonephritis). Signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections are pain in the lower back, frequent painful and burning urination, haemafuria. nocturia, urine incontinence and tissue oedema. Tumours of the kidney include benign mass that causes little trouble and malignant neoplasms, e.g. nephroblastoma. Urinary stones (urolithiasis), which are calcium deposits formed in the kidney or ureters, are manifested by acute pain, oliguria, dysuria and pyuria. Al1 these disorders may lead to renal failure, the condition when the kidneys are unable to remove metabolic wastes from the body. The symptoms of renal failure include: general malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, lethargy or mental confusion. Untreated renal failure leads to a fatal condition called uraemia (an excess of urea and other wastes in the blood). Dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary to maintain life.
ncrkowy
. tiny ['taini] maly . tracc [treis] - 6lad . tubulc ['tju:bju:l] - kanalik

mocznica moczow6d cewka moczowa
. uraemia Iua'ri:mia]
. ureter ffua'ri:ta]
. urethra ffua'ri:Ora]
. urinary system
wydalniczy . urine I juarin]
juarinari 'sistam] - uklad
mocz
E. Donesch-Jeilo
-I
1. What is the function of the urinary system? 2. What does the urinary system consist ofl 3. What is the structure of the kidney? 4. What are the symptoms of the urinary tract diseases? 5. What is renal failure caused bv?
EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue and answer the questions below. Mrs. Miller: Is this Dr. Martin's surgery? Dr. Martin: Yes, and it's Dr. Martin speaking. Mrs. Miller: Good morning, doctor. It's Mrs. Miller here. I'm tenibly worried about my
husband.
Dr. Martin: Mrs. Miller:
Dr. Martin: Mrs. Miller: Dr. Martin: Mrs. Miller: Dr. Martin: Mrs. Miller: Dr. Martin: Mrs. Miller: Dr. Martin:
What's the houble with him, Mrs. Miller? He has an awful pain in his back. He says it's a deep pain in the lower part of his back. He also had some episodes of nausea and vomiting. His temperature is elevated. How long has he had these symptoms? It all started yesterday evening. The pain came suddenly at about 7 p.m. Has he any difficulty in passing water? Oh yes, he has. He says he feels a burning pain while passing water. Now he can't pass his water at all because it hurts him badly. Has he had any urinary tract infection lately? Yes, he has. A year ago he had acute pyelonephritis. He got it after flu complications but since then he's been all right. Has your husband noticed any blood in his water? Yes, this morning he noticed some traces of blood. I'm afraid it may be the kidney stone or some kidney infection. Pain and retention of urine indicate it but I can tell exactly after the examination of your husband. I think I shall take him to hospital for urinalysis, urography, scintigraphy of kidneys and other lab tests.
Answer the questions: 1. How long has Mr. Miller been unwell? 2. What kind of pain has he?
3, 4. 5.
1.
Has he got high temperature? Has he any difficulty with passing his water? What does the doctor suspect?
EXERCISE C. Write out the following sentences, choosing the correct locative adjective.
The kidneys
2. The bladder is situated ........... to the kidney. 3. The kidneys are situated .... to the vertebral column. 4. The pelvis is the .... cavity of the kidney. 5. The external opening is the ..... opening of the urethra. 6. The cortex lies .......... to the medulla.
EXERCISE D. Match the symptoms of the urinary tract diseases with their definitions.
lie
.... to the stomach.
1. Dysuria 2. Haematuria 3. Pyuria 4. Oliguria 5. Anuria 6. Nocturia 7. Glucosuria 8. Ketonuria 9. Proteinuria

10.
Polyuria
11. Incontinence
a) the absence of urine formation b) frequent urination at night c) inability to control urination d) frequent urination e) excessive arnounts of protein in the urine 0 difficult or painful urination g) presence of pus in the urine h) slight or infrequent urination i) presence of blood in the urine j) excessive concentration of ketones in the urine k) presence of glucose in urine
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
f
I
fl
lt,
EXERCISE E. (1) Study the word roots related to the urinary system. Provide examples of your
owl.
root urocyst(o)nephr(o)urethrureterohyster(o)colpoorchigenit(o)Word
uri-,
Refers to Example Urinary system Urolithiasis - kamicamoczowa Bladder Cystitis -zapaleniepqcherza Kidney Nephrodema- obrzqk nerki Urethra Urethritis - zapalenie cewki moczowej Ureter(s) Ureterostoma - przetokamoczowodu Hysterectomy - wyciqcie macicy Uterus Vagina Colposcopy-wziernikowanie pochwy Testes Orchitis - zapalenie j4der Genital structures Genitourinary -moczowo-plciowy
(2) The suflix -otomy mears 'incision or cut into', e.g. Nephrotomy is the cut into the kidney. The sulftx -otomy means Make up new terms from the roots givan below and the suffix -otomy and explain theirmeaning as 'incision or cut into' the example.
in
CystUrethrUreterTrache-
HysterThorac-
LaryngDuoden-
EXERCISE F. Translate into English. 1 . Nerki polozone sq na tylnej Scianie j^y brzusznej. 2. Miej sce, gdzie rozpoczpa siq moczow6d, zwarlej est miedniczkqnerkow4. 3. Symptomamizabtrzehukladu moczowego sq: b61,zatrzymanie moczu, moczenie nocne, zbyt czEste oddawanie moczu oraz krwiomocz. 4. Chory odczuwa silny bol w dolnej czqSci plec6w. 5. Od kiedy czuje pan b6l?
6. Chory odczuwa pal4cy b6l podczas oddawania moczu. 7. Jak dlugo ma pan problemy z oddawaniem moczu? 8. Czy cierpialpankiedykolwiek na infekcjq nerek? 9. Jestem pewna, Zepacjentma kamienie nerkowe.
EXERCISE G. Give the formal equivalents ofthe following terms. Each dash letter; some letters are given.
f)
represents one
L Belly/tummy
2. Bowel/gut 3. Childbirth 4. Digestive system 5. Excretory system 6. Genitals 7. Gum 8. Lowerjaw 9. Mouth
10. Stone I l. Stool
12. Upper 13. 15. 14. Water 16. Watery
_n___t___ lr
u
ys
u
m
o
r
g
m
o c
f
jaw
u u
Urinary stones
Waterworks stool
s___e_
a
B. Donesch-JeLo
UNIT 14
Word List . abscess ['ebsis] - ropieri . accelerate fak'selareit]
przyspiesza6
. autonomic [.o:ta'nomik]
autonomiczny
THE NERVOUS SYSTEMAND ITS DISORDERS
. axon ['aksan] - akson . brain fbrein] - mozg . bundle [bnndl] - pqczek,

wi4zka
. cenfral ['sentral] - centralny . cerebellum [.seri'belam]
- m62d2ek . cerebrum ['seribram.

-m6zg
concussion fkan'knJan]
* wstrzqs . consciousness ['konJasnis]
- przytomno66
. degeneration
Idi . d3ena - degeneracj a, zwyrodnieni c
'reifan]
. dementia [di'menfa]
demencja dendryt
. dendrite ['dendrait]
. dizziness ['dizinas] -zawr6t . drowsiness ['drauzinis]
The functions of the nervous system are control and coordination of all body systems and organs and receiving information about external environment. The nervous system reacts both to internal and external stimuli. The nervous system is divided into three parts: the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral neryous system and the autonomic nervous system. The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron. Each neuron consists of the cell body, dendrites and axon. The cell body contains cytoplasm and a nucleus. The dendrites are branched projections which conduct impulses to the cell body, the axon is a single long projection that conducts impulses away from the cell body. The main function of the neuron is transmission of impulses. The axon of one neuron transmits impulses to the dendrite of another neuron. The synapse is a place of junction between the axon and the dendrite. Certain chemicals, called neurotransmitters enable the impulses to jump over the synapse. Each nerve is a bundle of axons of many neurons.
Dendrites
glolvy
senno66, ospaloSd
. encephalitis fen.sefa'laitis] . environment
- zapalenic m6zgu
Iin'vaiaranmant]
otoczenie, Srodowisko
. epileptic seizurc [.epi'leptik si:ga] - napad
padaczkowy
. fold Ifauldl
. gray matter ['grei 'mata]
Fis. 12. Neuron.

fald, zagiqcic
Synaptic knobs
substancja szara upoSledzenie
. handicap ['hendikap]
. hemisphere ['hemisfia]
p6lkula .haidra'sefalas]
The central nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord and the nerves that branch off the brain and the spinal cord. There are I 2 pairs of cerebral nerves and 3 I pairs of spinal nerves.
Cerebrum Corpus callosum
. hydrocephalus
-wodoglowie . impulse ['imp"^ls]
. meninges [ma'nind3is]
impuls
. meningitis [.menin'dgaitis]
zapalenic opon m6zgowych
opony
Frontal lobe
. migraine ['mi:grcin]
migrena
Corpora
Thalamus Hypothalamus quadrigernina Pineal gland
. multiple sclerosis
['maltipl sklia'rausis]
stwardnienie rozsiane
Olfactory lobe Pituitary gland

Pons
Occipital lobe
. myelin ['maialin]
. neryous system ['na:vas 'sistam]
mielina
uklad
Cerebellum
nerwowy . neurosis [nju:'rausis] - nerwica . parasympathetic [.para ,simpa - przywsp6lczulny
Medulla obligata
Spinal cord
t
'0etik]
Fis. 13. The brain.
. paresis ['parisis]
niedowiad, pateza obwodowy
. peripheral [pa'rifaral]
The brain, which is composed of a great number of neurons, lies in the cranial cavity in the skull. Its three main parts are: the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres, right and left, by the longitudinal fissure. The outerportion of the cerebrum, which consists of cell bodies, is called the gray matter. It has a greatnumber of folds on the surface. Certain areas of the cerebrum are responsible for specific functions, such as: seeing, hearing, thinking, speak-
36
Engtish for Medical Students and Doctors
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
SO-calledwhite matter. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements and regulates balance. The function ofthe brain stem is to transmit sensory impulses to the brain from the spinal cord aad motor impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. The autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary action of such organs as the heart, blood vessels, lungs and intestines. This system consists of two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. They work in opposition to each other; if one of them increases the activity of an organ, the other decreases it, e.g. the sympathetic system accelerates the heart action, the parasympathetic slows it down. Diseases affecting the nervous system may be congenital (hydrocephalus), traumatic (head injury spinal cord injury), degenerative (multiple sclerosis), or infectious (meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess). Disturbances in the brain development usually lead to congenital mental handicap or mental retardation. Any injury to the brain, even the mildest one called concussion, can cause loss of consciousness. Tumours of the brain arerare and do not tend to form metastases in other parts of the body. In early stages they are treated surgically. Modern scanning techniques enable early detection of tumours and other lesions in the brain. Disturbances of blood supply which are closely related to atherosclerosis and hypertension can cause a stroke manifested by paresis, hemiparesis, or paralysis. Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system causing progressive degeneration of some parts of the brain and spinal cord. Signs and symptoms caused by pathological conditions of the nervous system are various and include: acute headaches, which can be associated with drowsiness, vomiting, dizziness, anxiety and photophobia. There may also occur epileptic seizures, visual disturbances, speech disturbances, and mental diseases, such as depression, neurosis or dementia.
ing and feeling, The inner portion ofthe cerebrum consists ofmyelinated nerve fibres which form
the
. persistent [pa sistant]
- uporczyn'y
_
f3tte'fatbial
. proiectron pp,..a3e6anl
!l::"tfhtbi"{
wystawsme
. stem [stem]
. spinal cord f'spainl 'ko:d] -rdzeh krqgowy
. stroke [strauk]
piefi
pora2enic, apoplcksja . sympathetic [.simpa'Oetik]
udar,
wsp6lczulny
. synapse ['sinaps] synapsa . thread [0red] ni6 . throbbing ['OrobiqJ

pulsuj4cy traumatic [tro:'metik] urazowy nieprzymusowy
. voluntary ['volantari]
. white mattcr ['wait 'meta]
substancja biala
- dobrowolny, *
1.
What are the t-unctions of the nervous system?
2. What are the main parts of the nervous system? 3. Where are the gray matter and white matter located? What are they built up of? 4. What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? 5. How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work? 6. What diseases affect the nervous system? How are they manifested?
EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue. Doctor: Good morning, Mr. Walker. What's the problem? Patient: Good morning, doctor. I've been troubled by acute headaches. Doctor: How long have you had them?
Patient:
Doctor: Patient: Doctor: Patient: Doctor: Patient: Doctor:
For about four months, but they've become so bad recently that I had to take a few weeks off work. How often do you get them? Nearly every day. They're usually much worse in the afternoon and early evening when I come back from work. What are the headaches like? It's a persistent throbbing pain, mainly at the front, sometimes I feel tightness at the back of my head. Generally, the left part of my head behind the eye seems to be more affected. Besides, I often feel sick. Does anything make the headache better or worse? I noticed that lying down for a while relieves the pain. Finally, I'd like to ask you some questions about your general health and habits. Do you
smoke?
Patient: Yes, about 20 cigarettes a day. Doctor: That's too bad. What about alcohol? Patient: Only at parties and even then not much. Doctor: Has anyone else from your family suffered from aheadache or migraine? Patient: My mother frequently has migraine and my father died of brain tumour. Doctor: You'11have some specialist examinations done, such as X-ray of your skull, electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance imaging to find the cause of your headache and prescribe proper therapy.
E. Donesch-Jeio
-I
EXERCISE C. Complete the following table:

Organs
Action of sympathetic n.s.

Soeeds beat
Action of parasympathetic n.s.

Dilates
Constricts pupil
Arteries Heart
Iris of eve
Stomach Sweat glands Slows peristalsis
Decreases secretion
Urinarv bladder
Constricts
EXERCISE D.
(l)
Study the word roots related to the nervous system. Provide examples of your
root neur(o)Word
Refers to Nerve
encephal(o)aur-, otoophthalm-,
Brain Ear Eye Cerebrum

(upper part of brain)
Example Neuropathy - neuropatia, choroba ukladu nerwowego Encephalitis - zapalenie m6zgu
Auriculocrantal-vszno-czaszkowy
Otoplasty - operacja plastyczna ucha
zewnqtrznego
oculo-
cerebr(o)-
Ophthalmia - zapalenie gatki ocznej Oculophacial - oczno-twarzowy Cerebrospinal - m6zgowo-rdzeniowy
The
suffix -graphy
'the X-ray picture of
means (2) The suffix -graphy means 'the X-ray picture of', e.g. Encephalography is the X-ray picture ' ofthe brain. Make up new terms from the roots given below and the sufiix -graphy and define them
as in the example.
Neuro- ....,,,........,,,
Oto- ...................... Oculo- ..................

Cerebro- ......,.,......
Uro.
......................
Osteo- ...................
Cholecysto-
Ansio- ..................
38
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
UNIT
Word List
15
aqueous humour
['eikwias 'hju:ma]
THE EYE AND ITS DISORDERS
ciecz wodnista oka,
. cataract ['katarakt] . choroid ['koroid]

oka
za6ma
- naczyni6wka
* wklqsly
. con [kon] - czopck . concave ['koqkeiv]
conjunctiva
The eyes are the organs of sight. The eyeball, which is spherical in shape, is located in the bony eye socket. The protective organs of the eyes are eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes and lacrimal glands. They protect the eyes from water, dust, microorganisms and other foreign bodies. The wall of the eyeball consists of three layers: the sclera, choroid and retina. The sclera, the outer protective layer, is commonly called 'the white of the eye'. The central anterior part of the sclera, the cornea, is transparent and forms the so-called window of the eye. The front surface of the sclera is covered with conjunctiva. Behind the cornea is the anterior chamber filled with fluid called aqueous humour, at the back of which is pigmented iris. The opening in the iris is known as the pupil. Its size is regulated by movement of the iris. When the light is dim the iris contracts, the pupil dilates and more light can enter the eye. In bright light the iris relaxes narrowing the pupil and less light enters the eye. Behind the iris is the crystalline lens which can change its shape and focuses, in this way, the light on the retina. The posterior chamber is located behind the lens. It is filled with jelly-like body, called vitreous humour, which keeps the eyeball in its spherical shape.
Suspensory
[.kondgnqk'taiva]
spoj6wka . convex ['konveks]
wypukly
.cornea ['ko:nia] rog6wka . cross-cye ['kros.ai] - zez zbie2ny . detachment [di'tetJmant] - odwarstwienie siq, odklejenie siq . eye [ai] - oko . eycball ['aibo:l] - galka oczna . eyebrow ['aibrau] - brew
. cyelid ['ailid] - powicka . eye socket ['ai.sokat]

oczod6l
ligament
Lens Sclera
Anterior chamber
Cornea Conjunctiva
. focus ['faukas]
skupia6,
Choroid
Retina
Fovea
ogniskowa6 . glaucoma fglo:'kauma] - jaskra . hypermetropia
[.haipama'traupia]
Pupil
Aqueous humor
Optic nerve Papilla
dalekowzroczno56
. imbalance [im'belans] . iris f'aiaris] - tqcz6wka . lacrimal gland
brak r6wnowagi
Iris
lzory
['lakrimal ,glend]
gruczol
Posterior chamber
Ciliary
process
Vitreous body
. lcns [enz] - soczewka . light ray ['lait 'rei]
promief-r Swietlny
. long-sightedness
['lorl.saitidnis]
dlugowzrocznoS6 kr6tkowzroczno66 - wystqpowa6, mic6 miejsce
Fig.l4. The cye.
The retina, which is the innermost layer of the eyeball, contains the lighrsensitive cells called rods and cons. Light passes through the cornea, the pupil and the lens and focuses on the retina. The yellow spot is the place on the retina where the optic nerve begins, which transmits the visual impulses to the brain. The most common defects of vision are short-sightedness (myopia) and long-sightedness (hypermetropia). Both of them are corrected by suitable glasses (or lenses). Another cause ofpoor vision is slight asymmetry of the cornea, called astigmatism, which is also corrected by suitable lenses. Strabismus, commonly called cross-eyes or squint, is caused by muscle imbalance. Common diseases affecting the eye are: infections, such as conjunctivitis and stye, which cause reddening and burning or prickling pain of the eyes. Other disorders are increased pressure in the eyeball, called glaucoma, detachment of the retina which may follow injury or may occur spontaneously. One of the common diseases of the lens, especially in older people is cataract or opacity, which is usually due to congenital defect or ageing. The only effective method of treatment of cataract is extraction of the affected
lens.
. myopia [mai'aupia]
. occur [a'ka:]
. opacity [au'pasiti]
. . . . .
nieprzeZroczysto56
. perception fpa'sepfan]
postrzeganie
. protective organ
[pra"tektiv 'o:gan]
organ
ochronny
pupil ['pju:pil]
-lrenica
1.
2.
What are the protecting structures of the eye? What are the three layers of the eye wall?
retina ['rctina] - siatk6wka rod [rod] - prqcik sclera ['skliara] - tward6wka sonse organ ['sens o:gan] * organ zmyslu . short-sightedncss ['fo:t .saitidnis] - kr6tkowzroczno56 . squint [skwint] - zez . strabismus [stra'bizmas]
- zez
. stye [stai] - jqczmicri
E. Donesch-JeLo
-I
39
. suspensory ligament
[sa'spensari'ligamant]
w iqzadlo po dtrzymuj qc e
. vision ['vi3an] 'hju:mal
. vitreous humour ['vitrias
wzrok
ciecz szklista oka
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
How many chambers is the eye divided into? What are these chambers filled with? What is the function of the lens and the iris? What is the retina composed of? What are the most common defects of vision and eye disorders?
EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue. Doctor: I've got a letter from your doctor, in which he says that you've had problems with your
sight.
Patient:
Yes, that's right, doctor, especially my right eye seems to be really bad so that see properly and I started to have problems with my work.
I can't
Doctor: Where do you work? Patient: I'm a salesman. I distribute various Doctor:
stuff. I hardly see any letters on the labels. It hap pened several times that I misread the price and my chief was angry with me. I see. I'd like to examine your eyes and perhaps we will start with the chart. Look at the chart, please. Can you see any letters?
Patient: No, I can't.
Doctor: With your left eye, can you read the letters I point to? Patient: P S W R. That's all I can see. Doctor: With this lens, is there any difference? Can you read the printed Patient: Oh, yes. Now, I can even see all small letters: A C K L O. Doctor: Now, let me check your left eye.
EXERCISE C. Complete the following sentences.
letters?
1.
a)
The protective organs of the eye are:
b)
c) d)
2.
a)
The wall of the eye is divided into three layers:
b)
c)
3.
a)
The eye-ball is divided into two chambers:
b)
4.
a)
The defects of vision are:
b)
5.
a)
The disorders of the eYe are:
b)
c) d)
e)
0
EXERCISE D.Identify from the drawing the following structures ofthe eye: the pupil, iris, upper
and lower eyelids, eyebrow, eyelashes.
Fig. 15. The eye.
40
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E. Donesch-Jeio
EXERCISE E. The suffix -scope means 'an instrument for viewing', e.g. An ophthalmoscope is used to examine the interior of the eye. Make up new terms using the word roots given below and the suffix -scope and define them as in the example.
The suffix -scope means 'an instrumentfor
viewing'
AuriGastroRecto-
CystoPharyngo-
LaryngoColpo-
EXERCISE F. Translate into English. 1. Brwi, powieki zrzqsamii gruczoly lzowe produkuj4cetrzy chroniqoczy przedwod4 kurzem
i cialami obcyrni.
2. Kolor ok4zale?y od pigmentu w tqcz6wce. 3. Siatk6wka jest zbudowana z zakonczef nerwu wzrokowego, kt6ry przenosi impulsy do m6zgu. 4. Wady wzroku takie jak: kr6tkowzrocznoSd, dalekowzrocznoSi i astygmatyzmmogqbyt
5.
skorygowane odpowiednimi okularami. NajczEstsz4 chorobqoczujest zapalenie spoj6wek, kt6re jest infekcj4 objawiaj4c4 siE zaczerwrenieniem oczu i piekqcym b6lem. Zaburzenia takie jak silny zez t za(maleczone s4 operacyjnie.
6.
E. Donesch-Je2o
-I
UNIT 16
THE EARAND ITS DISORDERS
Word List
. acoustic nerye [a'ku:stik 'na:v]

sluchowy
nerw
. anvil ['envil] - kowadelko (kostka sluchowa) . athetosis ['aOa'tausis] - atetoza, powolne ruchy palc6w
* sluchowy . auricle ['o:rikl] * mal2owina

USZNA
. auditory ['o:ditari]
. cartilage ['ka:tilid3]
tkanka chrzqstna
The ears are the receptive organs of hearing. The ear consists of three distinct parts: the external ear, middle ear and internal ear. The externalear consists of the pinna or auricle and the auditory canal; the middle ear comprises the tympanic cavity with three auditory bones; the internal ear contains the membranous and bony labyrinths. The auricle is built up of elastic cartilage. It passes into the external auditory canal leading to the tympanic membrane. The middle ear,the tympanic cavity is enclosed by the temporal bone. Sound vibrations are transmitted from the tympanic membrane across the cavity to three small bones: the hammer, anvil and
. cerebral palsy ['serabral 'po:lzi]
stimrp.
parali1,
pora2enie m6zgowe
. cochlea ['koklia] - Slimak . convert [kan'va:t]
zamienil
. deafness ['defnis] - gluchota . drum [dr,rm] - bqbenek . ear [ia] - ucho . earachc ['iarcik] - b6l ucha . enclose [in'klauz] - otoczyt . extemal [iks'ta:nal] . hammer ['hama]
mloteczek (kostka sluchowa) . hearing ['hiariqJ - sluch, slyszenie
The internal ear,which is called the labyrinth, consists of three main parts: the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals. The vestibule connects the oval window and the cochlea. The semicircular canals are filled with fluid; their function is to maintain balance. The cochlea, which is a tube resembling a snail's shell, is concerned with hearing. It contains the nerve endings which convert the sound waves into sound impulses transmitted to the brain via the acoustic nerve.
Anvil Stirrup
(Stapes)
Hammer (Malleus iddle

ea
- zewnertrzny -
Inner ear Auditory nerve
. labyrinth ['labirinO]
Pinna (auricle)
labirynt Tymiranic
Cochlea
. neonatal mcningitis [,ni :o'neital .menin'd3aitis]

zapalenie opon m6zgowych . otitis media [au'taitis 'mi:dia] zapalenic ucha 6rodkowego
- noworodkowe
Auditory
canal Fig. 16. The
ear.
Eustachian tube
. perilymph ['pcrilimf]
perilimfa
. pinna ['pina]
malzowina
The canal leading to the tympanic membrane in the ear is lined with a very delicate mucous
membrane excreting wax. The activity of the muscles during mastication helps to expel wax from the ear and with it dust and other foreign matter. Scratching the membrane with a fingernail can result in an infected ear canal causing the inflammation of the middle ear. There are many causes of congenital defect in hearing in babies: rubella in early pregnancy, inherited deafrress, mental subnormality, cerebral palsy, especially athetosis or neonatal meningitis. The most common ear disorder is infection. Infection may occur in the ear canal (otitis externa) or in the middle ear (otitis media). The cause of otitis media is the entrance of bacteria into the normally sterile ear, which nearly always is the result of spread ofbacteria along the Eustachian tube from the nose or pharynx. Pus is formed behind the tympanic membrane which may perforate spontaneously, otherwise it has to be punctured surgically. The clinical manifestations of otitis media are: acute earache,
USZNA
. punctured ['pnqktfa:d]
przekluty, przebity
. pus [pas] - ropa

(sing.) stimulus
. rubella [ru:'bela] -r6zyczka . stimuli (pl.) ['stimjulai],
. stimrp f'stirap]
bodzicc
strzemiqczko (kostka sluchowa) " tympanic cavity Itim'panik 'keviti] - jama bqbenkowa
" ffmpanic membranc
high fever, deafness, ear noises, nausea and vomiting.
ftim'penik
"membrein]
blona bqbenkowa
. vestibule ['vestibju:l]

1. What are the main parts of the ear? 2. What is the pinna made up of? 3. Where are the three auditory bones located? 4. What does the inner ear contain? 5. Where is the sound perception located?
-przedsionek
42
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E. Donesch-JeZo
EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences. 1. The pinna is built up of
2, The tympanic chamber is enclosed by ............. 3. Vibrations are transmitted from the tympanic membrane to 4. A membranous labyrinth is surrounded by ............. 5. Sound perception is located in ............. 6. Sound impulses pass along the acoustic nerve to .............
. . . .
EXERCISE C. Translate into English.
1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
Ucho zewnqtrzne sklada siqz dw6ch czqSci: muszli usznej rzewnEtrznego kanaiu sluchowego prowadzqcego do btony bEbenkowej. Impulsy nerwowe ze Slimaka przenoszone sq do m6zgu przez nerw sluchowy. Przyczynami wady sluchu u dziecka moze by| r62yczkawe wczesnych miesi4cach ciq|y, dziedziczna gluchota, porazeniem6zgu, noworodkowe zapalenie opon m6zgowych. Najczqstsz4 chorob4ucha, zwlaszcza:u dzieci,jest zapalenie ucha Srodkowego, kt6rego objawami s4 silny b61 ucha, wysoka gorEczkai czasamiutrata stuchu. JeSliropautworzy siEzablon4bembenkow4 chinrgicnrcprzeciEciebtronybqbenkowej jestkoniecme.
EXERCISE D. (1) Study the prefixes related to position, location and direction. Provide examples of your own.
Prefix
periectoendo-
Meaning
Around Exterior
Inside Between
Example
Perivascular - okolonaczyniowy Ectoderm - ektoderma Endolaryngeal -
interintraextrasupraepisub-
Within
Outside of Over, above Over, above
Epi gastrium
wewn4trzkrtaniowy - miqdzyzebrowy Intradermal - Sr6dsk6rny Extraperitoneal - p ozaotrzewnowy Suprasternal - nadmostkowy

Intercostal Sublingual
abade-
Under Away from Toward Without
Abductor Adductor
ex-
in(2) Define the following terms. Peripancreatitis

Perirenal
Off, out ln, into
- miEsieri odwodz4cy - miqsieri przyw odzqcy Edentulous - bezzebnv Excise - wyci46 Incise - nacinad
Intercellular ...........
Endotracheal .......... Endogastric ........... Epicardium
nadbr zxsze podj qzykowy
Extracellular ..........
Extravascular ........
Subumbilical ..........
Substernal ............. Abduction Adduction
Intraocular ............. Intraspinal .............

Interatrial
EXERCISE E. Give the formal equivalents of the following terms. Each dash (-) represents one letter; some letters are given.
i.
Eye socket
2. Yellow spot 3. Window of the eye 4. White of the eye 5. Sight 6. Cross eyes 7. Short-sight 8. Long-sight 9. Pinna
10. Ear
_ o___t m___l_ f ___a ra

_y
_v __p__m
ac
p__
drum
t__
m
I 1. Hammer 12. Stimrp

13.
Anvil
14.Injury
E. Donesch-JeLo
P%KC
SS
ENGLISHIN MEDICAL
PRACTICE
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
TJNIT 17
THE DOCTORAND HIS PATIENT

Word List . aim [eim]
. approach [a'prautfl
podejScie
cel; celowa6
When we call for a doctor we expect him to treat us and relieve our suffering. The doctor is expected to deal with his patient on both physiological and psychological level. On the former, the doctor must take the patient's history and examine him in order to diagnose or find what is wrong with himlher. Once the diagnosis has been made, the physician must indicate some form of treatment to cure the patient. This treatment may be pharmacological, that is, using specific medication or it may be surgical, that is, by means of an operation. On a psychological level, the doctor must regard his patient as an individual person with a problem to be solved. The effective doctor spends as much time talking to his patient about his problems as he is examining his physical condition. Thus, a good physician takes into consideration a lot of facts related to his patient: emotional, historical, environmental and physical. For example, the patient's improper diet, smoking, alcohol abuse and sedentary lifestyle make risk factors which may cause a disease. The present-day doctor is concerned with examination, clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention of diseases and social problems of his patients. The unhappy and suffering patient expects to be understood and treated by his doctor, who should be a person with good professional knowledge, experience and skill. However, the doctor's personal relationship with his patient is as important as his professional
knowledge.
. area ['earia]
powierzchnia,
obszar . complain (of)
fkam'plein av] skarzyd siq, narzekat (na co6)
. complaint [kam'pleint]
skarga, dolegliwoSc doty czy
. concem [kan'sa:n] t,
- zainteresowanie;
zajmowa6 siq . consideration
[kan.sida'rctfan] - rozwaga (takc into consideration - wzi4t, bra6 coS pod uwagq) . cure fkjua] -leczyt,,
*
.
. dietician ['daia'tiJan]
dictetyk
wyleczyt,
. duty ['dju:ti]
dy2ur cnvironment
obowiqzek,
Holistic medicine propagates therapy aimed at treatment of the whole person - his body and mind - not only the part or parts affected by a disease. It involves such methods of treatment as acupuncture,
acupressure, homeopathy, naturopathy and herbal medicine.
[in'vaiaranmant]
- otoczenie, Srodowisko cxamination badanie
Doctors who diagnose and treat nearly all types of complaints are called general practitioners (GPs). There are also specialists, that is, doctors who concentrate on a particular type of a disease. Thus, doctors with a speciality in cardiology treat patients with heart and other circulatory diseases; gynaecologists treat diseases of the female reproductive system; obstetricians deliver babies; dermatologists deal with skin problems, whereas otolaryngologists treat diseases of the ears, nose and throat. In order to fulfil their tasks effectively, the doctors co-operate with other members of the hospital staff, such as radiographers, physiotherapists, remedial gymnasts, occupational therapists, dentists, pharmacists, laboratory technicians and dieticians.
[ig.zemi'nerfan]
(physical examination - badanie fizykalne)
. gencral practitioner ['d3cnaral prak'tifana]

lekarz og6lny
. gynaecologist
[.gaini'kolad3ist] - ginekolog . indicate ['indikeit] - wskaza6, zalecit . holistic [ha'listik] - holistyczny
laboratory technician laborant
fla'boratari tek'ni:Janl
EXERCISE A. State whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. The doctor should concentrate on the patient's physical condition only. 2. There is a strong relationship between the patient's diet, work, way of life and his health. 3. The doctor's knowledge of the patient's psychological problems is unimportant for making a proper diagnosis. 4. Holistic medicine concentrates only on the organs affected by a disease. 5. Doctors who diagnose and treat various types of diseases are called general practitioners. 6. A specialist is the doctor who treats a special type of disease or practises a special branch of medicine. 7. Other hospital workers do not contribute in proper clinical diagnosing and management.
.
.
. mcdication [.medi'keifan]
lck
poto2nik occupational [.okju'peifanl] zawodowy, zajqciowy pharmacist ['fa:masist] farmaceuta physiotherapist fizjoterapeuta
. obstchician [.obsta'triJan]
[,fizio'Ocrapist]
. precisc [pri'sais]
EXERCISE B. Telllwrite about the following members of para-medical staff. Match the words and definitions. l) A radiographer a) treats the teeth and tissues of the mouth 2) A laboratory technician b) advises on different diets for patients with various disorders 3) A physiotherapist c) issues drugs from the dispensary and supervises the proper storage and administration of drugs 4) A dietician d) takes and develops X-ray films
prccyzyjny . prevcntion [pri'venJan]
dokiadny,
zapobieganie
. radiographer [.reidi'ografa]
. rccognizc ['rckag.naiz]
- radiolog
rozpoznawa(,
. rclationship' [ri'lcifanJ"ip]
zwiqzck, stosunek - zlagodzi(,, zel2e6 (o chorobie)
. rclicvc [ri'li:v]
E. Donesch-Jei,o
. remedial gymnast
5) A pharmacist 6) A dentist
[ri'mi:dial'd3imneest]
instruktor gimnastyki leczniczcj
e) does the routine tests, such as blood and urine tests, sputum tests, etc. f) treats patients by means of corrective exercise, massage and
. require [rik'waia]
wymagad . sedentary ["sedantari] - siedz4cy (o hybie 2ycialub pracy) . speciality [spcfi'aliti]
electrotherapy
EXERCISE C. Define the following specialists
as
in the example.
EXAMPLE: Apaediatrician is a specialist in the treatment ofthe children's diseases. He practises

paediatrics.
specjalno66
immunologist 2. An anesthesiologist 3. A gynaecologist and obstetrician....... 4. A geriatrician 5. A dermatologist

i. An allergist
and 6. An ophthalmologist 7. A
8.
allergology and immunology.

...... anesthesiology.
........gynaecology and obstetrics.

geriatrics. dermatology.
psychiatrist
An otolaryngologist
ophthalmology. psychiatry. otolaryngology.

surgery.
9. A general surgeon
A neurologist .............. 1 1. A plastic surgeon 12. Aurologist

10.
neurology. ....... plastic surgery.
urology.
EXERCISE D. Translate into English. 1. Gl6wnym zadaniem lekarza jest postawienie wlaSciwej diagnozy, zalecenie odpowiedniego
leczenia oraz zapobieganie chorobom. Wsp6lczesny lekarz powinien bra6 pod uwagQ tryb 2ycrapacjenta. Ztajomo66 psychologicznych problem6w pacjenta jest bardzo waLnaprzy stawianiu wlaSciwej dragnozy. 4. Aby rozumie6 pacjenta,lekarupowinien by6 osob4o duzej wiedzy zawodowej i do6wiadczeniu. 5. Lekarz og6lny moze leczytprawie wszystkie dolegliwoSci. 6. Lekarz-specjalista zajmuje siqpewnymrodzajem chor6b lub specjaln4dziedzinqmedycyny.
2. 3.
EXERCISE E. Study the following prefixes related to number and size. Give the meaning of the
terms below.
Prefix
mono-
Meaning
One
unibidihemia-
One
Two Two
Half
None, absent
Example Mononuclear - j ednoj 4drzasty Uniglandular - j edno gruczolowy Bi lobular - dwuplatkorr.y Dizygotic - dwuzygotowy Hemiparesis - niedowlad polowiczy
Apnea
- bezdech
an-
ambi-
Without Both
Anorexia - brak laknienia Ambivalent - ambiwalentny
Asepsis, diplopia, unilateral, bilateral, monochromatic, anuria, hemisphere, ambilateral,hemiplegia, bifocal, binocular, hemicolectomy, monosaccharide, monofocal, diplococcus.
EXERCISE F. Match the words that mean the same.

1. Illness 2.Instrument 3. Physician 4. Procedure
doctor prediction
sample
live
ailment tool, utensil
remedy treatment operation
5. 6. 7. 8.
Prognosis Specimen Surgery
Survive 9. Drug
- 1-
E. Donesch-JeZo
UNIT
18
TAKING HISTORY, PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND ACCESSORY

INVESTIGATIONS
Word List . accessory [ak'sesari]
dodatkowy, pomocniczy
. aid [cid] - pomoc . angiography [.endgi'ogrefi]
angiografia auscultation [.o:skal'tcifan] - osluchiwanic, auskultacja . biopsy ['baiopsi] - biopsja, pobranie tkanki do badania . bronchoscopy
The doctor has to elicit a detailed history from his patient before he starts examining himAer. While taking history he kies to obtain as much information as possible. Thus, the doctor asks his patient a lot of questions concerning his present and past complaints and troubles, their duration and location, childhood diseases, operations, family history that is, the diseases present in his family, the patient's occupation, marital status, living and working conditions and his lifestyle. Having taken the case history the doctor carries out the physical examination. The physical examination usually consists of four stages: inspection, palpation (superficial and deep), percussion and auscultation. First, the patient's general appearance is taken into consideration. The patient is observed for the presence of cyanosis or any other changes in the colour of the skin, presence of injuries, lumps, dyspnoea, oedema, such as swollen lymph glands or blood vessels. Palpation is carried out to take the patient's pulse and to determine its rate, rhythm and pressure. Deep palpation is used to reveal enlarged internal organs or any other abnormalities, such as hernia, rectal carcinoma or enlarged prostate gland detected per rectum. On percussion the chest is tapped and the vibrations are felt and heard. Loss of resonance, that is, dull percussion note suggests a lung disorder, whereas resonant percussion note means lack of lung
disease.
Ibror1'koskapi] wzicmikowanie oskrzeli
. bruit [bru:t] szmer serca . carry out [.kari 'aut]
-wykonywai . click lklik] - trzask, klik

(sercowy) . coarse rales (pl.) ['ko:s .ra:lz] - rzq2ente grubobarikowc . colorectoscopy
* wziernikowanie
i odbytu
[.kola'rcktoskapi]
okre2nicv
. complete blood count
[kam'pli:t'bhd'kaunt]
. confirm [kan'fa:m]
potwierdzid trzeszczenie trzeszczenie
morfologia krwi
. crackle [krakl]
Auscultation is usually performed with the aid of an instrument called a stethoscope. It is used to detect the character of the respiratory and cardiac sounds. When listening to the respiratory system, abnormal respiratory sounds can be detected, such as coarse or fine rales, crackles or crepitations and wheezes. When listening to the heart sounds, the physician can hear clicks, murrnurs or bruits. The physician may order various clinical and laboratory tests to confirm his initial diagnosis. They include: X-ray pictures, X-ray contrastmediumpicture (angiography), electrocardiograms (ECG), eiectroencephalograms (EEG), endoscopic examinations, such as laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, gastroenteroscopy, colorectoscopy, etc., which are done with the use of flexible, visualizing instruments. They may also be used for taking biopsies. The modern technique, such as ultrasonography (USG) is used for examining the internal organs as well as the fetus. Computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) give pictures that look like a slice through the body, and therefore give accurate information about internal organs with no risk and discomfort for both the patient and doctor. With their use, such lesions as a blood clot on the brain or a tumour in the lung or abdomen can be detected within a few minutes. Laboratory tests include: complete blood count (CBC), red blood count (RBC), white blood count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), examination of sputum, urine, stool and cerebrospinal fluid samples which involve macroscopic, microscopic, bacteriological, biochemical and cytological
tests.
*
.
. crepitation [krepi'teiJan]
. dctect [di'tckt]
wykrywa6 dctcrminc [di'ta:min] okrcSlai, ustala6 duration [dju'rcifan] trwanic
dostrzegai,
. electrocardiogram
Ii.lektrau'ka:dia. gram]
clektrokardiogram
. electroencephalogram
Ii. lektrauen'scfala.
gram]
clcktrocncefalogram
. clicit [i'lisit]
- wydobywai
(coS od kogo6),
. enlarged [in'la:d3d]
ujawnia6, wyci4gn4i
- powiqkszony
rate
. crythrocyte sedimentation [i'riOrasait .sedimcn'tcifan 'reitl szybkoS6
EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. i. While taking the patient's history what information does the doctor elicit? 2.What are the stages of physical examination?
3. What 4. What 5. What 6. What 7. What is the patient observed for? can be detected by palpation? is percussion used for? can auscultation reveal? clinical and laboratory investigations are ordered to confirm the diagnosis?
opadania krwinek (O.8.) . fine rales ['fain .ra:lz] (pl.) - r zE2cnia drobnobarikowe
. flexible ['fleksibl]
giqtki,
clastyczny . gasfioenteroscopy [' gastro,enta'roskapi] - gastroenteroskopia, wziernikowanie 2ol4dka i jelit
. hcrnia ['ha:nia]
przcpuklina
inspection [ins'pckfan] ogl4danie, badanie investigation
[in.vcsti'gcifan]
badanic
E. Donesch-JeLo
. magneuc resonance
[mag'netik 'rezanans]
- rezonans
.
. murrnur ['ma:ma]
*zaw6d . oedema [i'di:ma] - obrzqk . palpation [.pel'peifan]
magnetyczny - szmcr occupation [okju'peifan]
EXERCISE B. State whether these sentences are tnre or false. Correct the fasle ones. 1. After the physical examination the doctor usually takes the patient's history.
2. On inspection the patient's general appearance is observed. 3. The pulse rate is taken by percussion. 4. Deep palpation is used to reveal enlargement or mislocation of the internal organs. 5. Percussion may be used to detect respiratory and cardiac sounds. 6. The findings revealed on the physical examination should be confirmed by other examinations.
palpacja
. percussion [pa:'k"fan]
opukiwanie . pharyngoscopy
EXERCISE C. Practise the following questions asked by a physician while taking the
case
[.fari11'goskapi] - wziernikowanic gardla
history.
Asking about the symptoms.

What brings you here? What are your complaints? What seems to be the problem? Asking about duration of symptoms. How long have you had this pain? How long does this pain last? When did the pain start? When did you first notice it? Asking about location of symptoms.
Where does it hurt? Show me where the pain is. Which part of your head/chest/abdomen is affected? Does it stay in one place or does it radiate anywhere else?
. physical examination ['fizikal ig.zemi'neifan]

badanie fizykalnc
. positron ['pozitran] . radiography [,reidi'ografi]
- pozytron
radiografia . reveal [ri'vi:l] ujawni6
odkryd,
. rigidity fri'd3iditi]
- sztywno66
.
.
. sample fsampl]
* *
- pr6bka sputum ['spju:tam] plwocina

sluchawki, stctoskop obrzmienie, opuchlizna
stethoscope ['steOaskaup]
. swelling ['sweli4J
Asking about type of pain/severity of symptoms.

What kind of pain is it? Can you describe the pain? Does it affect your sleep/work? Is the pain continuous or does it come and go? How often are the attacks? Asking about relieving/aggravating factors. What seems to bring the pain on? Is the pain relieved by drugs/rest/position? Does anything make it better/worse? Have you taken any medicine for the pain?
. tenderness ['tendanas]
bolesno56 uciskowa. tkliwo36 . tomography fta'mografi] - tomografia, radiografia warstwowa . ulhasonography
[.nltrasa ulhasonografia . visualize ['vizjualaiz]
'nografi]
uwidocznii . wheczc [wi:zl
Swiszczcnic
Did the tablets help? Asking about other symptoms.

Apart from your chest pain are there any other problems? How's your appetite? Do you have any problem with passing water? Are your bowel motions regular? Have you noticed any blood in your stools? Past history. Have you ever been operated on? Have you ever been admitted to hospital? Have you ever had chest pain before?
Family history.
Are your parents alive and well? What did helshe die ofl Does anyone else in your family suffer from this problem? General information about the patient/Personal details. How old are you? What's your job? Where do you live? Are you married? Do you smoke? How many do you smoke aday? Do you drink?
48
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
EXERCISE D. Tell the patient in a polite way.
EXAMPLE:
1. Undress
Lie down. Will you lie down, please.
Would you lie down, please. to the waist. 2.Take off his shirt. 3. Lie down on the couch. 4. Lie on his left side. 5. Open his mouth and say 'ah'.
6. Put his tongue out. 7. Breathe through his nose/mouth. 8. Take a deep breath in and out.
9. Hold his breath in. 10. Turn round.

11. Turn over.
EXERCISE E. Substitute for the expressions in bold
and give Polish equivalents.
1.
The physician took his patient's history.
elicited
obtained
2. The patient complained of severe thoracic pain.

had noted suffered from experienced 3. The patient gave athree-day history of abdominal pain.
weakness nausea
insomnia dyspnoea 4. The family history was unremarkable. did not reveal anything specific
was non-contributory
5. A tentative
initial
diagnosis was made.
presumptive
differential
final
definite
EXERCISE F. Translate into English.

1. Najpierw przeprowadzllemwywiad z chorym, a potem badanie fizykalne. 2. Obserwacja ujawnitra sinicE, wysypkq na sk6rze i obrzqk staw6w w gornych koriczynach. 3. Palpacj a jamy brmsznej wykazata powiEkszon4 w4trobq i Sledzio ne oraz bolesnoS6 uciskowa miqSni brzucha. 4. Auskultacja ujawnila szmery w sercu. 5. Pacjent musi zrobi(przeswietlenie klatki piersiowej, bronchoskopiE, tomografi Eorazbadania krwi, moczu i plwociny.
6. Podczas wziernikowania oskrzeli wykonano biopsjq. 7. Proszq pokazat gdzie boli najbardziej. 8. Czy tabletki pomogly ztagodzilb6l? 9. Czy kto6 w rodzinie cierpal na tE chorobE? 10. Proszq rozpiqt koszulE, chcq osluchat pana klatkq piersiow4?
E. Donesch-JeLo
UNIT
Word List . bone marrow ['baun .marau]
19
szpik
TREATMENT OF DISEASES AND DISORDERS
kostny . counselling ['kaunsaliqJ - poradnictwo . donor ['dauna] - dawca . excision [ek'sigan] - wyciqcie, odciqcic . immune system [i'mju:n .sistam] - uklad odpornoSciowy . immunosuppressant
Having diagnosed a disease, the doctor prescribes an appropriate treatment which means any
procedure taken to cure a disease or disorder or to relieve symptoms. Examples are: drug treatment (pharmacotherapy), surgery (an operation), radiation therapy, physiotherapy, psychotherapy, etc. Until the 1940s the surgical treatment consisted of excision, that is, cutting out a diseased or damaged organ or tissue. The general trend in today's surgery is replacement or repair rather than excision. To be effective, the surgeons have to employ new methods and the latest technological achievements, such as the operating microscope, laser scalpel, endoscope, etc. Transplant surgery (e.g. heart, kidney, liver, bone maffow transplantation) is the replacement of a diseased organ or tissue with a healthy living substitute. The organ is usually taken from a person who has just died (the donor). However, a greatmany transplanted kidneys are taken from living relatives. The first transplantation operations were unsuccessful because of rejection of the transplant by the recipient's immune system. The discovery and introduction of immunosuppressant drugs, such as cyclosporine, made these operations more effective. Some organs or parts of the body can be replaced by artificial implants , such as hip joints, heart valves, lenses for the eye, parts of the middle and inner ear, parts of the blood vessels and bones of the skull. Operations on the tiny strucfures, such as nerves, blood vessels, the eye or the ear are perfomed with the use of a special operating microscope. Such an operating technique is called microsurgery. Laser surgery uses a laser scalpel which is a narrow beam of intense energy. Many operations on the eye, skin, arteries and tumours are carried out with this technique. Endoscopic surgery which is used to remove tumours, cysts, foreign bodies and for taking biopsy is generally safer and easier to perform than the conventional surgery. To treat or relieve the symptoms physicians can choose from a wide range of drugs, both natural and synthetic. Most drugs that were originally derived from plants have now been replaced by synthetic ones, such as antibiotics, antimicrobials, antipyretics, antiallergics, antihypertensives, etc.
[,imju:no's"prasant]
immunosupresyjny
Srodek
. laser ['leiza] - laser . lithotripsy ['li0o,tripsi]
kruszenie kamieni paliatywny, tagodz4cy biorca odrzucenic
. palliative ['paliativ]
i recipient [ri'sipiant]
. rejection [ri'd3akJan]
. substitute ['srbstidu:t]
. tiny ['taini]
substytut; zastqpowanie, podstawianie
- maly
. ultrasonography
[,nltrasa'nografi]
ultrasonosrafia
Other methods of treatment include: . Intensive therapy which is a continuous monitoring of the patient's body functions, such as heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, and blood pressure in severely sick patients. . Radiation therapy which uses X-rays or implants of radium to treat cancer. . Dialysis in which a dialysis machine filters the blood of the patient with kidney failure. . Lithotripsy which is a non-invasive procedure of breaking down stones in the body (kidney stones or gall stones) by ultrasound. . physiotherapy which is the treatment ofphysical dysfunction or injuries by the use of exercise,
massage, heat, cold, ultrasound, etc. Psychotherapy which is used in treatment of mental disorders by the use of psychoanalysis, group therapy, individual therapy and counselling.
EXERCISE A. Answer the following:
L What kinds of treatment may
be prescribed by the doctor?
2. Define the transplant surgery. 3. Why were the first transplantation surgeries ineffective? 4. Which parts of the body can be replaced by artificial implants? 5. What techniques are used in the operations on the eye? 6. What technique is used for breaking the kidney stones? 7. What kind of apparatus is used for dialysis?
8. Define physiotherapy
and psychotherapy.
- 1-
E. Donesch-Jeio
EXERCISE
1.
B. Substitute for the expressions in bold and give Polish equivalents. The doctor prescribed conservative treatment. adjuvant
long-term dietetic ambulatory prophylactic
palliative
2.
The patient underwent emergency operation.
exploratory major
minor
radical
reconstructive The patient has been administered an antipyretic drug. antihypertensive
3.
antiinflammatory
anticoagulant
antihistaminic
4.
aperient
Complete recovery was noted.

Gradual
Slow Rapid Uneventful
5.
J \ I
6.
il
Unexpected The therapy gave positive results. neganve encouraging
reliable striking After the therapy the patient felt great relief.
immediate
excellent
mild
temporary
permanent
EXERCISE C. Advise on appropriate therapy for:
l. A patient suffering from depression. 2. A hypertensive patient. 3. A patient with kidney stones. 4. A patient with retina detachment. 5. A patient suffering from kidney insuffrciency. 6. A patient suffering from hip joint degeneration.
7. A patient with impaired movement after a healed leg fracture. 8. A patient with severe respiratory distress.
9. A patient with cardiac failure. 10. A patient with rectal polyps.
EXERCISE D. Study the prefixes related to number and size. Give the definitions of the
terms below.
Prefix
hyperhypomacro-
Meaning
Increased Decreased
Example
Hypertension
nadciSnienie
Large
Very small
micro-
multioligpoly-
Many
Few, decreased
- hipoglicemia Macrocephaly - wielko glowie Microsurgery - mikrochirurgia Multigravida - wielor6dka

Oliguria
Hypoglycemia
Many, increased
Polyuria- wielomocz
skqpomocz
"rAr;l(i
ffi1il:t[-i{:}"1
[-! -{il3{J I?
1.-..
i:S
I
{, ,rrt-
E. Donesch-Jeilo
-I
51
Microcephalus, multilobar, oligodontia, macrocolon, hyperthyroidism, hypotension, multilateral, oligopnea, micronodular, macrocornea, hypercardia, polynuclear, hypometabolism, polymorphism, hypersensitivity.
1.
2.
3.
4
Lepiej zastosuj siE do rady lekarza. Jeileli leczenie farmakologicznenie zNagodzi objaw6w, zastosujemy leczenie operacyjne i
wspomagaJ4ce. Blizna na ciele pacjentki zostalausuniqta przy lu?yciu skalpela laserowego. Operacj a ucha Srodkowego bEdzie wymagala uLy cia techniki mikrochirurgii. Dziecko polknqlo malqzabawk4r teraz musi przejSd endoskopowe usuniqcie tej zabawki.
. .
5. 6.
7
Pacjentowi z rakiem pluca przepisano radioterapiq i chemioterapiq. Jezeli zostanie znaleziony odpowiedni dawca, operacja transplantacji serca bqdzie mogla by6
wykonana.
Po transplantacji serca, pacjent musi bra6 leki immunosupresyjne aby zapobiec odrzuceniu
8.
przeszczepv.
EXERCISE F. The list below contains various symptoms. Which body system are they related to? Write them under the appropriate system (some symptoms may be written under more than one heading).
loss of consciousness;nausea; chest pain; diarrhoea; hoarseness; ankle oedema;paresis; cyanosis; astigmatism; back pain; joint stiffness, muscle guarding; conjunctivitis; dyspnoea; haematuria; pimples; belching; paralysis; rhinitis; numbness of the fingers; dandruff; arterial murmur; retrosternal pain; cholecystolithiasis; dementia; incontinence; coarse rales; tinnitus; acne; anuria; epileptic seizures; crepitations; migraine; urticaria; heartburn;pleural friction;tachycardia; tachypnoea; anorexia; wheezes; haematemesis; insomnia; haemorrhage; haemoptysis; syncope; pallor; strabismus; deafrress 1. Respiratory system (RS)
2.
Cardiovascular system (CVS)
3.
Gastrointestinal system (GIS)
4.
Genitourinary system (GUS)
5.
Central nervous system (CNS)
6.
Musculoskeletal system
7.
Skin
8.
Eye; Ear
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
UNIT 20
Word List
TTIE,
DOCTOR'S SURGERY
. adhcsivc plastcr
[ad'hi:siv 'pla:sta]
- przylcpicc
. adhcsivc tapc fad'hi:siv 'teip] - przylcpicc . anaesthctic fani:s'Octik]

Srodek znieczulajqcy Srodek przeciwb6lowy
The doctor's surgery consists of several rooms such as: the reception, the office, the waiting room, the consulting room, the treatment room and the recovery room. The reception is where the secretary answers the phones from patients and makes appointments which are noted in the appointment book. In the office there are cabinets where the patients' cards are stored. The patients wait for their turn in the waiting room. The consulting room is where the doctor takes the patients' history examines, prescribes appropriate treatment and gives advice on various types of complaints and troubles. The treatment room is where injections are given and some minor surgical procedures are performed, for example, wounds and injuries are cleansed, disinfected and bandaged, sutures are laid and removed, dressings are changed, etc. The treatment room may also serve as the recovery room for the patients who have undergone surgical procedures under local or general anaesthesia. The equipment of the surgery designed for examination of the patients includes: ' the examination couch where the patient can lie while being examined, . the weighing scales for taking the patient's weight, . the height measure for taking the patient's height, . thermometers (oral and rectal) for taking the temperature, . the sphygmomanometer for taking the patient's blood pressure, ' the stethoscope for auscultation of the patient's chest cavrty, especially for hearing the respiratory and cardiac sounds, . the auriscope for the examination of the patient's ears, ' the ophthalmoscope for the examination of the interior of the patient's eyes, ' the head mirror, laryngeal mirror, torch and tongue depressors for the examination of the patient's throat and nose, . Snellen chart and colour vision charts to test the patient's sight. The equipment designed for treatment comprises drugs, such as: . antibiotics to treat diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, . analgesics to relieve pain, . sedatives and tranquillizers to reduce anxiety and nervousness, . hypnotics to induce sleep, . laxatives or aperients to relieve constipation, . antiallergics to relieve an allergy (e.g. skin irritation, hay fever, etc.), . antipyretics to reduce fever, ' anaesthetics to induce loss of sensibility to pain by local or general anaesthesia, The basic instruments are: ' syringes and needles (disposable syringes and needles) for giving injections, . scalpels for cutting the skin (used by surgeons), " forceps for attaching the needle to the syringe, dressing forceps for seizing dressings, and dissecting forceps for seizing anything, the suture set includes instruments for laying sutures and sewing material such as surgical ' catgut or surgical gut. Dressings include: gauze, bandages, adhesive plasters or tapes and plaster of Paris.
. analgesic [.anal'dgi:sik]
Srodck przcciwalcrgiczny
.
.
. antiallcrgic [.antial'a:d3ik]
antibiotic [,anti'baiotik] antybiotyk antipyrctic [.antipai'rctik]
przcciwgor4czkowy
- Srodck
appointmcnt [a'pointmant] - um6wiony tcrmin, zam6wiona wizyta u lekarza . auriscopc ['o:riskaup]
- wzicmik uszny
. clcansc fklcnz]
. catgut ['ketgnt]
. cabinct ['kebinat]
szafka
katgut
oczy!;cit,
constipation
[.konsti'pcifanl - zaparcic . consulting room
- gabinct przyjer( lckarskich . couch [kautJl - kozctka, lczanka

[kan'sa.lti4 .ru:m]
. disinfcct [.disin'fckt]
dczynfckowa6, odka2ac
. disposablc syringc [dis'pauzabl'sirind3]
strzykawka jcdnorazowego u2ytku . dissecting forccps [di'sektir; 'fo:saps]
klcszczyki do prcparowania
. drcssing ['dresiqJ
opatrunck cquipment [i'kwipmant] - wyposazenic, sprzqt . forccps ['fo:saps]
klcszczyki,klcszczc
gauzc fgo:zl
. gut [gnt] - gut . hypnotic [hip'notik]
- gaza
Srodck nascnny
. injury ['indgarij
zranicnic,
uszkodzcnic
. laxativc ['hksativ] .
Srodck
przcczyszczajqcy ophthalmoscopc
[of'0ahnoskaup]
wzicrnik
oczny, oftalmoskop . plaster of Paris
. prcscribc [pris'kraib]
['pla:sta av 'peris]
gips
EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. 1. How many rooms does the doctor's surgery comprise? What are they?
zapisywac (lck, tcrapiq) zabicg (opcracyjny) rcccpcja, rcjcstracja kartotcka, archiwum

do
. proccdurc [pra'si:d3a]
2. Where are the patients' records kept? 3. What is the consulting room for? 4. Where are the injuries disinfected and sutures laid? 5. Where can the patient recover after surgical procedures? 6. What equipment is used for the examination of the patient's throat?
. rcception [ri'scpfan]
. rccords ['rcko:dz]
. recover [ri'ka.va]
- wyzdrowic6, powr6ci6
zdrowia
E. Donesch-Jeio
ioom 7. What is used to check the patient's sight? t'u"""i:yl] ,:1" , ., 8. Which <lrugs relieve pain? DOODeraCllna. Dokol ' ' 9 which drugs relieve an allergv? ;;;#;;; . sedative l'sedativ] Srodck 10. What are forceps used for?
, rcovery
uspokajajecy
chart l'srclen'tIar] -tabtica snellena : surure ::y: set l-:jl:{:]..-'1"-: r I slu:tja set] _ zcsraw nal7cdzi do zatladania szw6w . tongue deprcssor Ir"Qdi'presal t1l1t$"d" ,
. sne en
ucrskanlalQzyka
: ::''.: . srgnt Lsal(l
I:1.11-:h*v."t - wzfol(
ExERctsE B. complete the sentences. t r .. Jr. Hill is going to palpate the patient's abdomen.
2. 3.
4. < r JrMartinisgoingtoauscultatethepatient'schest.Heneedsa..................,,. -.
6. 7. 8. 9.
The patient must lie down on a .......... Nurse Basset is going to take the patient's blood pressure. She needs a ............. . Nurse Frith is going to take the patient's temperature. She needs a ............... . Dr Evans is going to examine the patient's throat and nose. He needs ............... .
. t".h tt;rn . rranquilli;;r
'i;;;---
['tra4kwilaiza]
Dr. Tumer is going to examine the patient's ears. He needs an ...,,........ . Nurse Gray is going to weigh the child. She must put it on ............... . Nurse Jackson isgoingto take the child's height. she mustput iron a.............. Dr. Bridge is going to examine the patient's eyes. He needs an ............. . 10. Dr Williams is going to examine the patient's sight. He needs ............. .
Srodek uspokajajqcy
:.::.111'::-'. , .. I tn:mant -ru:m] Pokq

zabrego$ry
EXERCISE C. Complete the following sentences as in tlre example. EXAMPLE: This patient has got pneurnonia. The doctor must priscribe him antibiotics.
. weighing scales
['woilL,skeilz] - waga ' wound [w.,:nd] rana
l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1.
MI5. Smith can't sleep. The doctor must prescribe her .............. . This chilcl has got a rash on his face. The doctor must prescribe him .,,,,,.......... . Mr. Brown has a very high temperature. The doctor must prescribe him .............. Mrs. Jones is very anxious. The doctor must prescribe her .................. . Mr. Green has got constipation. The doctor must prescdbe him .................. . Mrs. Black is in great pain. The doctor must prescdbe her ................... .
EXERCISE D. Complete these sentences.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
I have to give the patient an injection. Fetch me ............ . I haye to attach the needle to the sFinge. Fetch me ............
I have to cut the dressing.
Pass me ..
.
I have to put the dressing over the injury. Pass me ................ I have to lay the stitches. Fetch me ............... . I have to bandaee the wound. Fetch me .............. .
EXERCISE E. Substitute for the expressions in bold and give Polish equivalents. 1. On admission the Datient was cvanotic,
'
t"ttit"
dYsPnoeic nauseated
2.
conscious unconsclous Palpation revealed tenderness ofthe abdomen. muscle guarding
rigidity
distension hepatosplenomegaly Percussion note was resonant,
3.
4.
dull flat On auscultation crepitations were heard.

creps crackles coarse rales fine rales moist rales
wheezes
rhonchi pleural friction cardiac murmurs

i
-I-
E. Donesch-JeZo
l{
EXERCISE F. Translate into English. 1. Muszq odkazi(, ranqi zalo2yt szwy. 2. Proszq zaprowadzil pacjenta do pokoju zabiegowego.
3. Co panu dolega? 4. Jak dlugo czuje pan ten bol? 5. Muszq temu pacjentowi zdjql szwy i zabandahowad ranE. 6. Pacjent, kt6ry mial znieczulenie og6lne, le2y w sali pooperacyjnej. 7. Proszq poto2y(, siq na leilance. 8. Siostro, proszQ zmrerzy| temu pacjentowi tqtno i ci6nienie krwi. 9. Ten pacjent cierpi nazaparcie i muszq przepisad mu Srodek prueczyszczajqcy.
10. ProszE,
podaj mi bandaz,przylepiec orazno2yczkr.
EXERCISE G. Tick the words that do not belong to the groups below. 1. A symptom
cyanosis cure cough fever

2. A disease
cancer
tuberculosis nausea pharyngitis
virus
measles
Pathogens
bacteria viruses drugs parasites fungi

4. Diagnostic procedure
bronchoscopy immunity
5. Treatment
biopsy injection
angiography
surgery 6. Surgery
chemotherapy
ultrasonography pharmacotherapy endoscopy
appendectomy haemorrhage gastritis laparotomy hysterectomy
E. Donesch-JeLo
-I
UNIT
Word List
21
wprowadzada
i,SiiJTI'iiIIIIr_.","0"
lka'mju:nikabl di'zi:z]
choroba zakaina
THE MODERN TIOSPITAL
znicczulenia og6lncgo . communicable disease
. dispnsary [dis'pensari]
- cmergency u ma:d3ansrl .
t'11-:-l'f.'11.,---^,, - '
n"grip.,ypua"r
firndacja ,.tii'"lllio"jllon *",*, os6lnv . injure ['ind3a] - zranie 'in-patient lin pei,fant] f . ,:T.1]:iY;.:1t:]u hsurancc trn tuatansl - ube,piecziniJ . issue ['isju:] wydawa6 '.medical ward ._ I mcorkrr 'wo:di - oddz'd wewnctrmv . operating tt eatrc night. ['opareitil 'oiate] sala opemcrna Specialist hospitals provide a specific type ofmedical service, for example, maternity hospitals . out-Datrenl dcDartmml are concemed with pregnancy and childbirth, children's hospitals are concemed with children's dist il;fiil",iffi;i, i p"ry"6ania poy ,"pitutu, eases, geriatric hospitals deal with old people's diseases, psychiatric hospitals are involved in the ambulatorium treahnent ofmental disorders, infectious diseases hospitals deal with all types ofcommunicable dis. Fovidc [p'vaid] eases. Each modem hospital has a number of departments and rooms designed for special purposes. - 11i3'j;1f;.11llY''u . rqurrc [rL kwaral ' Here are examples ofsome ofthem: wymaga6' . rescarch lri sa:tjl - badania . The Emergency Deparhnent is where people who have had an accident and have been injured naukowc or wounded are taken. ' **o tY.:'g:^'l]i:*l* . The Intensive Care Unit (ICII) or Intensive Therapy Unit (ITtD provide intensive care to w szprritlu (ooozra! seriously ill patients, e.g. after heart infarct or those who need special postoperative care, . X-ray dcpar'tment' ' partmant] rci di e.g. after heart or chest operations. ['eks . The Out-Patient Department is where patients are treated by specialists without staying - oddzial radiografii, pracownis radiograficznu in hospital. out-patient services include consultations, X-rays, laboratory tests . . . . . . . . .
and physiotherapy.
. cndowmcnt
lin'daumant]
The modern hospital is a complex institution responsible for providing health care to the sick and injured. There are many different kinds ofhospitals. Economically, hospitals are classified into profit or private hospitals which are owned by a corporation or individual persons, sometimes by doctors, and non-profit or public hospitals. Private hospitals require that a patient admitted to that hospital will pay for his treatment, hospitalization and laboratory Lsts. Publii hospitats are financed by state or local govemment. The cost ofthe patients' hospitalization is made up from gifts, endowrnents and health insurance, Non-profit hospitals frequently have medical schools attached to them and t]us are called teaching or university hospitals. They are often involved in research activitis and provide training for medical students and postgraduates. Hospitals can also be categodzed according to t}re tlpe of services they perform. Thus, they are divided into ganeral or community hospitals and specialist hospitals. General hospitals heat patients ofall ages with various illnesses and injuries. They include various wards, such as surgical, gynaecolosical- obstetric, paediatric, medical, dermatological, ophthalmic, geriatric, psychiatric, orthopaedic etc, Day hospitals are places where the patients are treated during the day and retum home for the
The Dispensary is the store-room for all the drugs used in the hospital and the place where they are issued to patients or medical staff. The Wards are rooms where in-patients live while they are in hospital. The Anaesthetic Room is where patients are given anaesthesia before having an operation. The Operating Theatre or the Operating Room (OR) is where operations are performed. The Recovery Room is where patients recover from an operation. The X-ray Departrnent provides X-ray photograPhs ofpatients. The Pathology Laboratory (Path Lab) is where blood and udne tests are made. The Blood Bank is the place where blood needed for transfusions is stored. Medical Records is where information is kept about everyone who comes to the hospital. The information is usually stored in comDuters.
1.
How are hospitals classified economically?
2. State the difference between profit and non-profit hospitals. 3. How are hospitals classified according to the type of services they perform? 4. State the difference between general and specialist hospitals. 5. Where are the drugs stored?
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
6. What is the operating theatre? 7. Where do the patients recover after an operation? 8. Where is the blood needed for transfusions stored?
EXERCISE
wards.
B.
Complete the following sentences with the names of appropriate hospitals or
Mrs. Brown expects her baby soon. she must be taken to ............. hospital. Jack Brown, who is 8 years old, has measles complications. He must be taken to ............ hospital. 3. Mr. Black has got hepatitis. He must be taken to ................ hospital. 4. Mrs. Turner, who is 78 years old, has got pneumonia. She must be taken to ............... hospital. 5. Mrs. Johnson has got depression. She must be taken to ................. hospital. 6. Mr. Jackson has broken his leg. He has been taken to .................. ward. 7. Mrs. Finley has got a rash. She must be admitted to ......... ward. 8. Mr. Green is going to have a cataractoperation. He has been admitted to ward. 9. Mr. Bowell has had a lung operation and is still in a serious condition. He lies in ........... ward. 10. This boy fell and injured his leg. He has been taken to ................. department
2.
.
i.
EXERCISE C. Use suitable equivalents for the bold words. i ' Public hospitals are provided with money by various levels of government. 2. The cost of the patient's stay in hospital is made up from gifts, endowments
and insurance policy.
3.
4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
A number of non-profit hospitals have medical schools joined to them.

Specialist hospitals perform a specific type of medical service. Each modern hospital has a number of departments and rooms planned for special purposes. The Dispensary is the place where the drugs are distributed to the patients. The Path Lab is where blood and urine investigations are made. The Blood Bank is the place where blood needed for transfusions is kept.
r.
EXERCTSE D. Study the abbreviations for departments of the hos;.,,
Abbreviations
OR CCU
Meaning
Operating room Coronary care unit Intensive care unit Obstetrics Paediatrics Emergency room Occupational therapy Fhysical therapy
ICU
OB
Peds
ER OT PT
Lab
Path Lab ENIT
Laboratory Pathology laboratory Ears, nose, throat (otolaryngology)

I
2. Pacjent, krory mial wypadek zostal przewreziony do pogotowia ratunkowego. 3. Dr. Evans jest w sali operacyjnej. 4. Proszq wezwat anestezjologa do sali do wprowadzaniaznieczuleniaog6lnego. 5. Mr. Smith leLy w sali pooperacyjnej. 6. Siostro, proszQ zaprowadzic tego pacjenta do pracowni radiograficznej. 7. Siostro, proszQ przynieSi kartq pani Smith z archiwum"
wolE by6leczona w ambulatorium ni2 na oddziale wewnEtrznym.
E. Donesch-Jeilo
UNIT 22
Word List . armpit ['a:mpit]
d6l
pachowy bulb [b,rlb] - bafika
TEMPERATURE
zapa{t,
" blunt [blnnt]
. collapse [ka'leps]
tCpy
. constrict [kan'strikt]
skurczyi, zacisn46
. fever ['fi:va] . flush [flaJl
gorqczka
- zaczerwienienic, zaczcrwicni6 siq . hypothalamus

[.haipau'0elamas] -podwzg6rze . infectious Iin'fekfas]
- zaka1ny
. pyrexia [pai'ri:ksia]
gor4czka
. range [reindS]
zasiqg
zakres,
. record [ri'ko:d]
. shiver I fva]
zapisal
'
dr2c6, miec dreszcze
. site [sait]
micjscc
The body temperature is the most important indicator of the body's healthy or ill condition. The body temperature is a measure of the body's reaction to illness or injury. Because of that, taking and recording temperature is essential in the course of the therapy' The body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus, the heat-regulating centre in the brain, which acts like a thermostat constantly monitoring blood temperature. When the body temperature falls, the hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to stimulate shivering and to constrict blood vessels in the skin which reduce heat loss. Conversely, when body temperature rises, the hypothalamus stimulates sweating and dilates blood vessels in the skin to increase heat loss. The normal (skin) temperature is 36.8"C (98.4"F), with a noffnal range between 36.3"C to 37 '2'C (g7.4,F - 99"F). In a healthy person very little variation in the body temperature occurs. The normal temperature varies a little from one individual to another. The body temperature is also affected by such factors as exercise, sleep, eating, drinking and time of the day (the lowest temperature is early in the morning and the highest in the evening). There are three sites used for taking the body temperature: the armpit, the mouth and the rectum. The rectal temperature is higher by 0.3 - 0.4"C and the armpit temperature is lower by 0.3 - 0.5"C. In case of an infection, increased temperature, called fever or pyrexia, is the body's defence against the organism which caused the infection. Fever caused by a disease ranges from 37.6"C to 40oC. High fever is manifested by flushed warrn skin, thirst and restlessness. High temperature may be accompanied by convulsions. Children usually develop higher fever than adults. If the body temperature drops to 35"C (95"F), it is called hypothermia, if the temperature drops below 35oC, the patient is in a state of collapse which may lead to death. The patient's temperature is taken with a clinical thermometer. The oral thermometer has a long thin bulb, the rectal thermometer has a short round bulb, however, in many hospitals electronic thermometers are used for oral temperatures'
1. What does the body temperature indicate? 2. Which organ is responsible for the temperature regulation? 3. What is the temperature influenced by? 4. Which sites are used for taking the temperature? 5. How is high fever manifested? 6. What is the temperature below norrn called? 7. How many types of thermometers are used? 8. How do they differ from each other?
patient has come to your surgery. He complains of a sore throat, pain in the chest, cough, lack of appetite, chills, temperature of 38.20C. Ask the patient: 1) what his complaints are, 2) how he is feeling now, 3) if he has fevet, 4) what his temperature is, 5) what his temperature was when he last took it, 6) when he took his temperature last, 7) how long he has been coughing, 8) if he feels any pain on coughing, 9) if he can show the place where he feels a pain, 10)how long he has had the pain, 11)if he expectorates anything on coughing, 12)if he has dyspnoea or any diffrculty in breathing,
EXERCISE B. Suppose
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E. Donesch-Jeio
13)if he has had any chills,

14)if he has had bronchitis or pneumonia lately.
EXERCISE C. Substitute for the expressions in bold

1. The
and give Polish equivalents.
patient was admitted to hospital. hospitalized for two weeks instituted a therapy
cured operated on put on medication referred to a specialist 2.The temperature must be taken at least twice a day. measured recorded 3. The patient's temperature has increased.
l,::f^'o
?ffi".
EXERCISE D. Study the abbreviations used on the patients' charts in most hospitals. Give abbreviations for the expressions below.
Abbreviation
BP CBC RBC
Meaning
Blood pressure Complete blood count Red blood count White blood count
Temperature, pulse
and respiration Chief complaint Complains of
Example
BP
130/8s
CBC
WBC
TPR
cc:
RBC 4,350,000/cu mm WBC 7,450lcumm

TPR 38.4 - 80 - 18 cc: chest pain cio headache pt. appears feverish, dyspnoeic
2 BMs Discharged OOB today per rectum per os
clo
pt
Patient
BM
AMA
ooB
per
OS
Bowel movement Against Medical Advice Out of bed By way of
AMA
WNL
NPO
SOB
Mouth Within normal limits

Nothing by mouth Shortness of breath On examination
urinalysis WNL NPO after midnight c/o SOB
olE
olE
Complete blood count within normal limits; the patient complains of stomachache; I bowel movement daily; the chief complaint is shortness of breath; out of bed against medical advice; nothing by mouth until 6 a.m.; no solid food by mouth; iron dextran against medical advice; the patient can be out
ofbed. EXERCISE E. Translate into English.
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Temperatura ctala mierzona jest w trzech miejscach: w ustach, pod pach4 i w odbycie. Wewn4trz crala, tj. w odbycie, temperatura jest najwylsza. Je6li temperatura ciala jest wy2szani237.70C, stan tennazywamy gorqczkqr. Stanem zapaficinazryamy stan, gdy temperattraopadlaponizej 350C. Termometry do mierzenia temperatury w odbycie maj4kr6tkie, tEpo zakoriczone bariki. Temperatura wszystkich pacjent6w powinna byd mierzona co najmniej dwa razy dziennte.
E. Donesch-JeLo
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UNIT 23
Word List
. anxiety [aq'zaiati]
- niepok6j,
obawa
. carotid [ka'rotid] - szyjny . femoral ['femaral] - udowy . force [fo:s] - sila

. heart beat ['ha:t.bi:t]
serca
PULSE RATE,
bicic
. indcx finger ['indcks 'fiqga]
- palcc wskazuj4cy
. infant f'infant] - nicmowlq . middlc fingcr ['midl .fiqga] - palec

Srodkowy
. newborn ['nju:,bo:n]
nowo narodzony, noworodck podkolanowy
. popliteal [pop'litial]
. pulse [prls] - puls . radial ['rcidial] - promieniowy . reflection fri'flekfan] - odbicie, odzwisrcicdlenic
Checking the pulse is one of the routine procedures in physical examination. The pulse rate is a measure of the heart beat and reflects the healthy or ill condition of the patient's heart and blood circulation. Every time the heart beats, the blood is pumped through the arteries into the body. The most common site for taking the pulse is the radial artery at the wrist. It is done by placing the index finger and middle finger over the artery. Other sites for taking the pulse are superflcial arteries, such as the carotid artery in the neck, the temporal artery at the temples, the femoral artery in the groin and the poplite al artery behind the knee. The apical pulse can be heard by placing the stethoscope over the
apex of the heart, just below the patient's nipple. Pulse rate is the number of beats per minute. The normal pulse rate is between 50 to 100 beats per minute. It is slightly higher in females (65-85 beats/min) than in males (60-80 beats/min). It is slower when the person is relaxed and faster during exercise, excitement, anger or fear. Age and body build also affect the pulse rate. In a newborn infant the normal pulse rate is 120-140 beats per minute and it decreases with age. Short, overweight persons have a slower pulse rate than tall and thin persons. A normal pulse beat should correspond with the person's age, should be strong and have a regular
. relaxation [.ri: lak'seifan]

odprqzenic skroniowy
. tcmporal ['tcmparal]
rhythm.
A disease may change the pulse rate and rhythm. Increased body temperature, certain heart diseases, shock, and major injury with excessive blood loss (haemorrhage) cause a faster pulse rate, cal1ed tachycardia. An abnormally slow pulse rate is called bradycardia. Irregular pulse rhythm is
called arrhythmia. If the pulse is weak, it can be a sign of heart failure, shock, an obstructed blood circulation or peripheral circulatory disease. Any changes in the pulse rate below 50 and above 100 indicate a serious problem.
BXERCISE A. Answer the following questions.
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Where are the heart beats transmitted? Where can the pulse be felt easily? How is the pulse beat taken? How does the pulse rate vary with the age of a person, sex and body build? What is a normal pulse beatrate in adults? Is there any relation between the condition of the patient's heart and the pulse? Provide examples.
EXERCISE B. Substitute for the expressions in boid and give Polish equivalents.
His respiration was accelerated and shallow. regular and deep noisy and laboured intemrpted irregular 2. His pulse was alternating with galloping rhythm. leaping with pendulum rhYthm intermittent
1.
thready
trembling
unequal
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E. Donesch-Je2o
3. The patient's build was short and corpulent.
stocky
tall and slim medium build well-built

obese
4. The patient was in anxiety state. febrile

serious
transitory epileptic
EXERCISE C. Explain the meaning of the following abbreviations.
1. pt. c/o cc
2. 3 BMs 3. TPR 37.9 - 90 - 30 4. diet AMA 5. BP 140/90 6. pt. OOB from tomorrow 7. nutrition per os today 8. NPO for 24 hr 9. c/o SOB
on
EXERCISE D. Give the opposites of the following:
l.
Above
2. Accelerate - ........... 3. Increase 4. Minor 5. Normal 6. Superficial - ............ 7. Tachycardia - ...........

l. Tqtno mierzone jest na nadgarstku dwoma palcami: wskazuj4cym i Srodkowym. 2. Opr6czuderzefitqbra na minutq, nale?y zanotowaljego charakter i rytm.
3. 4.
5. 6.
IloS6uderzeritqtnazale?yodstanuemocjonalnegopacjenta,np.wuastaprryzdenerwowaniu, niepokoju i zto6ci. Normalne tqtno u doroslych wynosi 65 - 80 uderzef na minutq i powinno mie6 regularny rytm. Tqtno jest miar4pracy serca i calego ukladu k'rq2enia. Proszq mierzy| temu pacjentowi tqtno co p6l godziny.
E. Donesch-Je2o
UNIT 24
Word List . apply [a'plai]
zastosowa6,
stosowa6 . blood pressure
BLOOD PRESSURT
['blnd 'preIa]
['breikial . . . . .
. brachial artery 'a:tari]
ciSnienie krwi
- tqtnica ramienna chart [tJa:t] - karta gor4czkowa pacjenta constant ['konstant] - staty cuff [knf] - mankiet deflate [di:'fleit] - wypuSci6 powietrze diastolic pressure
ci5nienie rozkurczowe napompowa6 utrzymywa6, podtrzymywad
[.daias'tolik 'preta]
. inflate fin'fleit] . maintain fmein'tein]

. mercury ['ma:kjuri] - rtq6 . quantity f'kwontiti] - iloS6 . slender ['slenda] - szczuply,
smukly
. sphygmomanometer
['sfigmoma'nomata]
sffgmomanometr
. systolic pressure [sis'tolik 'prefa] - ciSnienie

skurczowe
As the heart beats, the blood creates pressure on the walls of the blood vessels. The blood pressure is greater in the arteries than in the veins. The highest pressure is in the aorta, and the lowest in the vena cava. Blood pressure is taken by means of a sphygmomanometer at the brachial artery of the arm. It is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg). Two types of blood pressure are measured: the systolic pressure when the ventricles of the heart contract (the highest) and the diastolic pressure when the ventricles relax between the heart beats (the lowest). Normal arterial systolic blood pressure ranges between 110 and 130 mm Hg and diastolic between 70 to 90 mm Hg. Normal blood pressure varies from one person to another. Systolic pressure increases with the age, it is higher in obese persons, cigarette smokers and those leading sedentary or stressful life. It is lower in slender persons and those who exercise regularly. Systolic pressure fluctuates with the level of activity and excitement. A healthy young adult has the blood pressure of 120175 mm Hg which increases with the age to 130190 mm Hg at the age of 60. A decreased blood pressure is observed in case of haemorrhage, shock and heart attack. Abnormally high blood pressure, called hypertension, is treated with weight loss, sodium reskiction, antihypertensive drugs and modification of lifestyle. Two pieces of equipment are needed to take the blood pressure: a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope. Before taking blood pressure, the patient is asked to sit down with his right arm uncovered to the shoulder. A soft rubber cuffis put around the patient's arm and the stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery. The cuff is inflated until the brachial pulse disappears. The cuff is then slowly deflated until the first pulse beat is heard. This is recorded as the systolic pressure. The deflation of the cuff is continued until the last pulse sound is heard. This is recorded as the diastolic pressure. The patient's temperature, pulse, respiration (TPR) and blood pressure (BP) should be taken and recorded on the chart regularly because they represent a valuable picture of the patient's condition
and progress.
How is blood pressure maintained?
2. What instrument is used to take blood pressure? 3. What is the systolic/diastolic pressure? 4. How is the normal systolic pressure estimated? 5. How does the systolic pressure change? 6. In which cases a decreased blood pressure is noticed?
EXERCISE B. Substitute for the expressions in bold and give Polish equivalents.
1.
Auscultation of the heart region revealed extrasystole. bradycardia

tachycardia
auricular fibrillation arterial murrnur mitral munnur tricuspid murnur pericardial friction
2.The patient developed mild hypertension.

slight
severe
marked
significant
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E. Donesch-Je2o
3. There was no history of heart disorder. angina pectoris congestive heart failure hypertension hypotension myocardial ischemia
EXERCISE C. Study the abbreviations related to time and provide abbreviations for the expressions in bold given below.
Abbreviation
bid
Meaning
Two times a day Three times a day Four times a day
tid
qid
h
d
qd qod
ac
Hour Day Every day Every other day Before meals
pc
q2h q3h q4h
After meals
Every 2 hours Every 3 hours Every 4 hours When required
prn
I. 2 tab 250 mg every 4 hours, five times daily, after meals

2. I tab 1g four times a day, every 6 hours, before meals 3. I or 2 drops two to four times a day, or when required 4. 25 mg, every day, when required
1. Constant 2.Equal 3. Frequent 4. Inflate 5. Rapid 6. Rise 7. Stop
EXERCISE D. Match the words that have the opposite meaning.
fall
continue
slow variable
deflate
different
rare
1.
Jednym z obowiqzk6w pielqgniarki jest mierzenie ciSnienia krwi.
2. Wyr6znia siq dwa rodzaje ciSnienia krwi: skurczowe i rozkurczowe. 3. Normalnie ciSnienie rozkurczowe r6wne jest2l3 ciSnienia skurczowego. 4. Pacjent cierpi na dusznicq bolesnq niedokrwienn4 chorobq serca, a ostuchiwanie wykrylo
5.
6
szmer zastawki dwudzielnej. W przypadk:uznacznego nadciSnienia, ciSnienie krwi musi byt mierzone regularnie i notowane na karcie chorobowej pacjenta. Proszq podwin46 rqkaw do ramien ia, zamierzam zmierzy 6 panu ciSnienie krwi.
E. Donesch-Jeio
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UI{IT
Word List . aspect ['espekt]
25
aspekt,
strona ogl4dana . buttock ['b^tak] - po6ladek . cerebro-spinal
INJECTIONS
['serabra.spainal]
m6zgowo-rdzeniowy
coma
. diabetic
[daia'betik
'kauma]
6pi4czka cukrzycowa
. disposable syringe [dis'pauzabl'sirind3]

shzykawka jednorazowa
. fluid [fluid]
- plyn . hydrocortisone acetate

[,haidra'ko :tisaun'asitit] octan hydrokortizonu . infusion [in'fiu:3an] - wlew,
*
. .
. injection [in'dgekpn]
zastrzyk intra-articular
infuzja
[.inhaa:'tikjula]
- dostawowy (zastrzyk) intradermal [,intra'da:mal]

Sr6dsk6rny
intramuscular domiq6niowy
[.intra'm".skjula]
. -
. intrathecal [.intra'0i:kal]
dooponowy inhavenous f,intra'vi:nas] do2ylny . irritant ['iritant] - drazni4cy . leukaemia [.lju:'ki :mia] - bialaczka . lumbar puncture ['lnmba 'p"qktla] - punkcja lqdZwiowa (przebicic)
. meningitis [,mcnin'dgaitis]
- zapalenic opon m6zgowordzeniowych
. purposc ['pa:pas] - cel . route [ru:t] * droga
subcutaneous
[.s nbkju' teinjas]
. superficial [.sju:pa'fiJal]
podsk6rny
The most convenient route of administration of medications is by mouth. Unfortunately, some medications cannot be administered orally. The drug may be irritant to the mucous lining of the gastrointestinal tract or it may not be absorbed properly. Some drugs can be adrninistered both orally andby injection (parenterally). The physician decides on administration by injection in case when the patient is vomiting or rapid absorption of the drug is needed. Injections are used in various forms. These include: intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-articular, and intrathecal. Intradermal (or intracutaneous) injections are given between the layers of the skin. They are used for diagnostic purposes, for example, to test for certain allergies. The site for this type of injections is the skin on the inner aspect of the forearm. Subcutaneous injections (subq) also called hypodermic injections (h) are given just under the deep skin layer. They are used for small volume injections of l-2 ml, for example, insulin is usually given subcutaneously. The sites for this type of injections are the skin on the arm or the thigh. Intramuscular injections (IM) are introduced into the muscle. They are used when quicker absorption is required than by subcutaneous injections or when the drug is irritant to superficial tissues. The common site for intramuscular injections are the buttocks. This method is frequently used for the administration of antibiotics. Intravenous injections (IV) are introduced directly into the patient's vein. They are used when a very rapid absorption is needed and when large volumes of drugs are given. Insulin is injected intravenously into the patient in diabetic coma to obtain immediate reaction. Large volumes of dextrose and electrolyte solutions are given by intravenous infusion. Intra-articular injections are injections into a joint and may be used in the treatment of arthritis. Hydrocortisone aaetate is administered in this way. Intrathecal injections are special low dose injections given into the cerebro-spinal fluid by means of a lumbar puncture. They are used when a drug cannot be absorbed into the cerebro-spinal fluid if administered in any other way. Drugs administered in this way include penicillin and streptomycin in the treatment of meningitis, methotrexate in the treatment of childhood leukaemia. The equipment used for injections are sterile prepackaged, disposable syringes and needles, some surgical spirit and cotton wool swabs.
powierzchniowy
1.
What types of injections can be given?
2. What are the sites for subcutaneous injections? 3. What is the common site for intramuscular injections? 4. Where is hydrocortisone acetate injected? 5. What kind of injection is given when a quick absorption
EXERCISE B. Complete the following table.
Type of injection The reason for giving this type of injection
is needed?
An example of
an
injected drug
64
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E. Donesch-JeZo
EXERCISE C. Study the abbreviations commonly Abbreviation

caps
used in the doctor's orders.
Meaning
Capsules
tab syr (h) subq
Tablets Syrup
Hypodermic
Subcutaneous
IM IV
po, per os
prn
SOS
q qs stat
sp
Intramuscular Inkavenous By mouth When required Ifnecessary Every As much as needed Immediately
Spoon Table spoon
tsp
EXERCISB D. Explain the following orders. 1. Vitamin C 500 me bid
2. Codeine per os q4h prn 3. Ringers lactate 1000 ml IV q12h 4. Erythromycrn250 mg q6h 5. Urine specimen to lab qd 6. Digoxin 25 mg qd 7. Blood sample to lab qod 8. To physiotherapy for ultrasound rt elbow bid 9. Chest X-ray stat
10. Elix phentobarbital
tsp q6h
EXERCISE E. Give adjectives related to the following nouns. 1. Artery 2. Auricle

3. Articulation 4. Dermis 5. Cerebrum - ........
6. Diabetes
.........
7. Mouth
8. Muscle 9. Skin 10. Spine 11. Surface 12. Vein
.........
EXERCISE F. Match the routes of drug administration with their definitions.
2. Parenteral b) drug is drawn into the airways by breathing (nasal sprays) 3. Rectal c) drug is taken through the mouth (tablets, syrups) 4. Topical d) drug is inserted into the rectum (suppositories) 5. Inhalation e) drug is administered outside the digestive tract (injections,
EXERCISE G. Translate into English.
1. Oral
a) drug is applied on a localized area of the body (creams, ointments)
infusions)
2. Nigdy j esz eze nre robilam zastrzykow dozylnych. 3. ZrobiEpanu zastrzyk Sr6dsk6rny, aby sprawdzi6 czy niejest pan uczulony na lek. 4" Ta pacjentkamazapalenie stawu lokciowego. 5. To dziecko ma zapalenie opon m6zgowo-rdzeniowych, proszq zrobil zastrzykdooponowy
z
l.
Godzinq temu dalam pacjentowi zastrzykdomiEsniowy.
penicyliny.
6. Czy strzykawki jednorazowe sena tacyT 7. Gdzie sa waciki?
E. Donesch-Jeilo
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WwwG
rcwrc
ENGLISH
GRAMMARPRACTICE
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E. Donesch-Je2o
A/An Nan is used:
1.
2.
3.
Before a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time (if the noun is used for the second time the is used). e.g. They have bought a house. The house is beautifully situated on a hilt. There is a forest on the hill. Before an uncountable noun when it is qualified by an adjective.
He has a shong personality.
Articles
A/An
Before a noun which describes

He is ahar. She is an Irish.
person's character, profession or nationality.
4.
& Mr. Brown, which means a man called Brown and indicates that he is a stranger to the speaker. A Mr. Brown called and asked for an interview with Prof. Higgins. 5. Before a superlative most foilowed by a noun, which means 'very' or 'extremely'. Paul Roberts is a most inteiligent boy. (: a very intelligent boy) 6. Nan is also used before:
She works as a nurse. Before Mr./ Ms. * surname, eB.
f) i)
a) money: alone dollar b) fractions: a/one third c) weight/measures: alonemeter d) whole numbers: alone thousand e) price/weight: It costs 9 pounds a kilo.
frequency/time: Take two tablets three times a day.
g) distance/fuel: This engine uses a gallon of petrol for 50 miles. h) distance/speed: He was driving over 100 km an hour when the police stopped him.
some illnesses: a cold, a headache
The The is used before a noun which is defined (singular and plural, countable and uncountable). It is omitted before nouns in the plural, uncountable or abstract nouns when we talk about them in
general.
The
e.g. The house he inherited from his grandfather hasn't been renovated for twenty years.
Houses are very expensive nowadays. The is used before: 1. Names of objects considered unique: the moon, the sun, the earth. 2. Names of: a) cinemas and theatres: the Odeon, b) trains and ships: the Orient Express, the Titanic, c) hotels and restaurants: the Marriot, the ABC, d) institutions: the WHO, e) documents: the Constitution, f) public bodies: the Senate, the Government, g) newspapers: the Times, h) historical events: the Second World War.
but
Restaurants, pubs, shops, banks or hotels whose name is after their founder and ends in
or's do not take the, e.g. Harrods.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Names of: a) seas and oceans: the Baltic (Sea), the Atlantic (Ocean), b) rivers: the Thames, c) groups of islands: the Canary Islands, d) mountain ranges: the Alps, e) groups of states: the USA, the United Kingdom, f) deserts: the Gobi Desert, g) gulfs: the Persian Gulf. Names of people/families in the plural and nationality nouns: the Browns, the English. Adjectives used as nouns to describe groups of people: the rich, the poor. Titles without names: the Queen, the Prime Minister. Musical instruments: She plays the piano well. The superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs: This is the fastest car I've ever had. Only, first, last (used as adjectives): The only person who arrived was her brother.
E. Donesch-JeiLo
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67
10.
stressed in such cases): Was this Vegas?
Names of people and places to indicate that he/she/it is the one known by everybody (the is film directed by the Fellini? Are you going to get married in the Las
No article
No article is used before: 1. Proper names: Paul, Susan.
2. Names of meals: She never eats breakfast. but The breakfast in the Hilton was excellent. (It was a specific breakfast). 3. Names of materials and substances: Linen is used to make table cloths. You have to frv it in oil for half an hour.
4.
Names of: a) countries: France, Poland, b) cities: London, Athens (but the Hague, the Piraeus), c) streets: Oxford Street, Regent Street, d) parks: Hyde Park, e) buildings: Westminster Abbey, f) continents: Europe, Africa, g) single mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Blanc, h) single islands: Malta, Corsica, i) lakes: Lake Baikal.
but
When the names contain a preposition the is used: the Tower of London, the Mountain of the Seven Sighs. 5. Bed, church, college, court, hospital, prison, market, school, sea when these places are used for their primary purpose: When he was seriously ill he rvas taken to hospital.
but His mother visited him in the hospital every day. Work (place of work) is never used with the: She is still at work. 6. Titles with proper names: Queen Elizabeth. 7. Home when it is used alone: He isn't at home now. but America is the home for many emigrants. 8. Mother/father when we refer to our mother/father: Mother has gone out shopping. 9. Names of sports, activities, diseases, subjects of studies and colours: He plays basketball. She enjoys gardening. Her son is lying in bed with bronchitis. My daughter hates mathematics and physics. She ioves wearing blue. 10. Abstract nouns used in a general sense:
Life
is precious.
Health is essential to happiness.

Notes: L When we use a noun in singular number to represent a class of things or animals,
the or alan can be used. A cat is a domestic animal. e.g. The cat is a domestic animal" - please. (any like a cake, 2. Alan+ noun one), e.g. I'd one * noun (when counting), e.g. I ordered one cake, not two.
EXERCISE A. Insert a, an or the where necessary. pneumonia for two weeks. 1. She's been lying in .......... bed with
2. 4. 5.
3.
6. L
8. 9,
dinner until 10 p.m. breakfast until 10 a.m. and The hotel serves three boys standing on the bridge are my brothers. This incident was described in .......... Spectator. The Wrights, who live .......... next door, have flown to .......... Bahamas on their holiday. 'Queen Elizabeth' is one of ......... most luxurious ships. judge accused him of theft and sent him to He had to go to .......... court where prison for ......... long time. moon and .......... stars. sky is so clear that you can see bicycle my son got for his birthday has just broken down.
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E. Donesch-JeZo
leave work and go back .......... home earlier because I feel I caught ...... flu. sick children in Malaysia. They collected a lot of money for 12. ......... knowledge is .......... effective weapon. 13. She usually has .......... cup of strong coffee in .......... morning. L4. ............ Atlantic Ocean lies between ......... Great Britain and .......... United States.
10.I have to
11.
15. .......... hostels should be built for .......... homeless. 16. Whenever he comes to .......... London, he stays in .......... Forum Hotel, has .......... meals in Harrods and British Museum, does shopping best restaurants, goes cinema or .......... theatre. Dutch. 17. ......... people who live in ......... Netherlands are 18. His uncle has worked as ........ FBI agent for the last ten years..
to
visits
in
called
i9.Is this ......... only restaurant in the area? speech in .......... evening. 20. ......... President will give 21. Is this ......... teacher who taught you Spanish? pharmacy. geography and wants to study 22. She likes ........ biology, hates health more important than .......... wealth or vice versa? 23.Is good medical care. 24.In developed countries sick have pain after he sprained his ankle. 25.He was in 26.I've always wanted to learn to play ........ saxophone. 27 . Atthe age of sixteen he was chosen ........ leader of the gang and ........ few years later was sent
to ....... jail.
EXERCISE B. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one,
using the words given.
1.
I haven't seen him before.
TIME
2. 3. 4.
I've seen him. This is There's one problem we've got, and that's the money.
ONLY
........ is the money.
A lot of meat is eaten in Germany.

eat a lot of meat.
GERMANS
Can't vou walk faster than that? FASTEST Is ............ 5. Is he a good guitarist?
........ can walk?
GUITAR
Can he 6. I was impressed by his painting.
well?
IMPRESSION
I was under
painting.
7.
There are no sood films on this week.
CINEMA
There is
nothing
8. First I'll
BY
First,
. this week. to a boat. then I'11 change take a train to Dover and
I'll go
... boat.
EXERCISE C. Fill in the blanks with a/an or the where necessary. I live in .......... small house in .......... country. Swale is .......... river that cuts across .......... deck chair by .......... river weather is nice, I often sit on forest near my house. When watching swimmers and .......... passing boats. There is .........smallcity .......... few miles away.
Going to .......... city is no problem as there is .......... bus stop opposite my house. I usually go to ......... work by ......... bus" .......... week ago, I went to .......... city to buy ......... dress and .......... pair of shoes. I had been invited to ........ .party and I wanted to look attractive. I was expecting friend of mine house as early as evening with me, so I wanted to come back to to come and spend Westside Street and went to possible. I drove to .......... centre of the city, parked......... car in department store in .......... adjacent street. When I returned with .......... dress and .......... shoes, coin in I found ........ parking ticket on my car. I'd forgotten to insert fine I had to pay was fifteen pounds.
E. Donesch-JeLo
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69
2 Tenses
of
PRESE,NT TENSES
Present Continuous Present Perfect
Recently finished action
e.g.
the verbs
Present Simple
Repeated action or
Present Perf. Cont.

Past action producing
Action happening at the

moment of speaking
e.g.
habit e.g. I read a newspaper

every day.
She usually goes to
visible result in the

present
e.g.
He is reading a newspaper now.
He has just left.
I've already
finished writing the
report.
She's been crying.
work by bus.
Permanent state
e.g. He lives in
Why is she shouting?

Temporary action e.g. She is living with her sister until she finds something of her own.
(Her eyes are red.) An action beginning in the past and continuing up to the present (especially verbs sit, lie, wait, stay, work, study) e.g. She's been studying for three hours. (She's still studying.)
Action beginning in the past and continuing

up to the present e.g. He has been in hospital for 3 weeks. I've known him since
Amsterdam.
t993.
Arranged future action (timetables, programmes, etc.)

e.g.
Definite arrangement in the near future

e.g.
Action without definite

time
e.g.
I'm coming to see you

tomorrow afternoon.
The conference begins at 8.30 next Tuesday
He's lost his key. (we don't know when)
morning.
Repeated action with always (often to show Repeated action up to the present
e.g.
criticism and irritation)

e.g.
He is always coming late. Permanent truth e.g. Light travels faster than sound.
She is always complaining.
She's drunk four cups of coffee since the morning.
He's changed his job several times in the last five years.
Instructions, orders
e.g.
Wash the meat, cut it into pieces, add some salt

and pepper and
fry in
boiling oil. Time expressions usually used with Present Forms

Present Simple every daylweeUmonth/
year, usually, sometimes,
Present Continuous
now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always,
Present Perfect
& Present Perfect Continuous
always, rarely,never, often, in the morningi eveninglafternoon, at night, on Mondays etc.
still. etc.
just, ever, never, akeady, yet (negations & questions), always, how long, so far, recently, since (:from a starting point in the past), for (: over a period of time), today, this week/month, etc. For and since are usually used with Present Perfect Continuous to emphasise the duration of an action.
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E. Donesch-Je2o
Stative verbs describe a perunanent state and do not have continuous forms. They include verbs
of:
. ' . . . .
senses: see, hear, smell, feel, taste
thinking: think, feel (: think), know, expect,
agree, believe, understand, suppose, remember
emotions: feel, forgive, like, love, hate, mind, wish, want, prefer
possession: possess, have (: possess), own, belong to qualities: be, look, appear, seem, hold, contain, consist of, cost other: matter, depend (on), trust, deserve
Notes:
Some verbs of senses can be used in the continuous form but with a change of meaning. These aret see, think, smell, taste, look
I'm seeing (:I'm visiting) my friends tomorrow. Can you see these people over there?
Be quiet, please! I'm thinking. What do you think of your new boss?
Have can have continuous forms in certain expressions, such as have breakfast, have a bath, have a nap, have
We're having a great time at the seaside. We have a

nice room in the hotel near the sea.
fun, etc.
FeeI can be used in the simple and continuous form.
I feel well. I'm feeling well
has been tolhas been in/has gone to He has been to Japan. He has been in San Francisco for 3 years. He has gone to Athens.
: He has gone there and came back. : He lives there. : He is staying there. He hasn't come back yet.
has been to/has been has gone to
in/
EXERCISE A. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate present tense.
1.
Can I (borrow) the dictionary? You (use) it?
2. You (see) my spectacles anywhere? I can't find them. 3. He (run) this firm since his father's death. 4. They (go) on a trip to Scotland next week. 5. She (always, leave) her clothes all over the room. I can't stand it. 6. His hands and clothes are dirty. He (repair) his car. 7. I can't answer the phone. I (take) a shower. 8. You (see) Prof. Higgins this week? 9. Tom (look) very smart. He (wear) a dark suit and a tie.
10.I (look after) my neighbour's cat this weekend. 1i. He (write) his doctoral thesis for half ayear. He (write) only 20 pages so far. 12. What kind of work you (do)?
What you (do)? The whole bathroom is flooded. 14. This book (lie) on your desk for a week. You (read) it yet? 15. She (not, be) here since 1995. I wonder where she (live) since then. 16. He (go) to Italy on holiday. He'll be back next Tuesday. He (never, be) there.
13.
1 a) b) c) d) 2. a) b) 3. a) b) 4. a) b) 5. a) b)
EXERCISE B. Explain the differences in meaning of the following sentences.

Dr. Briggs operates on Tuesday. Dr. Briggs is operating on Tuesday. Dr. Briggs operates on Tuesdays. Dr. Briggs is operating on Tuesdays. Do you sleep enough? Are you sleeping enough? She is always borrowing money from me. She always borrows money from me. Don't come on Friday morning. I'm usually cleaning my flat on Friday morning. I usually clean my flat on Friday morning. This soup tastes delicious. She is tasting the soup to see if it is salty enough.
E. Donesch-Jeio
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6. a)
b) 7. a) b) 8. a) b) 9. a) b) c) 10. a) b) 11. a) b) 12. a) b) 13. a) b)
I'm beginning my language course next Monday. The language course begins next Monday. I think they can win this match. I'm thinking of selling my house.
He is feeling the material. The material feels rough. I'm seeing my doctor tomorrow. I see how to do it now. Thanks for the explanation. I see some dark clouds in the sky. She looks like her mother in this hairstyle. Who is that woman? She is looking at us. I've been waiting for two hours but there's no sign of him. I've waited long enough. I'm going home. She is having a bad cold. She has a big bathroom.
Someone has drunk my wine. Someone has been drinking my wine.
PAST TEI{SES
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past action in progress at a given point in time e.g. He
Past Perfect
Past action which happened before another past
Past Perf. Cont. Duration of a past action occurring before another past action e.g. He had been trying to repair the tap all the morning before he called a plumber.
Action completed rn
the past when direct or
indirect time is given e.g. She left two hours ago. (direct time) She
was reading a newspaper at 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.
action e.g. When we arrived at the station, the
train had already left.
left after lunch.

(indirect time)
Past habits e.g. She wore a uniform when she was at Past action in progress
school.
intemrpted by another action e.g. When you phoned, I was washing up.
As the past eqivalent of the Present Perfect. He has already read all the articles. He had read all the articles before he left.
Action giving visible

results in the past e.g. His clothes were covered with paint because he had been painting the fence.
Past actions happening one after another e.g. He packed his suitcase, phoned the
Simultaneous actions e.g. While I was reading she was playing the piano.
airport and left.

Past action which
Polite requests
e.g. I was wondering if you could check it for me.
won't happen again

e.g. Frincess Diana
performed
lot of
charity work"
Time expressions usually used with Past Forms

Past Simple yesterday, last week, etc., (how long) ago, then, just now, when, rn 1992, etc.
Past Continuous while, when, as, the

moment that, etc.
Past Perfect for, since, already, after, just, neve r, y et, before, by, by the time, etc.
Past Perfect Continuous

for, since
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E. Donesch-Je2o
USED TO, BE/GET USED TO. WOULD. WASNVERE TO

Used to
* infinitive (past habitual action)
He used to play bridge. (He doesn't any more)

He isn't used to getting up early. He can't get used to living in a new house. When she lived in the country she would drink fresh milk.
Be/get used to
gerund/noun
Would + infinitive
(past repeated action and routine)
Was/were to + infinitive (past obligation with an unknown result) Note:
They were to phone the chief and apologise.
She has never seen an elephant before. It's the first time she has seen an elephant. He hasn't visited us for a long time. It's a long time since he visited us. She moved to France two years ago. It's two years since she moved to France.
: :
USED TO,
BE/GET USED
WOULD, WAS/WERE TO
TO.
EXERCISE C. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate
past tense.
When he (ride) on his motorbike, he (lose) his rucksack. 2. When I (arrive) at the party, they already (drink) all the champagne. 3. How fast you (drive) when the accident (happen)? 4. She (vomit) for several weeks before the doctor (tell) her she was pregnant. 5. We (run) under the bridge when the storm (break). 6. I (take) a photo of her while she (yawn). 7. They (know) each other for only one month when they (decide) to get married. 8. It's the second time I (see) that film. 9. When I (finish) ironing I (prepare) lunch. 10. He (not tell) his wife that he (have) a car crash. 11. When we (live) in France we (drink) a lot of wine. 12. While the guests (dance) thieves (break) into the house and (steal) some valuable objects. 13. He (not go) on a scholarship to England until he (learn) English. 14. Whenever we (go) to Spain on holiday we (stay) in the Ritz Hotel. 15. Sorry I (wake) you up. What you (dream) about? 16. When my grandmother (go) for a walk, she always (wear) gloves. 17. When I (look) for my passport I (find) this old photo. 18. He (think) of his date with Maisie all the time while you (talk) to him.
1.
EXERCISE D. Explain the differences in meaning between the following sentences.
b) c) 2. a) b) 3. a) b) 4. a) b) 5. a) b) 6. a) b) 7. a) b) 8. a) b) 9. a) b) 10. a) b) 11. a) b)
1. a)
When Sue arrived, they had dinner. When Sue arrived, they were having dinner. When Sue arrived, they had had dinner. She greeted the foreign guests at 5 p.m. She was greeting the foreign gests at 5 p.m. Have you ever ridden a camel? Had you ever ridden a camel before? He worked for the Motorworks. He has been working for the Motorworks. She has completed her doctoral thesis. She has been completing her doctoral thesis. She was feeling depressed when the doctor saw her. She felt depressed when the doctor saw her. He told me they were staying with his sister. He told me they had stayed with his sister. She has been admired by millions of people. She was admired by millions of people. He told about it when his wife was leaving. He told about it when his wife had left. My chief has sprained his ankle. My chief sprained his ankle. Our neighbour was an invalid all his life. Our neighbour has been an invalid all his life.
E. Donesch-JeLo
73
EXERCISE E. Choose the most suitable tense. 1. Do you wait/Are you waiting for the 57A bus? 2. Has Dr. Briggs left/Did Dr. Briggs leave any message when he has called/called? 3. Have you reminded/Did you remind him about the conference?
4. What was she doing/did she do when the manager entered the office? 5. I can't answer the phone. I have/I'm having a bath. 6. Could you repeat, please? I didn't listenAaven't listenedAaven't been listening
to you.
j.
I don't understand/I haven't been understanding what happens/'s happening: the lights keep going off and on. 8. Go straight. Then you take/you are taking the third turning to the left. g. Who droveiwas driving the car when it crashed into the Mercedes parked in the street? 10. Did you visit/Have you visited/Were )rou visiting many museums when you stayed in Rome? Did you like/TVere you liking/Do you like visiting museums? 11. By the time Frank got back, Brenda left/had left. 12. It's the second time I rode/have ridden a horse. 13. What did she wear/was she wearinglhas she worn when you first saw her? 14. How was your holiday in Greece? Did you visit/have you visited many interesting places? I didn't know you had bought/bought this house' I don't think we'llhave abarbecue as the weather has been changing/has changedAad chaneed. 17.It's/It has been six years since I got married. 18. How many poems has Byron writtenftras Byron been writing/did Byron write? 19. David would/used to work in a chocolate factory and attend evening classes. 20.I can'tremember how long/when I've had this watch. 21. Don't you think/Haven't you been thinking Angela looks/is looking like Marilyn Monroe?
15. 16.
FUTURE FORMS
be going to
Future Cont. Action in progress at

future time
e.g.
a
Future Perfect
glven
Predictions, offers promises, ,aquartr,

suggestions
e.g.
Intention e.g. I'm going to
Action finished before

certain future time
e.g.
visit them next weekend.
You
will feel better soon.
At this time tomorrow flyrng over the Atlantic.
I'll
be
By the end of June he will

have passed all his exams.
Will you be quiet, please? Shall I help you with the

housework?
Decision at the time of speaking e.g. The doorbell

is ringing.
Planned actions
e.g.
Logical assumPtion about the

present
e.g.
I'll
open the
door.
The windows are very dirtY. I'm going to clean them on Monday.
Logical assumption in the past e.g. It's2 p.m.; theY will have had their lunch by now
It's lunchtime; theY'trl be

having lunch.
In main clauses of conditional sentences

e.g.
When there is evidence that sth. will definitely haPPen

e.g. She looks pale. She's
Already planned action (instead of Present Cont')

e.g.
Future Perf. Cont. Durati

of an action up to
time in the future
e.g.
a
certain
If I meet her, I'll tell her

about it.
going to faint.
I'll be seeing Ann tomorrow so I can ask her about it.
By the end of this year,

vears.
I'll
have been working for 27
Opinions, hopes, fears, esp. with think, expect, suppose,perhaps, etc.

e.g.
Action being a result of sth.

else in the future e.g. He doesn't know how to use this
apparatus. He is gong to
I think they will win this

match.
i i
damage it.
I I
I
E
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E. Donesch-Je2o
Time expressions used with: Future Simple & Be going to

tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, in two/three, etc. days, the day after tomorrow. soon. in a week/months etc. Note:
Future Perfect
before, by, by then, by the time, (until is used only in negative
sentences with this tense)
Future Perfect Continuous
by... for
By/before are used with Future Perfect in positive sentences; until is used in negative sentences. e.g. They will have finished their house by the end of September. They won't have finished their house until the end of September.
Other ways of expressing the future Be +
infinitive
Be about +
I infinitive I
Future plans Immediate future
| ..g. He is to give a speech at a conference. I e.g. She is about to cry.
F. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form. This time tomorrow he (take) the exam in microbiology. 2. I think he (pass) it. 3. I (see) my grandmother next weekend. 4. Don't phone me between 5 and 7 p.m. I (work) on my new assignment. 5. You (use) your bicycle this afternoon? I'd like to borrow it. 6. This heavy rain (probably, cause) the flood. 7. On lst October she (study) medicine for three years. 8. Can you believe it? This time next week we (sunbathe) at the seaside. 9. I'm afraid, he (not marry) her. 10. Look at this man who is staggering. He (fall) down. 11. I (pass) the post office on my way to work, so I can post a letter for you. 12.8y tomorrow it (rain) for the whole week.
EXERCISE
1.
EXERCISE G. Explain the differences in meaning between the following
sentences.
b) c) 2. a) c) 3. a) b) 4. a) c) i.
1. a)
tomorrow. I will be talking to Prof. Higgins about this case tomorrow. I'm going to talk to Prof. Higgins about this case tomorrow. b) It's going to rain soon. It will rain soon. d) It rains in autumn. It's raining. Sorry, I can't meet you. I'm visiting my parents on Saturday afternoon. Sorry, I can't meet you. I visit my parents on Saturday afternoon. b) He isn't working tomorrow. He doesn't work tomorrow. d) He won't be working tomorrow. He won't work tomorrow.
case
I will talk to Prof. Higgins about this
EXERCISE H. Decide which of the underlined expressions is correct.
2. 3. There is no need to hurry. John drives us/John is going to drive us there. 4. lf you say it again, I'll leave/I'll be leaving. 5. I'm having/I'llhave an important meeting next Tuesday. 6. What time will your train leave/does your train leave tomorrow? 7. Look at the clouds in the sky! It's going to be a storm/It'll be a storm in a moment. 8. I expect I'm getting/I'll gd perfumes for my birthday.
9"
10.
I have two tickets to the cinema. Do you come/Will you come with me? I promise I never see him/I will never see him again.
Are you doing/Will you do anything on Saturday? This time next week I'll fly/I'llbe flying to New York.
tense.
EXERCISE I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 1. Why are your eyes sore? I (read).
2. She (drive) back home last night when she (realise) that she (leave) her bag in the office. 3. Sue (be) twenty next year. 4. He (go) home twice a term. He (not be) there since Easter. 5. I promise, I (never, take) your car without asking for permission. 6. She had a strange feeling that she (meet) him before. 7. 'I (find) a $20 note.' 'Where you (find) it?' 8. By the time you read this postcard, I (lie) on the beach for a couple of days. 9. I (watch) the news on television when the lights (go) off.
E. Donesch-Jein
-I
10.If you don't hurry, you (miss) the train. 11. You (write) any letters yesterday? No, I forgot but I (write) them tomorrow morning. 12. The cost of living (rise) by 16% since last April, unemployment (fall) by 3% and export
(increase) by 8%. children were not hungry because they (already, have) their dinner. 14. My father (have) a car accident but fortunately he (not be) badly hurt. 15. By the end of this year he (get) married and (settle) down. 16. Janet was out of breath because she (run).
13. The
EXERCISE J. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
anyone who (speak) Chinese? You still (work) when the boss came back from the meeting? When I (enter) the room last night, the television (be) on but nobody (watch). You (see) my brother anywhere? I think Gregory is ill; he (get) thinner and thinner. By next summer I expect I (pass) my final exam. 7 . What's that terrible noise? Loraine (practise) the violin. She (practise) for the whole morning. 8. When I (live) in Italy a few years ago, I often (see) operas. 9. This heavy ruin (probably, cause) flood. 10. It (be) very quiet when I came back home last night because my children (already, go) to bed. 1 1. They (live) in the same house for 20 years before they (move) away. l2.My horoscope says that I (meet) a very interesting person on Thursday. 13. He (not buy) a car until he gets his driving licence. He (learn) to drive for the last five years. He (fail) his driving test three times so far. 14. Don't lean out of the window or you (fall) out. l5.It's the first time he (fly) by plane. 16. They (wait) for two hours before the ambulance arrived.
1. Do you know
EXERCISE K. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1. When I (travel) to Lester by train, I met my English teacher whom I (not see) for 20 years.
2. If you (not stop) making that terrible noise, I (call) the police. 3. They (not talk) to each other since they (get) divorced. 4. Why is he out of breath and all sweated. He (play) basketball since 11 o'clock. 5. When I first saw him, he (work) in a bank. 6. This time last year we (enjoy) our holiday. Unfortunately, i (get) an urgent message
and we
(must) come back earlier. 7 . Yesterday I (tell) my boss that I (want) to give up my job because I (find) a better one. 8. We (have) a chat while we (wait) for our bus. 9. Mr. Wilkins (go) to Glasgow to open a new firm next week. He (stay) there a couple of days. He (not be) back until 15th July. 10. What time the train (arrive) in Colchester? If I don't get there by noon, I (not meet) Prof. Walter with whom I have an appointment 11. I (phone) in reply to your advertisement I (read) in the local newspaper saying that you (want) to sell the house at 42 Yincent Street. You (sell) it or is it still available? 12.Jack admitted that he (hit) another car but (not, damage) it. 13. Your sister and her friend (come) to stay with you next weekend? Let me know as soon as they (arrive). 14. Oh no! You always (make) the same mistake. trt drives me crazy. 15. The police (come) as fast as they could but the thieves (already, run) away. 16. Bob can give us a lift. He (drive) to the city in half an hour. 17 .tsy December this year we (know) each other for exactly 10 years. 18. Why are your clothes covered with paint? I (paint) my room. I (not paint) it since I moved in
10 years ago.
I was very nervous as it was my first ride; I (never, ride) 20. It's the first time he (ever, drive) a caL
19.
motorbike before.
21. She (wear) a charming purple dress when I (see) her at the Martins' at a dinner party last Friday. 22.When you get to the station I (wait) for you outside. 23.It's the second time I (see) this play. 24.Before he died he (make) and (lose) several fortunes in gambling. 25.I have a strange feeling that something terrible (happen) in a minute.
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E. Donesch-Je2o
Modal
The modal verbs are:
verbs
have to, need,
can, could,
hlY, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should,
dare, used to
Modal Verbs Express:

Ability/Inability
I can hear a strange noise.
She canrt speak German. When she was
Pos
sibility/Impossibility
Permission Can I park my car here? Could I you for a moment? May I say something? May I watch TV tonight? Might I use your phone? (formal) You can keep this book until Monday. You can leave work earlier.
see
I can send the message by e-mail.

We could book the room in this hotel in advance. He may win if he tries harder. He might win. (slight possibility) It may snow tomorrow. It might snow tomorrow. She can't go out tonight. He couldntt come to visit me last Saturday.
young, she could swim very well. (past repeated action) She was able to swim across the English Channel. (past single action.) She wasn,t able tolcouldn't ski. (Both types can be used in the negative for either a repeated or single action.)
Obligation/Duty I must leave now. (strong obligation from the speaker s viewpoint) I have to begin the lecture at nine.
(that s the time arranged) He had to operate on this patient.
Necessity
Prohibition
You mustntt smoke here. You are
He needs to practise regularly. He has to book the flight. The windows need cleaning. He has to send the documents. Must I take these tablets? Do I have to sign it now? Need I go shopping today?
not to smoke here. (: it's against the rules) You can't go abroad without a passport. (: it is not allowed to go abroad without a passport)
Absence of obligation
or necessity
Logical assumption (affirmative)

That building must be very old. (: it looks old) He must have missed his train. (He hasn't come yet) They must have gone out. (Nobody answered the phone)
Logical assumption (negative)

He can't be ill - I'm sure he isn't. I can't have made a mistake. (I'm sure I didn't do it) You can't have been studying hard. (You failed your exam)
You needn't pay the fee - the entrance is free. You don't have to get up early. You needn't have bought so much food. (But you did) You didn't need to buv much food. (And you didn't)
Advice
You should see a doctor. You ought to work less. You shouldn't eat so much. He oughtn't to drive too fast.
Criticism
You should have booked the flight earlier. (But you didn't) You could
have informed us about it earlier.
Requests, Offers, Su ggestions
Can you open the window,

please? Would you give me
(But you didn't) You ought to have telephoned me yesterday. (But you didn't)
I'll pay for it. Shall I put this box on the shelfl She should visit her parents more often. You ought to thank them.
something to drink?
E. Donesch-Jeilo
-I
EXERCISE A. Choose the best alternative. l. Let's inform Joe about it. He could noVmight not know. 2. I can't stay longer. I have tolmight go. 3. The doorbell is ringing. It has to be/must be a postman.
4. I suppose he might/should get this job. 5. In my opinion the manager should/must give us a rise. 6. You mustn'tidon't hav give the answer now. 7. When he was a boy he could/might ride a pony. 8. Mr. Smith could be/must be elected the president of the company. 9. It's a hospital rule; all nurses must/have to wear uniforms.
10.
If you want this job, you must/can apply as soon as possible.

high cholesterol level. You dont't have tolmustn't eat fatty food. needn't/don't have to ask me for permission if you want to use my bike.
11. You have a 12. You
EXERCISE B. Choose the best alternative.
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9.
You shouldn't have told/can't have told her about the accident. She was very worried. You don't have to/mustn't pay now. You_are_able to/caU pay later. You must have turned/should have turned the radio down. She was preparing for her examination and the music disturbed her. You can'tlmustn't drive over 100 kmftr across the city. My doctor says I must/may have injections. The phone is ringing. It should/could be my mother. Helen doesn't want to go to the cinema with us. She must have seen/should have seen
the film before. The prisoner_aeuld/was_abl-e to escape when the guard fell asleep. Mark must have taken/should have taken your mobile phone by mistake. 10. When I went to school, we mustn't/didn't have to wear uniforms. I 1. Betty doesn't know Jack. She can't have met/shouldn't have met him before. 12. Might/Could you shut the window. There's a draught.
Must, May, Can, Can't

Must, Moy,
Can,
I'm sure she is at work. I don't think she is at home.

Perhaps she works in the afternoon. I don't think he will win the first prize. I'm sure he is reading now. Itm sure she wrote it. Perhaps she has gone abroad. Perhaps she went abroad. I'm sure they didn't eat all that food. I'm sure he wasn't sleeping. Perhaps he will be watching TV tonight. I'm sure she has been working here for a long time.
Can't
: : : : : : : : : : : :
She must be at work. She can't be at home. She may work in the afternoon. He can't win the first prize.
He must be reading now. She must have written it. She may have gone abroad. She might have gone abroad.
They can't have eaten all that food. He can't have been sleeping. He may be watching TV tonight. She must have been working here for a lons time.
Mustn't You mustn't talk loudlv
here.
Needntt You needn't tell her about it. Needn't have done although it was not necessary the action was done. I needn't have bought another car. (I bought it, although one car was enough for me.)
: : : : :
It's forbidden/not allowed. It's forbidden to talk loudly here. It's not necessarY. Itts not necessary for you to tell her about it.
Didn't need to do I didn't need to buy another
the action was not necessary and wasn't done. car. (I didn't buy it because one car was enough.)
EXERCISE C. Choose the best alternative.
1.
You shouldn't have phoned/can't have phoned her so late. She should have been /she must
have been asleep. You don't have tolmustn't take this drug now. You-are-Ablq-to/can take it later.
2.
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E. Donesch-Je2o
3. 4.
You must have turned/should have turned to the left. Now, we got lost. My doctor says I needn't have taken/didn't need to take these tablets because they proved ineffective. I must have had/should have had physical therapy instead. 5. You drove much too fast. You must have/could have caused an accident. 6. He needn't have bought/didn't need to buy a new suit because I had lent him mine. 7. Sue didn't want to go to the museum. She must have been/ought to have been there before. 8. Maisie had no news about her son. She shouldn't have/mav not have received a letter from him yet. 9. He came home early. He needn't have worked/didn't need to work late this afternoon. 10. Bob and Ann must have quarrelled/should have quarrelled. They are not on speaking terms now. 11. He did something wrong. He shouldn't have repaired/didn't have to repair it by himself. l2.Mary and Jack know each other very well. They must have metAad to before. 13. May/Must you speak so loud? I can't concentrate. 14. She needn't have prepared/didn't need to prepare so much food because not all the guests arrived and plenty of food was left. 15. There was a car crash. The driver can't have noticed/didn't have to notice the street sign.
EXERCISE D. Comment on each of these situations using needn't have, didn't need, should have, shouldntt have, must have, may have, cantt have, etc.
1.
2. 3. 4.
George bought a second-hand car and now regrets it. He .......... Ann went to Paris and enrolled on French classes, although she'd already known French very well. She......... I don't think Sue enjoyed her holidays; the weather and food were awful. She.........
It's possible that they met before.

They
was very clever when he was at school.
5. I'm sure Mark

Mark
6.
7
Perhaps Cathy didn't intend to offend Frank.
Cathy Bob prepared a speech for the conference in Stockholm, later he was told that the conference
had been cancelled. He .......... It's possible that he left the documents at home. He .......... I'm sure she didn't see Tom in a restaurant as he'd left for Madrid a week before.
8.
9.
She......... my friend telephoned yesterday. My friend I 1. I think he was wrong to sell his house. He .......... l2.ltwasn't necessary for me to go there after all.
10. Perhaps
I..............
EXERCISE E. Complete the
1.
sentences using the words in bold. Perhaps he is asleep at the moment.
be have
He..........
so much money on
2.
3.
It wasn't necessary for her to take

She......... Perhaps they went away last week. have They
holiday.
4. I'm sure he attended the lecture
last Friday.
have
He.......... It.............
He..........
5. I'm sure it is George at the door.
be
6.
Perhaps he is going to Greece on his holiday.
be
E. Donesch-Jein
7. 8. 9.
It wasn't necessary for the children to get up so early. have Thechildren........... It's wrong that you didn't inform them about the changes in the timetable.
have
You......... She.........
Perhaps she was taking a bath when you called her.
been be be
10.I'm sure her husband is seriously ill.

Her husband ...........
I 1. I don't think he is in hospital.
He.......... left hospital. have He.......... 13.It wasn't necessary for her to call for an ambulance because her husband took her to
12. Perhaps he has
hospital.
didn't
14.
She.........
I'm
sure he is back already.
be have
I'm
16.
He.......... He..........
There
15. Perhaps he stole a bicycle. sure there is a train to Canburv twice a dav.
be
18.
17. Perhaps she was
been
I'm
feeling tired yesterday. She......... She.........
sure Jane has prepared enough sandwiches.
have
-I-
E. Donesch-Jeio
'-l
4
Passive
voice
Tenses
Active Voice
She writes a book. She wrote a book. She is writing a book. She was writing a book. She has written a book. She had written a book. She She
Passive Voice
Simple Present Simple Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous
A book is written. A book was written. A book is being written. A book was being written. A book has been written. A book had been written. A book will be written. A book will have been written.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Future Perfect
will write a book. will have written a book.

write
a book.
Conditional Conditional Perfect
She would
She would have
written
A book would be written.

a book.
A book would have been written. A book should be written. A book should have been written.
He hates being told what to do.
Infinitive Perfect Infinitive

Present
She should write a book. She should have written a book.
Gerund
He hates his parents tetling him what to do.
Notes:
1. The
agent is omitted when it is (a) a pronoun, (b) a word like: one, someone, people, etc.
Someone has cut the tree down. The tree has been cut down. 2. The passive with verbs such as say, think, believe, expect, report, assume, know, consider, etc. is formed in two ways: e.g. They think he writes books. (a) It is thought that he writes books. (b) He is thought to write books. Passive (b) is more common than passive (a). Study other examples: They suppose that he is carrying a handgun. It is supposed that he is carrying a handgun. He is supposed to be carrying a handgun. They believe that he found/has found a new therapy. It is believed that he foundlhas found a new therapy. He is believed to have found a new therapy. They expect that the police will find the missing child soon. It is expected that the police will find the missing child soon. The police is expected to find the missing child soon. 3. Passive voice with 'bv' or'with'.
e.g.
by + agent
e.g.
instrument material
Meals are usually prepared by my mother. 'Romeo and Juliet' was written by W. Shakespeare.
with
4.
This wound has been cut with a knife. The container is frlled with petrol. The room was decorated with thousands of flowers. Verbs which take two objects such as ask, give, lend, send, allow, etc. have two passive
f,orms:
object
e.g.
E. Donesch-Jeilo
-I
e.g.
He lent me the English dictionary. (a) I was lent the English dictionary. (b) The English dictionary was lent to me.
Passive (a) is more common than (b). 5. Verbs: make, hear, see, help are followed by to * e.g. She made them drink milk. They were made to drink milk. 6. Let becomes was/were allowed to in the passive. e.g. My parents let me come back late. I was allowed to come back late.
infinitive in the passive.
active infinitive -+ Modal verb * passive infinitive He can't repair the fax machine. + The fax machine can't be repaired. 8. Have + object * past participle can be used to replace a passive verb when we talk about an accident or misfortune. e.g. He had his car damaged. (: His car was damaged.)
7. Modal verb *
e.g.
EXERCISE A. Change the following sentences from active into passive.
1. They left the note on the kitchen table. 2. The owner of the firm hasn't paid me yet, although they made me the manager. 3. They believe he has written this letter. 4. Finally, they let me go on holiday. 5. She has made her son tidy his room. 6. Strong winds have blown down a lot of trees and damaged many houses. 7. The police are questioning the onlookers who had gathered at the scene of the accident. 8. Many people listen to this programme. 9. We are renovating our house this summer because we haven't renovated it since 1985.
10. 11. They
They suppose that four persons were injured by told the students to wait outside.
bomb explosion.
while I was out. nothing until he came. 14. They expect that he'll finish his studies next year. 15. Did the noise frighten the chiidren? 16. They say he has found a better job and will leave the firm soon. 17. You must wash and iron this blouse for tonight. 18. They think she works fourteen hours a day. 19. He showed me the way to the station. 20. They should have sent this letter last Tuesday. 21. When they last saw Mark, someone was training him to use a computer. 22.Badweather conditions must have caused the accident. 23. While they were repairing my car, they found that someone had cut one of the wires. 24. As soon as we receive your application we will send a reply. 25. She expects the book will be published soon.
12. Somebody must have touched the documents 13. They had done
EXERCISE B. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive tense.
1. Three persons who fiust, bring) by an ambulance (be) discharged from hospital tomorrow. 2. The man who (injure) in a car accident, (take) to hospital an hour ago. 3. When my car (repair) last week, I (give) a lift to work by -y colleague. 4. My G.P.'s office is very modern; it (equip) with an ultrasonograph and computer tomograph. 5. All this damage can't (do) last night because we were at home atthat time. 6. The mail (deliver) every day at 10 o'clock. 7. The tickets can (pick up) at the box-offrce from 9 a.mto 6 p.m. 8. The researchers (already, give) agrant of $ 10,000 and another $ 5,000 (expect). 9. The students who (imprison) for disturbing the peace last week, (release) this morning.
They (give) three weeks in which the fine should (pay). I (make) exercise every day by my physiotherapist. l2.My bicycle which (steal) two weeks ago (just, find). 13. Where it (find)? 14. Wine should (open) about three hours before it (use). 15. My wallet must (steal) in the supermarket yesterday morning.
10.
I 1.
16. She should (operate) on earlier. 17. The contract
fiust, sign) by the managing director.
82
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E. Donesch-Je2o
f,
Reported
There are three types of Reported Speech:
1) statements,
speech
2) questions,
3) commands.
Direct Speech
I
Reported Speech
They said (that) Tom danced very well. She said (that) she didn't like bananas.
STATEMENTS 'Tom dances very well,' they said. 'I don't like bananas.' she said. QUESTIONS 'Where do you live?' he asked.
2.
He asked where
She asked
'Are You tired?' she asked
I lived. if I was tired.
3.
COMMANDS
,Take these tablets regularly,' he said 'Don't eat it!' he said. 'switch off the television, please,'he said.
He told me to take those tablets regularly He told me not to eat it' He asked me to swtich off the television-
Changing from Direct Speech into Reported Speech
tt*, tt.*
Simple Present 'I want to go home, 'he said.
Present
Reported Speech
Simple Past
He said (that) he wanted to go home.

Past Continuous She said (that) she was Past Perfect
Continuous .I:- *.itirr* u l.tt.r, ,h. ruid.

.Th.r,ve bought a new house,' he said.
writing
a letter.
Present
Perfect
He said (that) they had bought a new house.

Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous ,I,ve been working for this firm for 15 years,' he
said.
He said (that) he had been working for this firm
for
simple
15 Years.
said. 'I sold my old car,', she said.

.I'll write
to you soon,'he
Past
ilT;;fi,Tat)
she had sold her old car.
Future
said. Tuesday,'
Conditional He said (that) he would write to me soon. Conditional Continuous She said (that) she would be taking an examination in anatomY on TuesdaY'
Future Continuous ,I,ll be taking an examination in anatomy on

she
said.
-+ that/those/the
The following words also change:

This/these here
now
today
-> there -+ then
that day that night the day before, the previous daY yesterday the day after, the following day, the next day tomorrow after, the next morning moming the tomorrow morning the previous night night before, the last night before -+ days two yesterday the day before
tonight
-+ -+ -+ -+ -+
E. Donesch -Jeilo
the day after tomorrow this week/month/year last week/month/yearlTuesday, etc. next week/monthlyearlTuesday, etc. three days/years ago e.g. 'She left yesterday,' he said.
-+ in two day's time

-> that weeVmonth/year
-+ the previous weekJmonth/yearlTuesday, etc. -+ the following week/month/yearlTuesday, etc. -+ three days/years befcre -+ He said that she had left the day before.
The changes of modal verbs in Reported Speech
MUST
1. When must expresses obligation, changes into had to (when the sen-
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
He said I had to help her. She said I would have to come here asain.
it
'You must help her,' he said. 'You must come here again.' she said.
tence in Direct Speech refers to the present) or would have to (when the sentence in Direct Speech refers to the
future)
2, When must expresses advice,
duty
or logical assumption, it does not change or it changes into should.
'You must try this new restaurant,' she said. (advice) 'You must always read the documents before you sign them,' he said. (duty) 'You must be hungry' she said. (logical assumption)
She said I must/should try that new restaurant. He said (that) I must always read the documents before I sign them. She said (that) I must be hungry.
Mustn't usually remains unchanged or it is expressed by wasn't/weren't

3.
'You mustntt leave before 4 p.rn., he told me.
He told me that tr mustn't/wasn't to leave before 4 p.m.
to.
CAI"{
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
said.
Can changes into could (when the sentence in Direct Speech refers to the present) or would be able to (when the direct sentence refbrs to the future')
i can try agarn,'he
I can come next week"' she said"
He said (that) he could try again. She said (that) she would be able to
come the following week.
SHALL
Direct Speech
changes into offered (when it
She asked, 'Shall
Reported Speech
i. Shall
open the window?'
She offered to open the window.
expresses willingness to do sth").
2. Shall changes into should (when it asks tbr advice). 3. Shall changes into would (rvhen it
asks for information).
He asked, 'What shall I buy for my
He wondered what he should buy for

his wife. She asked where they lvould meet.
rvife?'
She asked. 'Where shall we meet?'
NEEDN'T
1. Needn't chariges into didn"t need toldidn't have to iwhen the sentence
Direct Speech
'You needn't eat it.' she said.
Reported Speech
She said I didn't need to/ have to/needn't eat it.
didn't
in Direct Speech refers to the present) or reinains the same.

2. Needn't changes into vzouldn't have to (when the sentence in Direct Speech refers to the future).
She said, 'You needn't do shopping tomorrow.' She said I wouldn't have to do shopping tomorrow.
84
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E. Donesch-Jeio
Notes: l. The most common reporting verbs are: say, tell, talk, speak, ask, wonder, remark, notice, want to know. 2' There is no change in the verb tenses in Reported speech when the following verbs are used: could, would, might, should, ought to, had better, used to. needn't have. e.g. 'It could be our bus.' she said. She said it could be our bus. 'She might leave a message,' he said. He said she might leave a message. 'You ought to go to the doctor,'he said. He said I ought to go to the doctor.
25. 'Why should I go there?' (She asked ...) 26. 'How shall I help you?' (She asked ...) 27 .'I can come next week.' (He said ...) 28. 'You needn't write this report for tomorrow.' (The chief told his secretary . ) 29.'I'll be working in a restaurant during this summer holiday because I need money for a motorbike.' (He told his parents ...) 30. 'You needn't ask for permission because you're an adult; you only have to be reaso'able. (He told his daughter ...) 31. 'Do you still love Peter?' (I asked -y sister ...) 32. 'Why should I tell you?' (She answered ...) 33. 'I still can't afford to buy a sports car, although I've taken a lot of extra work for the last two years.' (He complained ...) 34. 'Have you sent the f,ax yet?' (The manager asked me ...) 35. 'Try it again.' (He advised me ...)
EXERCTSE A. Put the following sentences into Reported speech. 1 . 'He keeps criticising me.' (She complained ...) 2. 'When are you going to tell me the truth?, (She asked ...) 3. 'I'm sure it was love at first sight.' (He said ...) 4. 'Does he know how I'm feeling now?' (She wondered ...) 5. 'I don't remember where I put my key., (He said ....) 6. 'Why can't she mind her own business?' (He asked ...) l. 'Listen to me for a moment.' (She asked her claughter ...) 8. 'You must tidy your room this saturday.' (He told his son ...) 9. 'I'll start practising againnext week., (He said ...) 10. 'Have you anything else to say?' (The policeman asked the suspect ...) 1i. 'I'11 see you here tomorrow at 5 p.m.' (Jack told Mary ...) 12.'can you say it a little louder?' (She asked her teacher ...) 13. 'When I first met you, you were wearing that blue shirt which you have never worn since. (She told her husband...) 14. 'Don't wait for rne.' (She told her son ...) i5.'I'll ltever forget this moment.' (He said...) 16.'who are you writing this letter to?' (she wanted to know...) 17.'Where have you been all the morning?' (The manager asked his assistant...) 18. 'You must reduce alcohol consumption.' (The doctor told him ...) 19.'You mustn't overwork.' (He told her...) 2A . 'l ve been writing this report fbr the last two days and I haven't finished it yet. ' (FIe said 2I . 'You needn't go on a diet but you must reduce the fat intake.' (His G.p. told him ...) 22.'Do you think I understand what you mean?' (She wondered ...) 23 . 'I'm afraid I haven't bought any milk. ' (She explained ...) 24' 'Who is this pretty woman sitting alone at the table?' (He wanted to know ...)
EXERCISE B. Put the following sentences into Reported Speech. 1. 'She went out at 9 o'clock yesterday morning and nobody has seen her ever since.' (He told the police ...)
2. 'I hope I'll have more information soon, so you can phone me next Friday.' (She told me 3. 'Don't say a word.' (He forbade me ...) 4. 'I'11 stay here by the phone for the next half an hour because they may call again.' (She
explained...)
5' 'I've got a good job in Birmingham and I'm moving there next month.' (He informed us ...) 6. 'I'd rather you didn't tell anyone what we've just spoken about.' (He told me ...) 7. 'I rnay be able to give you a lift but I won't know until 10 o'clock.' (She exnlained
E. Donesch-Jei.o
'You can only have a hamster as a pet because our flat is very small.' (Mother explained to her son ...) 9. 'Wait here until you are called.' (She told me ...) 10. 'You must be extremely tired because you haven't had a break today.' (He said ...) 11. 'Please, sit down and make yourself at home.' (She said ...) Iz.'lt really sounds serious so I think you should go to a solicitor where you can get the proper advice.' (My father said ...) 13. 'Shall I tell the truth?' (She asked ...) 14. 'You must send this fax before lunchtime.' (The chief told me ...) 15. 'Don't forget to let me know as soon as you've arrived safely.' (My aunt asked me ...) 16. 'I couldn't find my door key and that is why I broke the window.' (He explained to the
8.
policeman...)
17. 'You must always ask for a receipt when you pay by cash.' (He advised me ...) 18. 'If I can, I will help you, unfortunately I'm not in a position to do so at the moment.'
(He said...)
19. 'They ought to give you a pay rise because you've brought the company a lot of income this year.' (He said ...) 20. 'What's on at the cinemathatyou would like to see?' (She asked me ...)
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
There are three main types of conditionals: TVpe
6
Main clause
wilVcan/may +
If-clause If * Present Tense (or should + infinitive: more doubtful or polite)
Conditionals
Use
Real or possible
infinitive
imperative+ infinitive
should + infinitive
situation in the present or future
e.g.
If he needs your advice, he will tell you. If you heat ice, it turns to water. If you make a mistake, correct it. If you want, you may invite him. If you should see him, tetl him I want to talk to him. (It's doubtful that you will see him.)
If-clause
Twe2
Main clause
would
Use
If + Past Tense
could * infinifive
should
Advice or
imaginary situation in the present
(unreal or unlikely to happen)
might
e.g.
If he asked me, I would tell him the truth. If I were you, I would apply for this job. IfI knew her address, I could go and see her.
If-clause
Type 3
Main clause
Would
Use
If + Past Perfect
could *have+p.p.
should
might
e.g.
Imaginary situation in the past (impossible to tulfiI)
If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam. If I had saved money, I could have bought a house.
Notes:
1.
Other expressions used instead of if are the following: if, even though, when, provided that, providing, as long as, suppose, supposing, unless (if not).
even
He won't come here unless he feels better. Suppose you forgot your passport, what would you do? He'll borrow you the money provided that you give it back next week. Her parents don't mind where she goes as long as she is back before 11 p.m. Even though he tries very hard, he never succeeds. 2. When there is should, were or had in the if-clause, there is an inversion and If he should call, tell him to leave a message. Should he call, tell him to leave a message. If I were you, I wouldn't go there. Were I you, I wouldn't go there. If he had got up earlier, he wouldn't have missed the train. Had he got up earlier, he wouldn't have missed the train.
if is omitted.
Mixed Conditionals
The conditionals can be mixed in the following way:
If-clause
Type I If he is reliable, Type 2 If I knew him, Type 3 If he had passed the exams,
Main clause
she would have asked him for help.
I would have invited him.

he would enjoy his holiday now.
Type 3 Type 3 Type 2
E. Donesch-Jeio
-I
EXERCISE A. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
If
she had taken a taxi to the station, she (not miss) the train.
2. If you hurry, you (be) in London by noon. 3. Her mother (be) very wonied if she (not get) home before midnight. 4. Suppose you (lose) your job, would you start your own business? 5. If you (check) the petrol before we set out, we (not stop) on the road. 6. She would get a sick leave if she (be) ill. 7. If it (not rain) tomorrow, we (go) to the zoo. 8. They would have met me providing they (wait) longer. 9. He (understand) as long as you speak clearly and slowly.
What would she do if you (tell) her the truth? she (not stop) eating so much, she will weigh 100 kg soon. 12.He would have visited us if he (have) more time.
10. 11.
If
if you repeated it several times, she (not understand). 14.I (lend) you my car provided you drive carefully. 15. Suppose you (catch) the last trait, what time would you arrive in Brighton? 16. He (be) angry if I took his car without his permission. 17. He won't ask you unless he (understand) everything.
13. Even
if she had loved him, she (not marry) him. Would you feel lonely if you (not have) so many friends? 20.If he (be) more careful, he wouldn't have had an accident. 21. She would kill me if she (be) here! 22.I (Iet) you drive provided you had a driving licence. 23. If you (go) to town tomorrow, (you, do) some shopping for me? 24.He would be very huppy if you (do) what he asked.
18. Even 19.
EXERCISE B. Put the following sentences into the inverted form. 1. If I were him, I would be more careful.
2. If you should need more information about the conference, phone the organizer. 3. If they had come, the party would have been more enjoyable. 4. If he were more experienced, he wouldn't make such a mistake. 5. If he had fallen into the river. he could have drowned. 6. If Ted should object, I won't join you. 7. If she were older, she could stay alone. 8. If I had known you were coming, I could have changed my plans. 9. If he should come earlier. tell him to wait for me.
10.If she were slimmer. she could work
as a model.
EXERCISE C. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
If
she
hadn't got wet in the rain last night, she (not have) catarrh now.
2. If I were his wife, I (divorce) him a long time ago. 3. I wouldn't be surprised if he (lose) his new job last month. 4. If she is optimistic, she (not expect) such a disaster during our last journey" 5. The house wouldn't be burnt to the ground, if the fire (be) noticed earlier. 6. If she hadn't been invited, she (not be) here now. 7. If he is a good swimmer, he (save) the boy from drowning. 8. If they had quarrelled, they (not talk) to each other now. 9. Ifyou had asked his permission, he (not be) angry with you now.
10.If he is trustworthy, why you (not ask) him for advice earlier?
11. 12.
If he lost his ticket, he (not be) able to go to the concert tonight. If he had reported to the doctor earlier, he (be) healthy now.
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
7
Form
Use
Wishes
I wish (if only) * Past Tense

e.g.
regret about a present situation
- unreal past
I wish he were/was healthy now.
If only
he were/was healthy now.
I wish (if onty) + Past Perfect

e.g.
regret about a past situation
I wish he hadn't told her about it.
If only he hadn't drunk

I wish (if only) + subject
e.g.
so much last
night.
regret about the present; request; a wish for a change in the future which is not likely to happen
would
present inf.
If only he would give up smoking. I wish he would change for better. If only it would stop raining!
I'd rather + object Suppose/Supposing

As iflAs
e.g.
It's (about/high)
though time
+ + + +
Simple Simple Simple Simple
Past
Past Past Past
Imaginary unreal, improbable situation in the present
I'd rather you told me now.

Suppose you lost your job, what would you do? She behaves as if she knew everybody here.
It's hieh time we left.
* I'd rather + object Suppose/Supposing * * As iflAs though

It's (about/high)
e.g.
time
Past Past Past + Past
Perfect Perfect Perfect Perfect
Imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the past
I'd rather
she had finished universitv. Suppose we had lost all the money. They behave as if they had won the match.
EXERCISE A. Finish the following sentences.
1. I can't drive. I wish
2. It's a pity I didn't come to your birthday party last Saturday. If only 3. I'm sorry, I have to leave. I wish 4. Why don't you invite Mike? I'd rather you ......... 5. Paula has seen a nice dress but it's very expensive. She wishes .............. 6. It's a pity you told Maggie about it. I'd rather you ......... 7. The car I bought was a complete waste of money. I wish...... 8. He'd better start learning English. It's high time 9. I had to work very hard last year. If only
10. 11.
Bob's neighbours make a lot of noise. He wishes..... Why don't you have your car repaired. I'd rather you .........
12.I think Sarah won't lose her job. Suppose ..........
13.I'm not a child. You treat me as if ............. 14. You'd better not behave like that again. I'd rather you
.........
15.It's a pity you didn't go on holiday with me. I wish 16. Why don't you go to see your doctor? It's high time I7.He is not a criminal. There is no need to treat him as though 18. Alex didn't practise enough and that's why he didn't enter the competition. If only ....... 19. It's a pity my sister doesn't help our parents.I'd rather she .......... 20. Anna hasn't done ironing yet. It's high time ........
E. Donesch-Je2o
-I
21. She regrets she married John. She wishes .............. 22.Why don't you leave Tom alone. I'd rather you ......... 23.He didn't see this programme on TV last night. He wishes 24. Sue ate too much at the party last night. She wishes .............. 25. Fortunately, he hasn't lost much money on gambling. Suppose ............ 26.He is not the owner of this house. He behaves as if
EXERCISE B. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one,
using the word given.
1.
What a pity I'm not thinner.
WISH
2.
I'd rather ONLY
he paid for the lunch.
3. I'm
sorr1, he
hasn't left any message for you.
WISH
4.
5. 6.
What a pity you didn't offer to help her.
RATHER
He regrets he couldn't go with us.
ONLY
You spend too much money on jewellery.
RATHER
7. 8. 9.
What a pity she didn't come to WISHES
see us.
She is sorry she can't go to the concert tonight.
ONLY
It's a shame he doesn't have WISHES
ousht to start work now.
a
mobile phone.
10. We
TIME"
I 1. He'd like to be taller.
ONLY
12.It's a shame she doesn't know any foreign languages. WISHES
13. She should start to learn English.
TIME
14.
What a pity he doesn't have his car repaired.
ONLY
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E. Donesch-Je2o
8
We form interrogatives with auxiliary verbs by inverting the subject and verb (we put the verb before the subject). Study the following examples:
Interrogative forms
Positive
Dr. Evans is a surgeon.
He was operated on last week. These syringes were sterilized. He is still taking these tablets. I shall send you the results tomorrow. He must stop smoking. I ought to help him. She has sent the letters.
Interrogative
Is Dr. Evans a surgeon? Was he operated on last week? Were these syringes sterilized? Is he still taking these tablets? Shall I send you the results tomorrow? Must he stop smoking? Ought I to help him? Has she sent the letters?
The interrogatives of all other verbs are formed with do and does in the present tense and did in the past tense + the infinitive.
Positive
Present Tense You feel better. She gets out ofbed. Past Tense He became ill last week. She caught a cold a few days
Interrogative
Do you feel better? Does she get out ofbed?
ago.
Did Did
he become
ill
last week?
she catch a cold a few days ago?
The interrogative sentences can also begin with a question word, e.g. who, which, when, what, etc., and these are placed before the auxiliary verb or the verb do (does, did). e.g. When will you come back? What did you do yesterday?
Another type of interrogative sentences are those which ask about the subject. They begin with an interrogative pronoun and they do not require inversion of the subject and verb or presence of do (does, did). The following interrogative pronouns are used: Who for persons in general What for things in general Which for restricted persons or things
Study these examples:
Who broke this cup?
What
has happened?
What people live in this house? Which of you wrote this notice? (limited choice)
Which house is yours? (limited choice)

Note the distinction between these two interrosatives: Who saw you yesterday? Who did you see yesterday?
EXERCISE A. Change the following statements into questions, asking about the words in bold.
1.
The pain comes after meals.
2. Her back aches. 3. He has a cut on his foot. 4. Dr. Turner has just left the hospital. 5. The nurse will give you an injection in a moment. 5. He should try to eat something. 7. The old woman fell down the stairs. 8. Mr. Smith lives alone. 9. It hurts when I press here.
10.
Somebody turned off the television.
E. Donesch-Jeto
,t
1. She is
writing to her sister.
12.He comes from Liverpool. 13. They are laughing at the freckles on her nose. 14. This telegram is from my grandmother. 15. They want to talk about this case. 16.I gave it to my brother. 17. My sister sold her house to a famous actor. 18. The chief wants to speak to the accountant. 19. He works for Microsoft. 20.1'mthinking of my forthcoming operation.
EXERCISE B. Ask the nurse:
1) how the patient is feeling
2) what the patient's blood pressure was (pulse, temperature) 3) if she has cultured and Gram-stained the sputum 4) if she has got the patient's chest film 5) when the lab studies will come back 6) what complications she is expecting 7) if she has got the patient's CBC (complete blood count) 8) if she can let you see the patient
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E. Donesch-Je2o
9
Adjectives tell us more about a noun; they tell us what kind, what colour, how much, how many and which. Most adjectives come before nouns they qualify: a rare disease, a therapeutic dose, a sick child, a clever girl. Adjectives can follow certain verbs, such as appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, make, seem, smell, sound, taste, etc. e.g. He is handsome. The wound looks serious. The patient seems frightened.
Adjectives
It sounds interesting. It smells horrible. Keep quiet!

Notes:
1. Ir{ouns, present participles and past participles can be used as adjectives: neck glands, chest pain, blood vessels, kidney disease, burning pain, aching eyes, depressing situation, nursing staff, swollen glands, broken arm, damaged organ, etc. 2. Nouns used as adjectives do not have comparative and superlative forms and cannot be modified by very.
e.g.
a a
silver bracelet
gold necklace
a a a
winter coat
summer dress
a stone
wall
but
a a
paper bag
woollen coat (not a wool coat) wooden table (not a wood table) 3. Present participles used as adjectives describe the quality of a noun. Past participles describe how the noun feels. e.g. an annoying situation (What kind of situation? annoying) an annoyed teacher (How does a teacher feel? annoyed) a frightening story (What kind of a story? frightening) a frightened child (How does a child feel? frightened) 4. certain adjectives can be used with the to represent a group as a whole. e.g. the rich, the poor, the blind, the young, the old, the unemployed, the homeless,
etc.
5. Compound adjectives are forrned with: a) present particples: long-lasting smell, Iong-ptaying record, hard-wearing shoes b) past participles: double-breasted jacket, long-sleeved blouse, kind-hearted woman c) numbers * nouns: three-year-old child, four-week course, five-mile walk, ten-pound note d) prefixes and suffixes: non-stop show, waterproof watch e) well, badty' ill, poorly: well-dressed woman, badly-damaged car, ill-mannered person,
poorly-paid assistant
6. A general rule of the order
7.
of adjectives is the following: number, opinion, size/weight, age, shape, colour/temperature, origin/nationality, material + noun PO three nice, small, round, brown, carved, wooden tables one large, old, rectangular, brown, Persian, woollen carpet Regular comparisons of adjectives Positive
Comparative
longer (than) cleaner (than) nicer (than)
happier (than) cleverer (than) more careful (than) more intelligent (than) more dangerous (than)
Superlative
the longest (of/in) the cleanest (of/in) the nicest (of/in) the happiest (oflin) the cleverest (of/in) the most careful (oflin) the most intelligent (of/in) the most dangerous (oflin)
One-syllable
long
clean nice
TWo-syllable
happy
clever
careful
More than two syllables
intelligent
dangerous
E. Donesch-JeLa
Note: Two-syllable adjectives ending in -er, -ty, -y usually form their comparatives and superlatives by adding -er and -est to the positive form, whereas those ending in -re or -ful take more and most e.g. dirty - dirtier - dirtiest obscure - more obscure - most obscure useful - more useful - most useful
lrregular comparisons of adjectives

Positive Bad Good
Comparative
worse better
less
Superlative
worst
best least most farthest
Little
Many/much Far
more
old
farther (of distance only) further older elder (of members of a family, implying seniority,
never used with than)
furthest
oldest eldest
EXERCISE A. Underline adjectives in the following sentences.
1.
The patient complained of reddened, burning eyes, aching lower limbs, swollen neck glands
and mild skin irritation.
2.
3. 4.
The child was thin, pale, dehydrated and shocked with marked tenderness over the upper abdomen. A careful examination showed abnormally dislocated hip joint on the left side. The patient has been under intense physical therapy and pharmacological treatment for a long time.
EXERCISE B. Rewrite these sentences putting the adjectives in brackets into the appropriate
places.
1. She usually spends her holiday in alan (old, big, comfortable, dark, summer, wooden) house. 2. Her chief ts alan (handsome, middle-aged, tall, rich, divorced, well-mannered) man. 3. He arrived onalan (hired, sports, Japanse, fast, black) motorcar. 4. They went to alan (popular, small, picturesque, Spanish, holiday, popular, overcrowded)
5. 6.
7
8.
1.
resort. Yesterday I saw a/an (American, recent, long, boring) film. She wore a/an (dark green, expensive, short, evening, embroidered, silk, French) dress. She bought alan (antique, triangle, Venice, metal, small) lamp. I ate alan (three-course, fat-free, fresh, large, tasteful) meal.
EXERCISE C. Put the adjectives in brackets in the comparative or superlative form.

He demands a (high) salary than the managing director.
2. A (hard) mattress often helps for back injuries. 3. My new assistant is (lazy) than the previous one. 4. His grandfather was (extraordinary) man I have ever met. 5. That's (good) advice of all I've been given. 6. My neighbour owns a (large) collection of stamps than anyone else I have ever met. 7. Geriatrics is (little) popular branch of medicine. 8. He is (bright) and (advanced) than his twin brother. 9. It was (exciting) holiday I have had so far.
10.
I would have done a (good) job than he did.
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
Adverbs usually describe a verb but they can also modifu adjectives, nouns, sentences or other adverbs. Adverbs tell us: how (adverbs of manner), when (adverbs of time), where (adverbs of place), how often (adverbs of frequency), to what extent (adverbs of degree) something happens. e.g. She left the room quietly. (How? Adverb of manner) My sister lives upstairs. (Where? Adverb of place) They left yesterday. (When? Adverb of time) She was absolutely right in what she wrote. (To what extent? Adverb of degree) They usually go on holiday in July. (How often? Adverb of frequency) Notes: 1. Adverbs of manner are usually formed by adding -ty to the adjective. clever - cleverly bad - badly careful - carefully capable - capably basic - basically busy - busily slow - slowly extreme - extremelv
10
Adverbs
2'
Some
adjectives;:ttt*r'."rJl#frji:;ff*lv
adding the word 'wav'or'manner'.
3.
He behaved in a cowardly manner. Certain adverbs, such as above, upstairs, downstairso inside, outside, etc.
can be used as adjectives. e.g. an upstairs bedroom, a downstairs bathroom, the above example, the inside page. Some adjectives have the same form as adverbs:
4.
clean
first
further
fine pretty
right
hard
daily
cheap
late
far
fast
He is a fast driver. That was a cheap dress.
hourly weekly long
low
5.
He drives fast. I bought it cheap. She was the first student to take the exam. She took the exam first. He is a weekly visitor. He comes weekly to the classes. She has a high temperature. She aims high. Certain adverbs have two forms (with -Iy and without -ly) and have two different
meanings.
Direct: by the shortest route Hard: in a hard way

High
to a high level
Short: suddenly Right: correctly Deep: a long way down Free: without cost Wide: fully Last: after all others/most recently Late: after the usual time Near: a short distance from Pretty: fairly Wrong: in a wrong way
Peter works hard. (,r.ry much) Tom hardly works. (not much at all) She's working late. (longer hours than usual)
She hasn't worked lately. (recently) He lives near our hospital. (a short distance from) After she heard the news she nearly fainted. (almost)
Directly: immediately Hardly: scarcely Highty: very much Shortly: not long, soon Rightly: wisely Deeply: greatly Freely: willingly Widely: to a large extent Lastly: finally Lately: recently Nearly: almost Prettily: in a preffy way Wrongly: mistakenly
E. Donesch-Jeio
-I
95
6. Word order
of adverbs is the following: manner, place, time. When there is more than one time adverb, the one expressing a shorter time period precedes the one which expresses a longer period.
7.
8.
subject * verb + (object) * manner * place * time He ate his dinner quickly in a restaurant at 6.30 p.m. yesterday. b) subject * verb of movement + (object) + place + manner * time He left the restaurant hurriedly at 7.45 p.m. c) time (to emphasize the time) + subject * verb + (object) * place * manner Every morning he takes his children to school by car. Adverbs of frequency are usually placed after the auxiliary verb and after the verb be or before the main verb, but in short answers they come before the auxiliary verb. I have always dreamt about going to Hawaii. He is late for the lecture again. Yes, he always is. She is often tired after her work. She sometimes goes to the cimema with her friends. Adverbs of degree usually go before the words they modify.
a)
e.g.
He runs quite fast. She spoke only several words.
9.
Certain adverbs such as generally, probably, evidentlp obviously, actually, certainly, undoubtedly, etc. can be placed at the beginning of a sentence.
Generally, hospitals need more money. Undoubtedly, it was his greatest success. Obviously, I'll help you. Comparison of adverbs
One-syllable Two-syllable
Adv. formed by adding
-ly
Positive Comparative Superlative fast faster (than) the fastest (of/in) early earlier (than) the earliest (of/in) quickly more quickly (than) the most quickly (of/in)
EXERCISE A. Underline all adverbs in the following text. Take two tablets daily, one in the morning and one in the evening. This drug will help you feel more lively. You may not feel much better at first, but you have to take these tablets regularly. If you
forget, you can take them later. If you feel tired or weak, take another tablet after lunch.
EXERCISE B. Put the adjective or adverb in brackets in the comparative or superlative form.
1.
This is (cheap) medicine I have ever taken.
2. Today the patient looks (happy) than he did yesterday. 3. What is (stressful) aspect of being a doctor? 4. Generally, women drive (careful) than men. 5. He feels much (fit) since he started exercising. 6. This new drug is (effective) than the one I've taken so far.
7
His (old) brother

Please, speak a
has
just graduated from medicine.

so that
8. 9.
little (loud)
I can
hear you.
Unfortunately, he failed his exam again, but at least he tried (hard) than last time. 10. The street where I live now is (narrow and quiet) than the street where I used to live. 1 1. She eats and drinks (little) than she did last week. 12. His present marriage is (happy) than his last one. 13. That's really (bad) food I've ever eaten. 14. What is (useful), a telephone or a computer? 15. Your condition seems much (bad) than mine. 16. She is (attractive) woman in the world!
EXERCISE C. Choose the correct word.
1. Although
the accident looked seriouslseriously, nobody was serious/seriously injured.
2. It is strong/strongly coffee but it tastes strange/strangely. 3. trs she all right? She is speaking very loud/loudly and looks terrible/tenibly. 4. She smiled sweet/sweetly and left quicVquickl)'. 5. Although he was speaking slow/slowly and with some difficulty, he seemed happylhappily.
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
6. Our holiday was wonderful/wonderfully but the time passed quick/quickly. 7. Keep silent/silently. I've been working hard/hardly all the morning. 8. why are you walking so fast/fastly? can'tyou walk slow/slowly? 9. Although he appears nervous/nervously, he works perfect/perfectly.
11. The
10.I've hard/hardly worn this jacket. That is why it looks so clean/cleanly. doctor told me to open my mouth wide/widely and said that my throat looks serious/
seriously infected. told that we can visit this place free/freel), but others have to pay afee regularl
she disappeared under
12. We were 13.
regularly.
It is wide/widely believed that
high/highly suspicious circumstances.
blow wasn't strong/strongly but he was bad/badly injured. 15. The children usually play loud/loudly but they've kept quiet/quietly today. 16. The restaurant was moderate/moderately cheap and the food tasted delicious/deliciousl)r. 17. Although the man behaved violenVviolently, I was kind/kindly to him and asked him to leave immediateiimmediately. 18. My son is a good/well driver but he often drives too fast/fastly. 19. When I returned home I was complete/completely exhausted and everything seemed
14. The
unusual/unusuall)r. 20. The police assessed the situation as high/highly dangerous and asked the onlookers to keep
calm/calmly. EXERCTSE D. Put the adverb in brackets in its correct position. 1. Her gums bleed. (occasionally) 2. She is short of breath at night. (frequently) 3. She has been seriously ill. (never) 4. His backache is intensified by movement. (usually) 5. He has lost his consciousness at the doctor's. (often) 6. She visits her relatives. (rarely) 7. Does she feel tired? (often) 8. He will remember to brush his teeth regularly. (always)
EXERCISE E. Choose the correct word.
1.
2. Everybody w as amazingl amazedwith his confusing/confu sed explanation. 3. Having heard the shocking/shocked news everybody was shocking/shocked. 4. Rainy and foggy weather makes me depressing/depressed. 5. Although I frequently come from work exhausting/exhausted, I find my job interestingJ
interested.
The whole situation was amusing/amused and I felt embarrassing/embarrassed.
6. I was annoying/annoyed with the film which was boring/bored. 7. It was such an exciting/excited match. Everybody was surprising/surprised seeing
8.
that our team had won. At first he was disappointing/disappointed with his new job but now he finds it satistring/ satisfied.
Other types of comparison 1. As ... as - not as/so ... as I'm as tall as you are.
Breathe as deeply as you can. She is not as young as I expected. He is not so ill as we thought.
2. 3.
The + comparative ... the + comparative The more he eats, the more hungry he becomes. The sooner you go to the doctor, the better for you. Comparative * and + comparative The play was becoming more and more boring.
EXERCISE F. Complete the following comparisons.
1.
He
2. Fortunately, this patient is getting 3. She is not .............. healthy
is
poor ........ ....... a church mouse.

and ..........
can be expected.
E. Donesch-Jeilo
-I
4. The more money people get, ......... a lion. 5. He is not ............... brave 6. The more you work, and ............... 7. In autumn the days are getting light ........ ....... a feather. 8. Although she eats a lot, she remains the previous one. effective 9. This new nurse is not
his mother. This child is ............... nervous earlier the disease is diagnosed, ............... 12. March is not cold ........... January or February.
10. 11. The
98
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
DICTIONARY
Plurals of the Classical Nouns
Classical nouns often keep their classical plural forms. Their endings are spelled and pronounced in the following way: (Sing.) -us [as]
(ENGLTSH - POLTSH)
focus ['faukas] * foci ['fausai] fungus ['fnqgas] - fungi ['fnndgai]

us [as]
(Pl.)
- i [ai]
abdominal feb'dominal] - brzuszny abnormality ['abno:'meliti] - anormalnoS6, nieprawidlowoS6

abrupt
abscess
abate [a'beit] - zmniejszyl, obni2y6, zniefiC abdomen leb'dauman; 'abdaman] - brzuch
fe'brapt] -nagly ['absis] - ropief

:
(Sing.)
radii ['reidiai] genius I'd3i:niasl - genii ['d3i:niai]

(Sing.)
radius ['reidias]
(Pl.)
- ii [iai]
is [is]
(P1.)
basis ['beisis]
crisis ['kraisis]
es [i:z] bases l'beisi:zl
crises ['kraisi:z]
absorb fab'so :b] - wchlani a6, pochlaniat absorption [eb' so pfan] - wchlanianie, po chlanianie abstain (from) lab'steinl-powstrzymywa6 siq (od czegoS) accelerate [ak'selareit] - przyspiesza1 access ['aksas] - dostqp accessory fak'sesari] - dodatkowy, pomocniczy accident ['aksident] - wypadek
(Sing.)-
a [a] - (Pl.) larva ['1a:va]
-es [i:z]
accompan/ [a'knppani] - towarzyszyt accurate f'ekjurit] - dokladny, Scisly

ache [eik] - b61; bole6 achieve [e'tfi:v] - osi4gn46, dojS6 do czegoS
acne
formula ['fo:mjula]
(Sing.)
larvae ['la:vi:]
formulae ['fo:mjuli:]
['akni]
- tradzik
on [an]
(Pl.)
a [a]
phenomenon ffi'nomanan]
-fi'nomana]
phenomena
acoustic [a'ku:stik] - stuchowy acquired le'kwaiadl - nabyty acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
criterion fkrai'tiarian]
(Sing.)
criteria lkrai'tiarial
[e'kwaiad i'mju:n di'fiJansi 'sindram]
- zesp6l nabytego niedoboru odpornoSciowego
-um [am] -
(Pl.) - a [a] memorandum fmama'rendam]
memoranda
fmama'renda] (Sing.) ex I ks] - (P1.) -ices [isi:z] index ['indaks] - indices ['indaisi:z] appendix [a'pendiks] - appendices [a'pendisi:z]
act [ekt] - dziatat acute [a'(u:t]- ostry addition [a'difan] - dodatek adenocarcinoma [,adinoka:si'nauma] - gruczolakorak adenoid ['edinoid] - wyroSl adenoidalna
adequate
adhesive tape lad'hi:siv 'teipl -przylepiec, plaster adipose ['edipaus] - tluszczowy adj ac ent I a' d3e i sa n t] - przylegly, s 4si aduj acy adjunctive [a' d3 n qktiv] - p omocni czy, wspom agaj qcy
['edikwit] - odpowiedni, wla6ciwy
adjuvant f'adguvant] - Srodek wspomagajqcy administer fad'minista] - podawa6, stosowa6 lek admini stration [a d,mini s' treifan] - p o dawanie leku, administracja admission fad'mifen] - przyjEcie, przyznanie admit [ad'mit] - przyznai, dopuSci 6, przyjql adolescence [,ada'lesans] - wiek mlodzienczy adolescent [.ada'lesant] - mlodzieniec adrenal fed'ri:nal] - nadnerczowy adrenalectomy fed,ri:na'lektami] - usuniEcie gruczol6w
nadnerczy
adult ['ednlt] - dorosly afebrile [a'fi :brail] - bezgorqczkowy affect [a'fekt] - wylviera6 wplyq zaatakowad chorobE
aggravate I'agriveit] - pogorszy6 siq agrtate ['edgiteit] - pobudzid, poruszyi agonizing l' e ganaizirfl - dr Eczqcy, mecz4ay (b 61) aid [eid] - pomoc ailment ['eilmant] - choroba, schorzenie, cierpienie aim [eim] * cel; celowad air sac f'ea sek] - pqcherzyk ptucny airway ['ea wei] - droga oddechowa alert [a'la:t] - czujny,uwainy allergy ['alad3i] - alergia alternating ['o : ltaneitirfl - zmienny, naprzemienny
alveolus ['alvialas], (pl.) alveoli

ambulance ['ambjulans]
- pqcherzyk
ambulans, karetka pogotowia
E. Donesch-JeLo
-I
amenorrhoea [a,meno'ri:e] - brak miesi4czki amino acid [a'mi:nau 'esid] - aminokwas amount [a'maunt] - suma, ilo66; wynosi6, r6wna6 siq amputate f'ampju:teit] - amputowad anaemia [a'ni:mia] - anemia
anaesthesia
[
,eni:s'0 izja]
znieczulenie
- ramiq armpit ['a:mpit] - pacha arrhythmia [a'riOmia] - arytmia art [a:t] - sztuka, umiejqtno6i, rzemioslo arteriosclerosis [a: .tiariosklia'rausis] - stwardnienie tqtnic arteriole [a:'tiariaul] - tqtniczka
arm [a:m] artery ['a:tari] -tqtnica, arterra
anaesthesiologist [,4'ni:s0izj'olad3ist] - anestezjolog anaesthesiology ['ani:sOizj'olad3i] - anestezjologia anaestheti c [' ani : s' 0 eti k] - 5ro dek zmeczulaj 4cy anaesthetist [' ani : s' 0eti st] - anestezj olo g daj 4cy narkozq analgesia [.anel'd3i:zie] - znieczulenie analgesic [ .anal' d3i : sik] - Srodek przeciwb6loo,.y anastomosis [,anasta'mausis] - zespolenie, anastomoza aneurysm fanj'uarism] - tEtniak anglnapectoris [en'd3aina 'pektaris] - dusznica bolesna
arthritis [a:' 0raitisf - zapalenie staw6w articulation ['a:tikju' leiJan] - staw, polqczeme stawowe artifi cial [.a:ti'fifal) * szttczny ascend [a'send] - i6i w g6rQ, wznosi6 siq aspirin ['espirin] - aspiryna
ocenia6, oszacowad - ocena, oszacowanie assign [a'sain] - wyznaczy (,, wy dzieh|
assess
[a'ses]
assessment [a'sesmant] assistance [a'sistans]
angiography [.andgi'ogrefi ] - angiografia, radio grafi a naczynkrwiono Snych angiopl asty [' andgio'pla sti] - plastyka naczynra ankle [eqkl] - kostka u nogi, staw kolanowy ankle jerk ['ar1kl 'dga:k] - odruch Sciqgna Achillesa ankylosing spondylitis ['eqki'lausir1 spondi'laitis] - usztywnienie krqg6w anorexia [,ano'reksia] - brak laknienia anovulation [, enovj u'leifan] - brak j aj eczkowania,
anowulacja
assistant [a'sistant]
associate
- pomoc, asysta - pomocnik, asystent [a'saufi'eit] - pol4czy(, skojarzyl, zwiyza|
fant'esidl - Srodek zobojEtniaj4cy kwasy anterior fan'tiaria] - przedni

antacid
[, entia' a ld3ik] - Srodek przeciw antibiotic [,rentibai'otik] - antybiotyk
antiallergic
aler
giczny
antibody ['enti,bodi] - przeciwcialo antipyretic [.entipai'retik] - Srodek przeciwgor4czkowy anuria [a' nj uaria ] - b ezmo cz, br ak wytw arzania mo czu anus ['einas] - odbyt anvil ['envil] - kowadelko (kostka sluchowa) anxiety lanl'zaratil - niepok6j, obawa anxious ['aqkfas] - niespokojny, boja2liwy
atrium ['eitriam] - przedsionek atrophy ['arofi] -zanrk, atrofia attach [a'tetJl - przymocowa6, przyczepil attempt fa'tampt] - pr6ba; pr6bowa6 auditory bone f'o:ditari 'baun] - kostka sfuchowa auditory meatus f'o:ditari mi'eitas] - otw6r, przew6d sluchowy auricle ['o:rikl] - przedsionek serca, malzowinauszna auriscope ['o:riskaup] - wziernik uszny auscultation [, o skal' teifan] - osluchiwanie, auskultacja autoimmune [, o ta i' mj u n] - wyfrv arzajqcy przecrw crala przeciw wlasnym antygenom, autoimmunogenny autonomic [,o :ta'nomik] - autonomiczny
: :
:
asthma ['e sma] - astma astrocytoma [.e strasai'tauma] - gwialdziak atheroma I'aOa'rauma] - ognisko miazdzycowe athero sclerosis [' a 0 aro. sklia'rausis] - miaLd?yca tqtnic
-aorta aortography [.eio:'tografi] - aortografia

ent [a' pi a ria nt] - Srodek pr zeczy szczaj qcy apex ['eipaks] - szczyt, wierzcholek, koniuszek
ap eri
aorta [ei'o:ta]
average ['evrid3] - Sredni aware (o0 [a'wea]- Swiadomy avoid [a(void] - unikn46, stroni6
axial ['aksial]
osiowy
apical ['epikal]
szczytowy
appendage [a'pendid3] - przydatek apparent [a'perant] - jawny, widoczny appe arance [a'pi arans] - wygl4d, powierzchowno66 appendectomy [,rep en' dektami] - wyciqcie wyro stka
axilla [ak'sila] - pacha axillary [ak'silari] - pachowy axon ['aksan] - aksona

azoospennia [a'zauspa:mia]
brak plemnik6w w nasieniu
B
backache ['bek'eik] - b6l plec6w balance ['belans] - r6wnowaga bandage ['bendid3] - b anda2; b anda2ow at barium meal ['beariam.mi:l] - papka barowa podawana do polkniqcia base fbeis] - podstawa basement ['beismant] - podstawa basis ['beisis], (p1.) bases - podstawa basophil ['beisofil] - leukocyt zasadochlonny bedridden ['bed.ridn] - przykuty do L62ka, z\o|ony chorob4 behaviour [bi'heivja] - zachowanie
robaczkowego
app
endiciti s I a'p endi' saitis]
zapaleme wyro stka
robaczkowego appendix [a'pendiks] - dodatek, wyrostek robaczkowy
['epi.tait] - apetyt application [' apli' kerfan] appetite
zastosowani e, p o smarowanie
apply [a'plai]
o prace (maSciq), stosowa6, smarowa6 wnieS6 podanie o prace
(ma6ci{, wniesienie podania
appointment [a'pointmant]
- um6wiony termin,
zam6wi on a w izyta u lekar za approach [a'prautfl - zbli2enie siq, podejScie do zagadnienia; zbli2y| siq, podejSC do zagadnienia approve [a'pru:v] - zatwierdza|, aprobowai aqueous ['eikwias] - wodny, ciecz wodnista w przedniej komorze oka
area
I'
powierzchnia, obszar, pole
belching t'beltfiq] - odbijanie bend [bend] (bent, bent) - schylai siq, zginad benign fbi'nain] - lagodny (nowotw6r, choroba) beta-blocker ['bi:ta 'bloka] - leki blokuj4ce (blokery) receptor adrenergiczny (o zastawce) dwudzielny [bai'kr.spid] -
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
bile [bail] - 26tc biliary tract ['biliari .trakt]
- przew6d 2olciowy bilirubinaemia [bili,ru:bi'ni:mia] - bilirubinemia,

bilirubinuria fbili.ru:binluaria]
w moczu
obecnoS6 bilirubiny we krwi - obecnoS6 bilirubiny
cardiac arrest [,ka:diak a'rest] - zatrzymanre akcji serca cardiac failure [,ka:diak 'feilja] - niedomoga,wada serca cardiac sphincter [,ka:diak 'sfiqkta] - zwieracz wpustu do 2ol4dka
c
ardiovas cul ar ['ka : di a' va skj ul a ]
erco w onaczyni oorry
biopsy ['baiopsi] - biopsja, pobranie tkanki do badania bladder ['blada] - pEcherz bleed [bli:d] (bled, bled) - krwawic blotch [blotJl - plama blood fblnd] - krew blurred [bla :d] - zamazany, niewyraLny body ['bodi] - cialo bolus ['baulas] - kQs
- opieka; opiekowa6 siE carotid [ka'rotid] - szyjny carry out [,keari' aut] - wykonyw a(,, przepr ow adzat cartilage ['ka:tilidg] - tkanka chrzqstna, chrzEstka casualty department ['ke3ualti di'pa:tmant] - pogotowie
care [kea] ratunkowe cataract ['katarekt] - za6ma catgut ['ketg"t] - katgut catheter ['ke Oita]- cewnik caudal [ko:dl] - ogonowy causalgia [ka'ze ld3ia] - piek4cy b6l, kauzalgia c ause [ko : z] - pr zy czyna ; wywo lyw a(,, p owo dowa6 caustic ['ko:stik] - 2rqcy, kaustyczny
- ko56 bone marrow ['baun .merau] - szpik kostny bother ['boda] - niepokoid, ktropotad
bound [baund] - zwrqzany bout [bautf - atak, napad (b61u) bowel ['baual] - jelito brachial ['breikial] - ramienny bradycardia [.bre di'ka:dia] - rzadkoskurcz serca, bradykardia brain fbrein] - mozg brain stem ['brein 'stem] - pieri m6zgowy b ran ch [bra ntfl - o dgat erzi eni e, dzie dzina; r o zgalqziat siE breast [brest] - pier6 breath [bre0] - oddech
:
bone lbaunl
cavity
f'keviti] -jama
cease [si:s]
przerwal, wstrzyma6
cell [sel] - kom6rka

centrifuge ['sentrifi u: d3] - odwirowa6 cerebellum [.seri'belam] - m62d2ek cerebral ['serabral] - mozgowy cerebral palsy f,serabral 'po:lzi] -pora2enie m6zgowe cerebro-spinal ['serebro.spainl] - m6zgowo-rdzeniowy
cerebrum ['seribram]
m6zg
breathe [bri:6]
oddycha6
breathing ['bri:diqJ - oddychanie bring about f'brirla'baut] - spowodowa6, doprowadzid brittle fbritl] - tamliwy, kruchy bronchiole ['bro4kial], (pl.) bronchioli - oskrzelik bronchitis fbroq'kaitis] - zapalenie oskrzeli bronchography [.bro4'kogrefi] - broncho grafia bronchoscopy [,broq'koskapi] - wziernikowanie oskrzeli bronchospasm ['bro4kaspezm] - skurcz oskrzeli bronchus ['broqkas], (pl.) bronchi - oskrzele bruise [bru:z] - siniak bruit fbru:t] - szmer naczyniowy, ton buccal ['bnkal] - policzkowy bundle fbnndl] - pEczek, wrqzka burning ['ba :niqJ - palqcy, piek4cy buttock ['bntak] - po6ladek
C cabinet ['kabinat] - szafka cachexia [ka'keks ia] - charlactwo, wyni szczenie caecum ['si:kam] - jelito Slepe
caesarean fsi'zerian]
cervical ['sa:vikal] - szyjny cervix ['sa:viks] - szyja chamber f'tfeimba] - komora

character f'kerikta] - charakter, rodzaj charcoal ['tJa:kaul] - wqgiel drzewny chart [tla:t] - karta chorobowa, sporzqdza6 wykres, zanotowa6 temperaturq na karcie chorego check ttfek] - sprawdza6, kontrolowa6 check up ['ttek ^p] - badanie kontrolne cheek ltfr:k] - policzek chemist ['kemist] - chemik, aptekarz (chemist's shop - apteka) chemotherapy ['kemau' Oerapi] - chemio ter apia chest ltfest] - klatka piersiowa chew ttf",l - ilut
calculus ['ke lkjulas], (pl.) calculi - lydka calyx ['kaliks] - kielich
calf [ka:f]
canal
kamieri
chicken-pox ['tfikan.poks] - ospa wietrzna childbinh ['tJaild'ba:0] - narodziny dziecka chin [tfin] - broda, podbr6dek choroid f 'koroid] -naczyni6wka oka chronic ['kronik] - dtugotrw aly, przewlekty churn [tfa:n] - obraca6, posuwa6, ubijad chyme fkaim] - miazga pokarmowa circulation [.sa :kju'letfan] - krqzenie circulatory [,sa :kju'leitari] - kr4zeniowy cleanse [klens] - oczyficrf, przemyt clench [klentfJ - zaciskal, zaginat
fka'nal] -kanal
rak (nowotw6r) capillary [ka'pilari] - naczynie wlosowate capsule ['kepsju:l] - kapsulka, torebka carbohydrate ['ka:bo'haidreit] - wEglowodan carbon dioxide ['ka:ban dai'oksaid] - dwutlenek wqgla carcinoma [,ka:si'nauma] - rak (nowotwor) cardia ['ka:dia] - wpust, czqS1 wpustowa Zotqdka
cancer ['ke:nsa]
clot [klot] - skrzep; krzepnq| clotting ['klotiqJ - krzepniEcie

. :
cluster ['k1"561 - pek, skupisko co arctation [ kaua k' teifan] - zw Ehenie ; zw erza{ c i e 6ni a6 coarse rales ['ko s,ra:lz] - rzEhenie grubobarikowe
S :
cochlea ['koklia]
cardiac ['ka:diak]
sercowy
coiled ['koild] - zwiniqty colic ['kolik] - kolka, kolkowy (b6l) colitis fka'laitis] - zapalenie okrEznicy
Slimak (czE36 ucha)
E. Donesch-Jeflo
-I
: :
- .3pse fka'laps] -zapafiC - .apsible fka'lapsabl] - skladany, nadmuchiwany : , ..:ct [ka'lekt] - zbterat
- , .:roscopy
contraction [kan'trekfan] - skurczen ie, zw E2enie, skurcz c ontraindi c ate [ kontra' indike rtf - prze ciw skaza1 c ontributory [ka n' tribj utari ] - pr zy czy nkowy,
.
- r:r ['kaulan] - okrqznica
[kau'lonoskapi] - wziernikowanie okrqznicy - -. rstomy [ka'lestami] - chirurgrczne wytworzenie przetoki

oV,rerLniczo-sk6rnej
przyczynraJqcy slQ convalesce [,konva'les] - powraca6 do zdrowia, rekonwalescencja
[kal'poskapi] - kolposkopia - :::3 ['kauma] - Spi1czka - ::bat ['kombat] - walka; zwalczy|

- ' ":.-rscopy -
convert [kan'va:t] convex ['konveks]

cooperate cornea ['ko:nia]
- wypukty [kau'opa'reit] - wsp6lpracowa6
- zam1.enr6,
przemienid
suicide fka'mit 'sjuisaid] - popelni6 samobojstwo -, ::municable disease [ka'mju:nikabl dr' zi:z]
.:mit
- rog6wka coronary ['koranari] - wiericowy corpuscle ['ko:pnsl] - krwinka, cialko

correspond [.koris'pond] cortex ['ko:teks] - kora
choroba zaka2na
odpowiada6, zgadza| srq
: -::patible fkam'petabl] - zgodny : -::plain (of) fkam'plein] - uskarza6 siq, narzeka1
-::plaint fkam'pleint] - skarga, dolegliwoS6 - -:rplete blood count [kam'pli:t 'bl,.d 'kaunt] - morfologia
krwi
: - :rplication [.kompli'keifan]
-
cortical ['ko:tikal] - korowy couch [kautJl -Ie2anka, kozetka

cough lkofl
- kaszel;
kaszled
- powiklanie, komplikacja
-:rprise fkam'praiz]-zawterat, skladai siq, obejmowa6 : . npulsive [,kam'pnlsiv] - natrqtny : -:cave f'koqkeiv] - wklEsly - : :ceive [kan'si:v] - poczq6, zaplodnil
zaplodnienie : r:cern [kan'sa:n] - zajmowa6 siq, mie6 do czymenia, dotyczy1 : .. n c omitant fkan'komita nt] - rowno czesny, wystqpuj 4cy rownoczesnle :.-,ncussion fkan'k^fan] - wstrz4s
:
counselling ['kaunsaliqj - dradztwo, poradnictwo count fkaunt] -hczba, ilo66; hczyt couple fknpl] -para, kilka course fko:s] - kurs, cykl, przebieg cover ['knva] -przykryl crack [krek] - pqkniEcte, szpara, pqka6
::ception [kan'sepfan]
- poczqcie,
:ondition fkan'difan]
: ;
stan, warunek
onfirm fkan'fa:m] - potwierdzil ;onfuse [kan'fiu:z] - spl4ta6, pogmatwa6 ;ongenital [kan'd3enital] - wrodzony
congestive fkan'dgestiv]
onduct fkanid"kt] - przewo dzi6, przesyla6 :one fkaun] - stozek, czopek siatkowki
cramp fkramp] -kurcz, skurcz; kurczyc cranial ['kreinial] - czaszkowy cranium ['kreiniamf - czaszka crease [kri:s] - falda, zakladka, zagrecre create fkri :' eit] - stworzy 6, utw orzy6, powotywa6 crepitation [ .krepi'teifan] - trzeszczenie, krep itacja cross-eye ['kros,ai] - zez crushing t'ktdir| - mia2d2qcy crust [krnst] - skorupa, strup
conization -fkanai'zetfan]
- przekrwiony, zastoinowy - konrzacja, wyciqcie stozka tkanki

zszyjki macicy
cryosurgery [.kraio'sa:da3ri ] - kriochirurgia (u2ycie zimna) cryotherapy [, krai o' 0 erap i ] - kri otera pia, Ieczenie zimnem culture ['knltJa] - kultura, hodowla; hodowa6 bakterie curable ['kjuarabl] - uleczainy
cure [kjua] -leczyc cyanosis ['saia'nousis]
conjun6tiva [.kbnd3^qk'taiva] - spojowka c onj unctiviti s [' kondS a rlkti' vaitis] - zapalente spoj owek c onnect [ka'nekt] - lqczy 6, po\qczy( connection [ka'nekfan] - pol4c zenie
onne cti ve fka -'nekt wl - *qczny conscious ['konJas] - przytomny consciousness ['konfasnis] - przytomno56 consecutive fkan :sekjutiv] - kolejny consider [kan'sida] - rozwa2a| c o n s iderati on [ . kan si da' re ifanf - r ozw a2anie (take into consideration - wzi46, bra6 coS pod rozwagq) consist (of) [kan'sist]- sklada6 siE consistency [kan'sistansi] - konsystencja, gqstoSi constant ['konstant] - staly, trwaly,hczba staN.a constipation' [ 'konsti'peifan] - zaparcle constituent [kan'stitjuant] - skladnik
c
cyanotic ['saia'notik]
- sinica - siniczy
cyst fsist] - cysta, torbiel cystitis [sis'taitis] - zapaleme pqcherza cytoplasm ['saitaple zm] - cytoplazma cytotoxic ['saitatoksik] - cltotoksyczny D
damage ['damid3] - szkoda. uszkodzenie; uszkodzi6 dead [ded] - martu'r' deaf [def] - gluchy deafness ['defiris] - guchota deal (with) fdi:l] (dealt. Cealt) - mieS do czynienia, traktowa6 death [de0] - (mierc debris ['debri:] - odpadki. pozostatro6ci
decrease
fdi'kri:s]
defensive fdi'fensir ]
constrict fkan'strikt] - kurczy6, skurczyi consulting room [kan'sn ltirl 'ru:m] - gabinet przyjqt lekarskich
contagious [kan'teid3as]
defibrillation
- zmnreiszyc, obntLyt - oL,ronny, odporny, oporny [,difaibn'ier]-anl - defibrylacja,
- zawieral contaminate [kan' te mine it] - zakazi6, zanteczy Scrt

contain [kan'tein]
- zakaLny
Errzenvanie migotania kom6r deficiency [di'fifansrr - niecobor deflate [di: 'fleit] - \\ \ F,usc rc pou'ietrze z czegol
deformity fdi'fo :miti] - cetormac.; a degeneration [di'd3ena rer]-en] - degeneracja, zwyrodnienie

degree [di'gri:] - stop:e: dehydrated fdi:'hatcirer::c-
contraceptive [' kontra' septiv] - Srodek antykoncepcyj ny contract [kan'trekt] - kurczy6 siq
- oCu odniony
- 1E. Donesch-Je2,:
102
English for \ledical Students and Doctors
T
deliver [di'liva] - wyda6 na Swiat, dostarczy6 delivery fdi'livari] - por6d, dostarczenie delusion fdi'lu:3an] - omany, ztudzenie
dementia fdi'menfia]
dendrite ['dendrait]
- demencja
dendryt
denture ['dentfa] - protezazqbowa deny [di'naif - zaprzeczy| deposit fdi'pozit] - osad, zLogi; odkNada| osadzad
depressed fdi'prest] - przygnqbiony, wgnieciony derive fdi'raiv] - wywodzi6 (rod, pochodzenie) dermatitis [.da:ma'taitis] - zapalenie sk6ry dermatologist [, da ma'tole d3ist] - dermatolo g dermatology [.da:ma'tolad3i] - dermatologia dermatomycosis [,da:matomai'kausis] - grzybica sk6ry dermis ['da:mis] - sk6ra wlaSciwa (warstwa skory) descend [di'send] - schodzi6, obnizai siq design fdi'zainl- projekt, plan; projektowa6, planowa6 detachment [di'tatfmant] - odwarstwienie siE, odklej enie
:
dizziness ['dizinas] - zawr6t glowy drzzy spell f'dizi .spel] -zawr6tglowy donor ['dauna] - dawca dorsal ['do:sal] - grzbietowy
rozwarstwienie dissolve [di'zolv] - rozpu6cii distal ['distal] - dystalny, dalszy di stension fdi' stenfanf - r ozszerzenie, rozlu2nienie distress [di'stres] - ciEzki stan, wyczerpanie diuretic fdjua'retik] - lek moczopEdny diverti culiti s [dai va, tikj u' laiti s f - zapalenie zachylka, uchylka divide [di'vaid] - dzieli6, podzielid
dorsiflexion [,do:si'flekfan]
- wygiEcie ku g6rze (stopy)
dosage ['dausid3] - dawkowanie dose [daus] - dawka; dawkowa6
downwards ['daunwadz]
- na (w) d6l, ku dolowi
detect [di'tekt]
deterioration fdi.tiaria'reifan]
- wykrywai,
determine [di'ta:min] develop [di'velop] - rozwin46 devote (to) fdi'vaut] - po6wiqcid siq komu6, czemuS diabetic [,daia'betik] - chory na cul<rzycE, cukrzycowy diabetes [, daia'bi :t iz] - cuk,rzy ca diagno se [' daia g'na uz] - r ozpoznawa6, di agno zow aC diagnosis [.daiag'nausis] - diagnoza diameter [dai'amita] - Srednica diaphragm [,daiafrem] - przepona diarrhoea [.daia'ria] - biegunka
wySledzi6 - pogorszenie siE, degradacja okreSla6, ustala6, decydowa6
drainage ['dreinidg] - drenaz, s4czkowanie dressing ['dresiqJ - opatrunek
drop [drop] - kropla; upuSci6 drowsy I'drauzll- senny, ospaly

drowsiness ['drauzinas]
diastolic [,daias'tolik] - rozkurczowy diathermy [.daia'0a:mi] - diatermia dietician [,daia'trfan] - dietetyk differential [.difa'renJal] - r6znicowy diffuse [di' fi u s ; di' f1u.z] - r ozpro szony ; rozpr aszat, r ozlew a6 diffusion [di'fi u:3an] - rozproszenie digestion fdi'd3estfan] - trawienie digestive fdi'dgestiv] - trawienny, dotycz4cy trawienia dilated [dai'leitid] - rozszerzony diminish fdi'minifl - zmniejszyd, malei diphtheria fdif'Oiarial - blonica direct fdi'rekt] - kierowad, skierowa6 disable [dis'eibl] - powodowad kalectwo disabled [dis'eibld] - ulomny, kaleka di s c e ctomy I di' s ekta mi] - wyc i qc ie L,r azka mi qdzykrqgowe go discharge fdis'tfa:dg] - wydzielina, wypisanie ze szpitala;
:
due (to) [dju:] - zawdziqcza|,by( przyczynqczegoS dull [dnl] - tqpy duodenotomy [.djuadi'notami] - naciqcie dwunastnicy duodenum [.djua'di:nam] - dwunastnica duration fdjua'reifan] - trwanie
drug [drng] - lekarstwo, narkotyk drum [dr"p1 - bEbenek dry fdrai] - suchy duct [dnkt] - przew6d, kanal
senno56, ospaloS6
- obowiqzek, dyhur - dusznoSci dysuria [dis juaria] - bolesne lub trudne oddawanie
dyspnoea [dis'pnia]
duty ['djuti]
moczu
E
ear [ia]
earache
ucho
wy dziela(,, wypisyw at ze szprtala
line [' disipl in] - dyscyp I tna, dziedzina discoid ['diskoid] - dyskoidalny di scomfort fdi s'knmfat] - niewygo da, dolegliwo
di
s
ip
effusion [i'fiugan]-wysiqk, wylew do jamy elbow ['elbau] - tokie6

electrocardiogram [i,lektrau'ka: diaugram]
56,
f'iareik] - bol ucha eardrum ['iadram] - blona bqbenkowa echocardio gram [, ekau'ka : di augram] - echokardiogram ectopic fek'taupik] - przemi eszczony, (ectopic pregnancy - ciqza pozamaciczna) eczema ['eksima] - wyprysk , egzema edge [ed3] - krawqd2 effect [i'fekt] - skutek effective [i'fektiv] - skuteczny
zle samopoczucie
discovery [dis'kr.vari]
disease
di s infe
odkrycie
ct [, di s in' fe c tf - dezynfekowa6, o dka2at disinfectant [, disin'fektant] - Srodek dezynfekuj 4cy disorder fdis'o:da] - zabtrzenie, choroba dispensary [dis'pensari] - aptek a szpitalna disposable syringe [dis'pauzabl 'sirind3] - strzykawka jednorazowego uzytku dissecting forceps fdi'sektirl 'fo:saps] - kleszczyki do preparowania dis section fdi' s ekfan] - r ozcinanie, preparowanie,
ldi'zi'zl - choroba
- elektrokardiogram electrodiathermy [i, lektrau'daia 0a mi] - elektrodi adermia electroencephalogram [i,lektrauen'sefala grem] - elektroencefalogram electrolyte [i'lektraulait] - elektrolit elevate ['eleveit] - podnosi6, wznosi6 elicit [i'lisit] - wydobywa6 (coS z czegol),wyci4gal embolus ['embalas], (pl.) emboli - zator emergency [i'ma:d3ansi] - nagty przypadek emergency department (room) [i'ma : dgansi di'pa:tmant] - pogotowie ratunkowe emotion fi'maupn] - emocja emphysema ['emfi 'si:me] - rozedma pluc
:
E. Donesch-Jeio
encourage [in'knrid3] - zachqcil encroachment [in'krautfmant] - wtargniqcie, wdarcie siq,
employment [im'ploimant] - zajEcie, zatrudnienie employer [im'ploia] - pracodawca encephaliti s [en, s e fa' I aiti s ] - zap alenie m6zgu
exertion [ig'za:fan] - wysilek exhale feks'heil] - wydycha6 exhaust fig'so:st] - wyczerpanie

expect [ik'spekt] - oczekiwa6 experience fik'spiarians] - doSwiadczenie expectorate [ek'spektareit] - odkrztuszad
wkroczenie
endemic fen'demik]
endocarditis [,endauka:'daitis] - zapalenie wsierdzia endocardium [.endau'ka:diam] - wsierdzie endolymph ['endaulimf] - endolimfa endoscope ['enda,skaup] - wziernik do badaniawnEtrz jam endotracheal intubation [ . endau'traki a I,ind u'beifan] - intubacja dotchawicza endowment [in'daumant] - fundacja enema ['enima] - wlew, lewatywa enlarge fin'la:dg] - powiqkszy6 enlargement fin'1a: dgmant] - powiqks zenie enteroscopy [.entaro'skapi] - wziernikowanie jelita environment [in'vaiaranmant] - otoczenie, Srodowisko enzyme l'enzatmf - enzym eo sinophi I [ . i ou'sinafi l] - granulocyt eozynochlonny epicardium [,epi'ka:diam] - osierdzie epidermis [.epi'da:mis] - nask6rek epigastrium [.epi'gestriam] - nadbrzusze epiglottis [.epi'glotis] - nagloSnia epilepsy ['epilepsi] - epilepsja epileptic [ . ep i' leptik] - epileptyk, epilep ty czny epistaxis [epi'steksis] - krwawienie z nosa epithelium [,epi'0i:liam] - nabtonek equal ['i:kwal] -r6wny, jednakowy equalize ['i:kwalaiz] - r6wnow a2yt
: :
endemiczny
expiration f,ekspi'reifan] - wydech expo s e [ik' spauz] - wystawi a6, nara|a1 na dziaNanie c ze go S exposure [ik'spauga] - wystawienie, nara2enie na dzialanie czego6 extend [ik' stend] - zasiqg ; rozciryal, r ezprzestrzenrat external fik'sta :nal] - zewnqtrzny exudate ['eksjudeit] - wysiqk eye [ai] - oko eyeball ['aibo:l] - galka oczna eyebrow ['aibrau] - brew eyelash ['aileJl - rzQsa (powiekowa) eyelid ['ailid] - powieka eye socket ['ai ,sokat] - oczod6l F
face [feis] - Eryarz facial ['feifal] - twarzowy facilitate [fa'siliteit] - ulatwiai faci lity [fa' si lity] - ulatwienie, udo godnienie factor ['fekta] - czynnik fade [feid] - bledn46, wiqdn46 faeces ['fi:si:z] -kal, stolec fail ffeil] - zawre36, nie spelnid swojego zadania
equipment [i'kwipmant] - wyposazenie, sprzEt eradicate [i'radikeit] - wytqp i6, wyniszczyt erect [i'rekt] - wyprostowa6, wyprostowany erosion [i'rau3an] - nad2erka
error ['era]
blqd
- rumieri erythrocyte [i'ri0rosait] - erytrocyt, czerwona krwinka erythrocyte sedimentation rate

[i'riOrosait,sediman'teifan'reit] - prqdkoSd opadania krwinek (O.8.) essential [a'senfal] - zasadnic zy, wa2ny estimate ['esti,meit] - ocenia6, obliczal, szacowat
estrogen ['estrad3an] - estrogen Eustachian tube [u:s'teiJan 'tju:b] - tr4bka Eustachiusza evaporate [i'veparait] - parowa6, ulatniad siq evaporation [i.vepa'reifan] - parowanie exacerbation feks,resa'beifan] - zaostrzenie, pogorszenie examinati on [i g . ze mi' neifan] - b adani e, e gzamrnowani e examine frg'zamtnf - egzaminowa6, badat excessive fik'sesiv] - nadmierny exchange [iks'tfeindg] - wymiana; wymienia6 excise fek'saiz] - wyci4i excision fek'si3an] - wyciEcie, odciqcie excited [ik'saitid] - podniecony, zdenerwowany excitement fik'saitmant] - podniecenie, zdenerwowanie excoriation feks.ko:ri'eifan] - otarcie sk6ry excreta [ik"skri:ta] - wydaliny, odchody excrete fik'skri:t] - wydala6
erythema [eri'Oi:ma]
failure ['feilja] - niewydolnoSi faint [feint) - zemdlec fall [fo:l] (fell, fallen) - spaSi, upaS6 Fallopian tube ffa'laupian 'tju:b] - jajow6d fat [fet] -tfuszcz; ttusty, gruby fatal ffeitl] - Smiertelny fatigue [fa'ti: g] - zmeczenre fatty ['feti] - tluszczowy fatty acid f'feti 'esid] - kwas tfuszczowy
feature
['fi:tfa] -
cecha znamienna
febrile ['fi:brail] - gor4czkowy feed [fi:d] (fed, fed) - karmid female ['fi:meil] - kobieta; 2eriski fertile ['fa:tail] - plodny fertilize ['fa talaiz] - zaplodni6 fetus ['fi:tas] - plod fever f 'fi :va] - gorqczka feverish ['fi:varil - gor1czkujqcy
:
fibre ['faiba]
fi bri
- wl6kno
llati on
faibri' letfan]
- drzenie wl6kienkowe miqSnia pr4zkowanego, migotanie
fibroid ['faibroid] - wl6knisty fibula ['fibjula] - strzalka, ko36 strzalkowa final ['fainl] - koricowy
fi ne
finger ['fiqga]
firmly ['fa:mli] - mocno, twardo

fissure
fingerprint ['fiqgaprint] - odcisk palca firm [fa:m] - twardy, staly, stanowczy
rales [' fain,ra:lz] - rzELenia drobnobarikowe - palec
excretory fik'skri :tari] - wydalniczy excretion fik'skri :fan] - wydalanie excruciating [ik'skru:fieitiqJ - rozdzieraj acy (b51)
fist ffist]
t'ftfa] - szczelina, pEkniqcie
fit [fit] - dostosowany; dostosowa6 fitting ['fitiqj - dostosowany, odpowiedni

piqS6
104
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
flap fflap]
flash
fold ffauld] - fald, zagiEcre; zagrnat, fatdowa6 follow-up ['folau ^p] - badanie kontrolne, foot [fut], (pl.) feet - stopa foramen ffa'reirnan], (pl.) foramina forearm ['fo:ra:m] - przedramiq
fflafl - blysk Swiatla flat fflat] - plaski flex [fleks] - zgi46 flexible ['fleksabl] - giEtki, elastyczny flow [flau] - plyna6 flu [flu:] - grypa fluid ffluid] - ptyn fluoroscopy [.flua'roskapi] - fluoroskopia flush tfl"fj - rumieni eo zarumieni6 siq flushed tfldtl - mie6 rumiefice focus ['faukas] - skupia6, ogniskowai
- pLat sk6ry
gravel ['graval] - 2wir grip [grip] -kurczy6, Sciska6 groin fgroin]

gross fgraus]
gradual ['gradjual] - stopniowy granule ['granju:l] - granulka, ziarnistoS6 granulo cyte [' granj ula sait] - granulo c yt, dojrzaly leuko cyt grasp [Sresp] - chwyci6, uchwyci6
$ut [gn1] - jelito gynaecologist [,dgaini'kolad3ist] - ginekolog gynaecology [.d3aini'koladgi] - ginekologia
- pachwina - masywny, du|y guarding ['ga:dir[ - obrona (miqSniowa) gum [gn6] - dzi4slo
dalsza obserwacja chorego po leczeniu szpitalnyrn
otw6r
fresh
sila, zmusza(, - kleszcze forehead ['forid] - czolo foreign ['fo:rin] - obcy forwards ['fo:wadz] - naprz6d, ku przodowi fragile ['frred3ail] - kruchy, lamliwy
force [fo:s]
forceps ['fo:saps]
haemoglobin [.hi:ma'glaubin] - hemoglobina, czerwony barwnik krwi

haemoptysis fhi:'moptisis] - krwioplucie haemorrhage ['hemarid3] - krwotok
- kaszel urywany, szczekaj4cy haematemesis [,hi:ma'temisis] - krwioplucie haematoma [.hi:ma'tauma] - krwiak haematuria [.hi:ma'duaria] - krwiomocz haemodialysis [,hi : madai'e li sis] - hemod ializa
habit ['hebit] - zwyczaj hacking cough [.hekir1 'kof]
fluctose ['frnktaus] - cukier owocowy function ['fnqkfan] - funkcja fund lfnnd] - fundusz,kapital fungi (pl.) ['fnnd3ai], (sing.) fungus - grzyby fur [fa:] - nalot na jqzyku, puszek, ftitro furuncle ['f uarn 4kl] - czyrakmnogi fuse. [fiu:z] - zespol i6, zlqczyd siq G
galactose [ga'le ktaus]
tfril - Swiezy
harmful ['ha:mful]
hair [hea] - wlosy hammer ['hama] - mlotek, mloteczek (kostka struchowa) hand [haend] - dloh handicap ['hendikap] - upoSl edzenie
- szkodliwy
galibladder ['go:l.blada] - pqcherzyk Lolciowy gastric ['gestrik] - zol4dkowy gastritis [ga'straitis] - nie2yt iolqdka, zapalenie iol4dka gastroenteritis [.gastra.enta'raitis] - zapalenie LolEdka i jelit gather ['gada] - gromadzic
general hospital [.dgenaral 'hospital] - szpital og6lny general practitioner ['d3enaral .prak'trfna] - Iekarzog6lny gentle [d3entl] - delikatny
gauze lgo:z]
galaktoza
harsh fha:fl- chropowaty, szorstki hay fever ['hei ,fi:va] - katar sienny head [hed] - glowa headache ['hedeik] - b6l glowy
gaza
health [helO] - zdrowie hearing ['hiariq] - slyszenie, sluch heart [ha:t] - serce heart beat ['ha:t .bi:t] - uderzenie serca heartburn ['ha:tba:n] - pieczenie w przelyku heart infarct f'ha:t.infa:kt] -zawal serca height fhait]
- wzrost
girdle fga:dl]
geriatrician [.d3eria'trifan] - geriatra geriatrics [,d3eri'atriks] - geriatria German measles [,dga:man' mi:zlz] - r62yczka
hemiparesis [.hemi'parasis] - polowiczy niedowlad hemisphere ['hemisfia] - polkula hepatic [hi'petik] - w4trobowy hepatomegaly [.hepato'megali] - powiqkszenie w4troby
hernia ['ha:nja]
herpes ['ha:pi:z]
- przepuklina
obrqcz
- jaskra glomerulonephritis [glo,rnarulone'fraitis] - zapalente klqbuszkowe nerek glomerulus [g1o'merulas], (pl.) glomeruli - klqbuszek nerkowy glucose ['glu:kaus] - glukoza, cukier gronowy glycerol ['glisaraul] - gliceryna gnawing ['no:iq] - gryzEcy gonorrhea [, gona'ri: a] - rze2Eczka gout fgaut] - skaza moczanowa graft [gra:ft] - przeszczep Gram-stain ['grem .stein] - barwnik Gram'a; barwienie barwnikiem Grama
gland glaucoma [glo:'kauma]
hilar ['haila] - wnqkowy hilum ['hailam], (pl.) hili - wnEka hip [hip] - biodro hives lhaivzl - pokrzywka
hoarseness ['ho:snis]
opryszczka
- chrypka
hollow ['holau] - pusty, wydr4zony hospital ['hospital] - szpital hospitalization [.hospitalai'zeifan] - leczenie w szpitalu,
hospitalizacja
human ['hju:man] - ludzki humerus ['hju:maras] - koS6 ramienna
humour ['hju:ma] - ciecz ustrojowa, humor hurt [ha:t] (hurt, hurt) - zram6, skaleczy6, bole6 hydrocephalus [,haidra'sefalas] - wodoglowie hydrochloric acid ['haidra'klorik 'asid] -
E. Donesch-Jefio
105
_-)
hlpercalcemia
chlorowodorowy [,haipaka:l'si:mia] - podwy2szony poziom wapnia we krwi

kwas wapnia z
hypercalciuria f,haipekelsiiuaria] -nadmieme
moczem
-
wydalanie
hyperlipidemia ['haipalipi'di;mia]
- podwy2szony lipid6w we
hyperglycaemia [,haipaglai'si:mia] h)?ermetropia ['haipama'faupia]
hipermetropia
- dalekowzrocznoSi,
krwi hiperglikemia, nadmiar cukru we krwi
poziom
hl,perresponsiveness [,haiparis'ponsivnis]
hlpersensitive ['haipa'sensitiv]hyprcensitivity l,haipa,sensi'tiviti] hypertension [,haipa'tenJan] hypertrophy [hai'pa:trafi] - przerost, hypnotic [hip'notikl- Srodek hypoglycaemia f'haipauglai'si:mia] - niedocukzenie hypogonadism f,haipau'gonadizam] wydzielanie hormon6w hypoplastic [,haipau'plastik] -
nadwra2liwy nadwra2liwo66 nadciSnienie powiEkszenie nasenny krwi zwiEkszone gonad hipoplastyczny, niedorozwiniqty hypotension ['haipau'tenJan] - niedoci6nienie hysterectomy lhista'rektami] - histerektomia, wyciqcie macicy I
iahogenic [,aiatro'd3enik] -jatrogenny, spowodowany
- nadreaktywnoS6 injury ['ind3ari] - zranienie, uszkodzenie inorganic [ino:'ganik] -nieorganiczny in-patient f'in,peifant] - chory hospitalizowany insemination [in,semi'neiJan] - unasiennienie, zaplemnienie insert [in'sa:t] - wstawtt,wloiry(, insignificant f.insig'nifikant] nieistotny
insomnia [in'somnia]
inflammation f,infla'meiJan] inflate [in'fleit] influenza [,influ'enzelinfirsion [in'fiu:3an] - wlew, infuzja ingest [in'd3est] - spoiy6, przyjmowa6 ingestion [in'de3estJan] - spoil'wanie, pokarmu inherited [in'heritad] initial [i'niJal] - pocz4tkowy, injection fin'd3ekfan] - zastrzyk, injure ['ind3a] zrani6, uszkodzi6
zapalenie napompowad gpa pokarm przyjmowanie
.!
..1
"
h
:. :.
dziedziczny wstEpny injekcja
i i i
ir
..
bezsenno3d
inspection [in'spekJan] - badanie, ogl4danie inspiration ['inspa'reifan] - wdech, inspiracja instruction fin'str,rkJan] - instrukcja insulate ['insjuleit]- izolowa6 insulin f'insjulin] - insulina
insurance [inJuarons] - ubezpieczenie intend [in'tend] - mieb zamiar
intensefin'tens] intensywny
lekarza uto2samia6 ileum ['iliam] - jelito Slepe, kqtnica ill [il] - chory illness ['ilnis] - choroba imbalance fim'balans] brak r6wnowagi immediate [i'mi:diat] -bezpo6redni, natychmiastowy imrnune [i'mju:n] - odpomoSd, odpomy immune deficiency [i'mju:n di'fifansi] oslabienie odpomoSci immunize ['imju:naiz] - uodpomi6 impair [im'pea] - uszkodzid, nadwerE2ye impairment [im'peamant] - uszkodzenie, nadwerqzenie impermeable [im'pa:miabl] - nieprzepuszczalny impersonal [im'pa:sanel] - bezosobowy impression firn'prepn] - wra2enie improve [im'pru:v] - polepszy6, ulepszy6, udoskonalid impulse ['impr.ls] - inpul5 incision [in'si3n] - naciqcie, wciEcie incline [in'klain] - pochylosi; pochylai, mie6 sklonnoSd include [in'klu:d] - wlqcza6, zawierat incontinence [in'kontinans] - nietrzymanie (moczu) increase [in'kri:s] zwiqkszy6, podwy2szy6 indicate l'indikeit] - wskaza6, zalecil individual f'indi'vidjual] osobnik, ind]-widualny infant f'infant] - niemowlq, dziecko do 2 lat
identifu lai'dentifai]
przez
identyfikowa6,
intention fin'tenJen] - intencja, zamiar intercostal [,inta'kostl]- miQdzyZebrowy intermittent [,inta'mitant] - plzerywany, wystqpujqcy z przerwamr intemal [in'ta:nal] - wewnQtrzny intemal medicine fin'ta:nal 'medsin] - intema
intestine lin'testin]
-jelito
intoxicate lin'toksikeit] - zatrud intra-articular [,intra'a:tikjula] - dostawowy intradermal ['inta'da:mal] - 6r6dsk6my

intramuscular
['intra'm"skjula]- domiEiniowy
intrathecal['intra'Oi:kal]-dooponowy
inhavenous [,inha'vi:nas] - do2ylny investigation [in,vesti'geiJan] - badanie involuntary [in'volantari] - mimowolny, riezale'ny involve [in'volv] - wl4czy6 iris f'aiaris] - tqcz6wka inadiation [i'reidi'eifan] - napromieniowanie irregular [i'regjula] - nieregularny irrigate ['irigeit] - pluka6
irritable ['iritabl]
iritant ['iritart] - wywoluj4cy podra:Znienie, drazni4cy initability l'idta'biliti] - dra2liwo36 irritation [iri'teiJan] - podra:2nienie, drainienie ischaemia [is'ki:mia] - niedokrrrienie issue ['isju:] - wyjicie, uj6cie; wydawa6, wyplyvai'
itch [itf]
Pobudliwy, rlra2liwy
emitowad swqdzie6
infarct [in'fa:kt] - zawal, obszar martwicy niedokrwiennej infarction [in'fa:kJan] - zawal, obszar
martwicy niedokrwiennej infected lin'fektad] - zaka2ony infection [in'fekJan] infekcja, zakaZenie infectious [in'fekfa s] - zakainy infertility [infa'tiliti] - bezplodno6i, nieplodno56 infiltration [,infil'treifan] -naciek, infiltrat
J
jaundice ['d3o:ndis]
26haczkz
jejunum [d3i'd3u:nam] -jelito czcze jelly-like ['d3elilaik] - koloidalny, galaretowaty
jerk [d3a:k] - odruch join [d5oin] - l4czyd,pol4czye joint [d3oint] - staw (anat.)
-I-
E. Donesch-Je2o
junction ['d3n4kfan] - pol4czenie junior ['d3u:nia] - mlodszy (rang4) juvenile ['d3u: vanail] - nlodziehczy
lozenge ['lozind3]
- pastylka do ssania
lqd2wiowy
lumbar ['lnmba]
K
keratinization [ .kera tinar' zeifan] kidney ['kidni] kill [kil] - zabic
lumen ['lu:man] - Swiatlo przewodu lurnp [nmp] - guzek
keraty nrzacja, rogowacenie
nerka
lung [nqg] - pluco lymph flimfl - limfa, limfatyczny (lyrnph gland - gruczo\ limfatyczny)
- zestaw knee [ni:] - kolano
kit [kit]
knowledge ['nolid3] * wiedza knuckle fnnkl] - kostka (u rqki)
- plamka 26lta maintain fmein'tein] - utrzymywa6, podtrzymywac maj or ['meidga] - wiqkszy, wa2mejszy
macula ['makjula]
majority [ma'd3oriti]
wiqkszoS6
L
labyrinth ['labarin0] - labirynt laboratory (lab.) [a'boratari] - laboratorium labour ['leiba] - porod laceration [,le sa'reifan] - rozdarcie, otarcie, poszarpanie, lacrirnal giand ['lekrimal .gland] - gruczoltzowy lacunar [a'kju:na] - jamisty, zatokowy laparotomy [,lapa'rotami] - otwarcie jamy brzusznej,
laparotomia
malabsorption ['melab'so:pfan]
niewtraSciwe wchlanianie
laryngitis [.larin'dgaitis] - zapaleme krtani laryngoscopy [.larir1'goskapi] - wziernikowanie krtani larynx ['lariqks] - krtafi lateral ['lretaral] - boczny, poprzeczny iavage ['lava:3] - plukanie, przemywanie lavatory ['levatari] - umywalnia, ustqp, toaleta layer ['leia] - warstwa lay sutures ['lei 'sju:tfazf *zakladai szwy laxative [' leksativ] - Srod ek przeczy szczajqcy leap [i:p] (leapt. leapt) - podskoczyc, (o sercu) nagle zabtc leg [eg] - lydka, noga
lens [enz]
malaise fma'leiz] - zle samopoczucie male fme i l] - mE2czy zna; mqski rnalignant fma'lignant] - zloSliwy (choroba, np. nowotwor) malnutrition [,me lnj u' trifan] - niedo zywien i e rnammary gland ['mamari ,glend] - gruczolmleczny manometer [ma'nomita] - manometr marked [ma:kt] - wyraLny, zfiaezny, znaczqcy massage ['masa:3] - masa? mastectomy fmas'tektami] - wyciqcie, odjqcie sutka mastication [,masti'keifan] - zucie
mastoiditis [.me stoi'daitis]
zapalente wyrostka
maternity unit fma'ta:niti 'junit]
sutkowatego
oddzialpo\ozniczy
matrix ['meitriks]
soczewka
lesion ['li:3an] - uszkodzenie, zmiana chorobowa lethargy ['leOad3i] - letarg leucopenia [ . I j u ka'pi n ia ] - zmniej sz ona hczba biatych
:
:
measles l'mi:zlzl measure ['me3a] - miara; mrerzyc mechanism ['meka'nizam] - mechanizrn medial ['mi:dial] - Srodkowy median ['mi:dian] - Srodkowy, poSrodkowy medical ward ['medikal .wo:d] - oddzial wewnqtrzny medicine ['medsin] - medycyna, lekarstwo medulla oblongata fma'd"ia obloarl'gata] - rdzeri
substancja podstawowa, istota Srodkom6rkowa odra
przedlu2ony
melaena fma'li:na]
krwinekwe krwi
leukaenria [.lj u:'ki :mia]
biataczka
lift Uiftl -
leukocyt, krwinkabrala j - leukocytoza, zwiEkszona [ Iiczba bialych krwinek we krwi leukorhoea [,lju:ka'ria] - uplawy level ['leval] -poziom leukocyte ['lju:kasait]
leukocyto sis
.
lj
ka s ai'tau sis
podnieS6
ligament ['ligamant]
wiqzadlo
melanin ['melanin] melanoma [,mela'naume] - czerniak membrane ['membrein] - rnembrana, blona meninges fma'nindgis] - opony meningioma fmanind3i'auma] - oponiak meningitis [,menin'd3aitis] - zapalente opon m6zgowordzeniowych meningococcal meningitis fma,nirlgo'kokal .menin'd3aitis]
meni ngok ow e zapaleni e op on m
6z
smolowate stolce melanina
limb [irn] -konczyna limp [imp]- kule6, utykai

linctus ['liqktas]
gowo -rdzen iowych
lip [ip] - warga iipase f 'lipeisj -hpaza
- lekarstwo do ssania line [ain] - linia, lina; wylo2y(,wyktadzin4 linen ['linen] - plotno, bielizna poScielowa
menopause ['menap o:zf - menopauza, klimakterium menses ['mensi:z] - miesi4czka mental disorder ['mentl diz'o:da] - zaburzenie psychiczne mental state ['mentl 'steit] - stan psychiczny, stan umyslowy
mercury ['ma:kjuri]
metastasis lma'tastasis], (pl.) metastases
- rtq6
location [1au'keifan] * ulokowanie. umiejscowienie loin fioinl - lqdzwie long- s ightednes s [' loq. saitidni s] - dlugowzro cznolc loose [u:s] -luzny, rozluzniony lose [lu:z] (lost, lost) - gubii, tracrc
lithotripsy ['li0a,tripsil - kruszenie karnieni liver ['liva] - w4troba lobe fiaubl - plat, placik uszny
- przerzut nowotworu
method ['meoad] - metoda migraine ['mi:grein] - migrena mild fmaild] - lekki, lagodny minor ['maina] - mniejszy,l2ejszy mirror ['mira] - lusterko miscarriage [,mis'karid3] - poronienie
mitral ['maitral] - mitralny
E. Donesch-Jeio
Enelish for Medical Students and Doctors
-I
mix [miks] - mieszac mixture ['mikstfa] - mieszanka mobility [mau'bilati] - ruchliwoS6, zmiennoS6
mode fmaud]
nipple [nipl] - brodawka sutkowa nitroglycerin [.naitrau'glisari:n] - nitrogliceryna nocturia [nok'tjuaria] - nadmierna drureza nocna,
spos6b
zbyt czqste oddawanie moczu w nocy

node fnaud]
moist [moist] -wilgotny moist rales ['moist'ra:lz] - rzq|emawilgotne moisten [moisn] - zwrl2yt mole [maul] -znamLe(, mol, gramocz4steczka monocyte ['monasait] - monocyt morphine ['mo:fi :n] - morfina mouth fmauO] - usta mucoid ['mju:koid] - Sluzopodobny, Sluzowaty mucopunrlent ['mj u ka'pj uarulant] - Sluzowo-ropny mucosa fmju'kausa]- Sluzowka, blona Sluzowa mucous ['mju:kas] - 6luzowy
:
gruczol
nodule ['nodju:l] - guzek nonproductive cough [.nonpra'dr.ktiv 'kof] notch lnotJl - wciqcie nourish f'nnrifi - od?ywia( nourishment ['nnrifment] - odzywianie
nucleated ['nj u:klieitid] - j adrzasty nucleus ['nju:klias], (pl.) nuclei - j4dro nurse [na:s] - pielqgniarka
suchy kaszel
nutrition [nju:'trifan]
zywienie
nutri ti o nal [nj u :' trifana I ]
- o dzywc
zy, doty cz4cy o dLywi
ani a
mucus ['mju:kas] - Sluz multiple sclerosis ['mnltipl sklia'rausis] multip li c ati on [ . m a ltip I i' keifa" f - ;";:i mumps [mnmps] - mums, Swinka murnur ['ma:ma] - szmer muscle [mnsl] - miEsieri muscular ['ma.skjula] - miq6niowy
- stwardnienie
3l!",., r
ozmnoeeme
o
- otyly, tEgi obesity [au'bi:sati] - otylo66 oblique [a'bli:k] - skoSny, uko6ny obstetrician [.obsta'tnJan] - poloznik obstetrics [,ab'stetriks] - poloznictwo obstruct fab'strnktf - zatka6, zaczop ow a( ob struction [ab' strn kfan] - zatkanie, niedrozno obtain [ab'tein] - otrzymac occlusion [a'klu:3an] - zamkniqcie occupation [.okju'peifan) - zalEcie, zawod
obese [au'bi:s]
myelin ['maialin] - mielina myo cardial infarction [ .maiau
ka
dial in'
fa
kfan]
zaw al
56
miESnia sercowego (zawal serca) myo carditi s [ . maia ka :' daitis ] zapaleme miqSnia s erc owe go
myocardium [,maia'ka:diam] - miqsieri sercowy myopia [mai'aupia] - kr6tkowzrocznoS6 myringitis [,mirir1' d3aiti s] - zap alente blony bqb enkowej myringotomy ['mirirl'gotami] - naciqcie blony bqbenkowej myxovirus ['mikso'vaiaras] - miksowirus
N nail [neil]
occupational therapist [,okju'peifanal'0erapist] - terapeuta zaJEclowy occur [a'ka:] - wystqpowad, mie6 miejsce oedema [i'di:ma] - obrzqk oedematous [i'dematas] - obrzqkly oesophagus [i:'sofagas] - przetyk
paznokie6, gw62dL
narrowing ['narauiqJ - zw E|ente nasal ['neizal] - nosowy

nausea ['no:sia]
ointment ['ointmant] - maS6 oligospermia [.oligo'spa:mia]

onset ['onset]
- zbyt malailoS6 plemnik6w
w naslenlu
neck [nek] - szyja necrosis [na'krausis]
- nudno3ci, mdlo6ci nauseated ['no:sieitid] - maj4cylcierpi4cy z powodu mdloSci navel ['neival] - pepek
- martwica
needle [ni:dl] - igla neonatal [.ni:o'neital] - noworodkowy neonate [,ni:o'neit] - noworodek neoplasm ['ni:oplazm] - nowotw6r neoplastic [,ni:o'plastik] - nowotworowy nephrectomy fna'frektemi] - wyciEcie nerki nephritis [na'fraitisf - zapalenie nerek nephrob lastoma [ .nefroble s' tauma ] - glrz Wilm sa nephron f'nefron] - nefron nephropathy [ne'fropaOi] - nefropatia, choroba nerek
- pocz4tek - nieprze 2roczysto{6 opaque [au'peik] - meprzejrzysty operate ['opareit] - operowa6 operating theatre ['opareitirl 'Oiata] - sala operacyjna operation [,opa'reifan] - operacja ophthalmic [of'Oalmik] - okulistyczny, oczny ophthalmologist ['of0e1'molbd3ist] - okulista ophthalmology [.ofOal'molad3i] - okulistyka, oftalmologia ophthalmo scop e [of' 0 e lmoskaup] - wziernik o czny,
opacity [au'pesiti] oftalmoskop ophthalmoscopy [.ofOal'moskapi] - wziernikowanie oczu opposite ['opazit] - przeciwlegly, przeciwny optic nerve ['optik "na:v] - nerw wzrokowy oral ['o:ral] - ustny, doustny orchitis [o:'kaitis] - zapalenie j 4der
organ ['o:gan]- organ organizer [o : ga' naizaf - organrzator origin ['orid3in] - pochodzeme, 2r6dlo, pocz4tek orthopaedic surgeon [.o:Oau'pi:dik'sa:d3an] chirurg ortopeda ortopedia orthopaedics [.o:0au'pi:diks] ossicle ['osikl] - kostka, kosteczka osteitis [,osti'aitis] - zapalenie koSci osteoarthritis [ 'ostiaua: 'Oraitisf - zapalenie koSci i stawow
nerve [na:v]
- nerw
- nerwowy neuron I'njuaraun] - neuron neuropathy tnjua'ropaOi] - neuropatia, choroba ukladu nefwowego neuropsychiatric [.njuaro.saiki'etrik] - neuropsychiatryczny neurosis [njua'rausis] - nerwica neutrophil ['nj u tra fi l] - krwinka bta*a oboj qtnochlonna newborn ['nju:bo:n] - noworodek nightwear ['naitwea] - brehznanocna
nervous ['na:vas]
:
108
-I-
E. Donesch-JeZo
osteomyelitis [,ostia,maia'laitis] - zapalenie szpiku osteoporosis [,ostisupa'rausis] otitis extema [au'taitis iks't3:ne] - zapalenie
osteoporoza ucha zewnQtrznego otitis intema lau'taitis in'ta:na] - zapalenie ucha wewnEtrznego krtani
kostnego
pendulum ['pendjulam]
penicillin [,peni'silin] - penicylina

peptic ulceration ['peptik , ^ls3'reilan]
trawtenne
wahadetrko
owrzodzenie
peptide ['peptaid]
peptyd
otitis media fau'taitis 'mi:dia] - zapalenie ucha 6rodkowego otolaryngologist l.auta lari4'golad3ist] otolar)'ngology l,auta,larirl'goladgi] - nauka o chorobach
laryng-olog
peptone l'pept3un] - pepton perception [pa'sepJan] - postrzeganie, percepcja percussion [pa:'k,*Jan] - opukiwanie percutaneous [,pa:kju'teinias] - pzezsk6rny
ambulatoryjny di'paJment] ambulatorium outstretched [aut'stetJt] - rozpostarty, otwarty ovary ['auvari] -jajnik overdo [auva'du:] - przemqczyd siq ovoid l'auvoid] - owalny olum ['auvam], (pl.) ova-kom6rka jajowa, jajeczko oxalate l'oksaleit] - szczawlan oxygen ['oksid3an] - tlen
out-patient [,aut'peifant] - pacjent out-patients' dpartment ['aut,peifants * przychodnia,
otoscope f'autaskaup]
wziernik do ucha
ucha, nosa,
perforate ['pa:hreit]
perform [pa'fo:m]
przebi6
- dokonywa6, wykonywad pericarditis [,perika:'daitis] - zapalenie osierdzia pericardium [,peri'ka:diarn] - osierdzie

perilymph ['perilimfl - perilimfa period f'piariad] - okes periodical [,piari'odikal] - okresowy peripheral lpa'riferal] - obwodowy peristalsis [,peri'stelsis] - perystaltyka, ruch robaczkowy peritoneum [,peritau'ni:am] - otrzewna permit [pa'mit] - pozwolid persistent lpa'sistant] - uporczyry, naprzykrzaj4cy si9
- mal2owina uszna ['pin,prik] uklucie szpilkq plague ['pleig] - plaga paramlzovirus [.para,mikso'vaiaras] - pararniksowirus plantarflexion ['pla:nta,fleklan] - wygiEcie stopy w d6t paranoia l,pera'noia] - paranoja, oblQd plaque [pla:k] - ptytka parasite l'parasait] - pasoiyt plasma l'plezma] - plazma, osocze parasympathetic [,pera,simpa'eetik] -pnywsp6lczulny plaster ofPads ['pla:sta 3v 'paris] - gips chirurgiczny parathyroid [,para'Oaftoid]-przytarczyczny plastic surgery ['plestik 'sa:d3ari] - chirurgia plastycma parath$oidism [,para'airoidizm] - zaburzenie pracy platelet ['pleitlit] - pftka krwi gruczot6w prqtarczycznych pleura ['pluan] - oplucna paresis ['perisis] - niedowlad, pora2enie postgpuj4ce pleuritis [plua'raitis] - zapalenie oplucnej parietal [pa'raitl] - 6cienny pneumonia [nju:'maunia] - zapalenie pluc parotid [pa'rotid] - przy'lszny poison [poizn] trucizna particle ['pa:tikl] - cz{:teczka poisoning f'poizanid - zatrucie, otrucie paste lpeist] - pasta poliomyelitis ['paulia,maia'laitis] - zapalenie istoty szarej patch lpettl - iata rdzenia patella fpalela] - rzepka pollen ['polan] - pylek kwiatowy patent l'peitant] - drozny pollution [pa'lu:Jan] - skazenie, zanieczyszczenre pathologist lpa'eolad3ist] - patolog polycystic [.poli'sistik] - wielotorbielowy pathology lpa'eolad3i] - patologia polydipsia [,poli'dipsia] - nadmieme pragnienie pathway ['pa:ewei] - droga, 6cie2ka polyphagia [,poli'feid3ia] - Zartoczto6i, nadmieme laknienie patient ['peiJant] - pacjent, cierpliwy pol]posis [,poli'pausis] - polipowacenie pause fuo:z] - pauza, ptzerwa polyuria [polijuaria] - wielomocz pelvic ['pelvik] - miednicowy pons [pons] - most (anat.) pelvis ['pelvis] - miednica porous ['po:s] - porowaty
pinprick
E. Donesch-JeLo
tampon paediatrician [,pi:dia'trifan] - pediatra paediatric [,pi:di'atrik] - pediatryczny paediatrics [.pi:di'etriks] - pediatria pain fpein] - b6t painfirl ['peinful] - bolesny painless l'peinlas] - bezbolesny pale lpeil] -blady palliative ['paliatiy] - paliatywny, tragodz4cy objawy pallor ['pela] - blado66 palm [pa:m] - dlori palpation f,pel'peifan] - palpacja palsy [po:lzi] - porazenie, parali2 pancreas ['pa{<rias] - trzustka pancreatitis [,pa4kia'taitis] - zapalenie trzustki paraesthesia [,paas'ei:zia] - parestezja, czucie opaczne parallel f'paralal] - dwnolegly
pad [pad]
ilf#;[xii,H:q;;:ll:il*,""","1'Llj,o,"
pharyngoscopy l,fari4'goskapi]
podktadka,
- wziemikowanie gardla
pharynx
['fari4ks]
gardlo
pharmacist ['fa:masist] - farmaceuta pharmacy ['fa:masi] - farmacja, apteka
phlegm [flem] - flegma photocoagulation [,faubkauagju'leiJan] - fotokoagulacja physical examination ['fizikal ig,zemi'nedan] - badarde fizykalne physician [fi'ziJan] - lekarz, internista physiothempist l,fizio'erapist] - frzjoterapeuta pigment ['pigmant] - barwnik pigmented ['pigmantid] - zabarwiony
pill [pil]-pigulka pillow ['pilau] - poduszka

pinna ['pina]
-I
portal ['po:tal] - wrotny posterior [po'stiaria] - tylny p oten ti ate [p a' tenfi' e it] - dziatat aktywni ej, w zm6 c dzialanie powder ['pauda] - puder, zasypka practitioner [,prek'ttf"a] * lekarz precipitation fpri.sipi'teifan] - str4cenie, osadzanie siq precise [pri'sais] - dokladny, precyzyjny predominate fpri' domi'neit] - przew a2a6, g6rowai pregnancy ['pregnansi] - ci42a pregnant ['pregnant] - ciq2arna,w ciq2y preparation room [.prepa'reifan ,ru:m] - sala, w kt6rej przygotowuje siq pacjenta do operacji prescribe fpri'skraib] - zapisat lek, kuracjq prescription [pri'skripfan] - recepta
presence ['prezans] - obecnoSd pressure ['prefa] - ciSnienie prevent [pri'vent] - zapobregat prevention [pri'venfan] - zapobieganie preventive medicine fpri'ventiv'medsin]
pulse beat ['pnls 'bi:t] - tempo tqtna PumP lP"mP] - Pompa; PomPowai
puncture ;'pnqktfal
- przebicie, naklucie - ropny - pielografia,

radiografia
pupil ['pju:pil]
- 2remca, uczeit purpose ['pa:pas] - cel

purulent ['pjuaralant]
Pus [Pns]
roPa
pyelography [,paia'lografi] pyeronephritis

nerek
[ .p aia I ona'
fraiti,r J;T:;;ff1J.:f;;ilii1,r.
- ptiama pyloric sphincter [pai'lorik 'sfi4kta] - zwieracz odZwiernika pylorus [pai'lo:ras] - odZwiernik p yreti c f pai'ret ik] - gor 4czkowy, g orec zkuj qcy pyrexia [pai'reksial - gorqczka
pyj amas fpa'dga:mazf
a
qualify ['kwoli fai] - kwalifi kowa6
quality ['kwo:liti] - jakoS6 quantity ['kwo:ntiti] - iloS6
-medycyna zachowawcza
previous ['pri:vias]
prick [prik] - uklucie prickling ['prikliry] - ktruj4cy primary ['praimari] - podstawowy prior ['praia] - poprzedni probe fpraub] - zgtqbnik,badat zglqbnikiem procedure fpra'si:d3a] - zabieg, postEpowanie, procedura
process ['prausas]
- poprzedni
- promieniowa6 radiographer [,reidi'ografa] - technik radiograf radiologist [,reidi'olad3ist] - radiolog radiology l,reidi'oladEil - radiologia
radiate ['reidieit] radiopaque ['reidi au'pe ik]
proces kaszel z odpluwaniem, mokry kaszel
- nieprzep uszczalny
dla promieni
product ['prodr.kt] - produkt productive cough [pra'dnktiv 'kof]
Rtg
profession [pra'fefan] - zaw6d prognosis fprag'nausis] - rokowanie, prognoza

progress ['praugras] - postqp progressive [prau'gresiv] - postqpuj4cy project fpra'd3ekt] - wystawa6, projekt
- wystawanie - wypadniqcie prominent [' prominant] - wyra 2ny, wy staj 4cy propagation [.propa' gerfan] - rozmnailanie proper ['propa] - wla6ciwy prophylactic agent [.profi 'laktik'eida3nt] - czynnik
prolapse fpra'laps]
zap obre gaw czy, pro fi I akyc
proj ection [pra'dgekJan]
- promieri (pl.) rales lra:Lzf - rzg2ema rapid ['repid] - szybki, prEdki rash freJl - wysypka rate freit] - czEstotliwoS6, pqdkoS6 ray [rei] - promiefr reaction [ri'ekfan] - reakcja reason ['ri:zan] - przyczyna, pow6d
radius ['reidias]
reassure [,ri:a fua] zapewni6, upewni6, uspokoi6 zap ewmaj4cy, usp ok aJajqcy reas surin g [,ri : a Juariqj
reception [ri'sepfan] - recepcja, rejestracja receptive [ri'septiv] - przyjmuj qcy,wra|hwy recipient [ri'sipiant] - biorca
zny recognize ['rekag,narzf
- rozpozna1
protect [pra'tekt] - chroni6 protection [pra'tekfan] - ochrona protective fpra'tektiv] - ochronny, obronny protein ['prauti:n] - bialko, proteina prothrombin fpra'Orombin] - protrombina provide [pra"vaid] - dostarczyl, zaopatrywat prov i sional fpra' vi3ana l] - prowizo ry czny, tymczasowy proximal ['proksimal] - blizszy, dosiebny
psoriasis Iso'raia sis]
record ['reko:d] - zaprs, zarejestrowanie record [ri'ko:d] - zaprsa6, zanotowal, recover [ri'kr.va] - wyzdrowied, powrocic do zdrowia
odzyskad przytomnoS6
recovery fri'knvari]
wyzdrowienie,
recovery room fri'knvari 'ru:m] - JtYil:[:i:PrzYtomnosci recreation [,rekri' eiJan] - wyp o czynek, rekreacj a
psychiatric ['saiki'e trik] - psychiatry czny psychiatrist [.sai'kaiatrist] - psychiatra psychiatry [.sai'kaiatri] - psychratrta psycholo gical [,saikau' lod3ika l] - psychiczny psychology [sai'koladSi] - psychologia psychosis [sai'kausis] - psychoza, choroba umysiowa psychotic fsai'kautik] - psychotyczny Puffy ['p^fi] - obrzEkly, nalany pulmonary ['pnlmanari] - ptucny pulse ;polsJ - tEtno
Luszczy ca
rectal ['rektal]
odbytniczy
rectoscopy I'rekta'skaupi]
wziernikowanie odbytnicy
rectum ['rektam]
odbyt
reduce fri'dju:s] - redukowaf, zmniejszyt refer [ri'fa:] - skierowa6 (na badania do specjalisty) reference ['refarans] - odwolanie siE, w zwrqzkuz,
recumbent fri'knmbant] - le2qcy, oparty recur [ri'ka:] - nawraca6, powraca6 recurrence [ri'knrans] - nawr6t, powr6t choroby recurring fri'kn riqJ - nawrotowy, nawra caj4cy red count ['red ,kaunt] - liczba czerwonych krwinek
- 1-
E. Donesch-Jeio
odno6nie do odgiqcie, odbijanie reflex ['ri:fleks] - odruch refuse [ri'fi u:z] - odmawia6 register ['red3ista] - rejestr, zaprs; rejestrowa6, zaprsywat
zapaleme stawow, go S cie c przewl ekty
reflection [ri'flekfan]
regular ['regjula] - regularny regularity [.reg u'lariti] - prawidlowoS6, miarowo66 regulation ['regju'leiJan] - regulacja rehabilitation [ ,ri :a ,bili 'teifan] - rehabil itacja rejection [ri'd3ekfan] - odrzucenie relapse fri'leps] - nawr6t choroby
relate (to)
rhinitis [rai'naitis] - meLytnosa, katar rhonchi (pl.) ['roqkai], (sing.) rhonchus -rzEilenia rhythm ['ridam] - rytm rib [rib] - 2ebro rigid ['rid3id] - sztywny
rigidity [ri'dgiditi]
- sztywnoS6
lri'leit] - odnosi6
siE, zwryza(,wtqzat
relative ['relativ] - krewny relationship lri' leifanlipl - zw r4zek relax [ri'laks] - rozluLm6, odprqzy6 relaxati on [, ri lak' se rfan] - r ozluLnienie, o dprEzenie release [ri'li:s] - uwolni6 relevant ['relavant] - odpowiedni, stosowny relieve [ri'li:v] -zlagodzi6 b61, cierpienie
:
rise frais] (rose, risen) - podnie66 (siq) roaring ['ro:rir[ - dychawrca Swiszczqca role fraul] - rola root [ru:t] - korzeri routine [ru:'ti:n] - rutyna; zwykJy, rutynowy rubella [ru:'bela] - r62yczka rupture ['rnptfa] - przerwanie
S
remarkab I e fri' ma : kab 1] - wyb i tny, nadzwy czajny, znaczqcy
remit fra'mit] - zlagodzi(, zel2ec (o chorobie) removal fri:'mu:val] - usuwanie, usuniEcie

remove fri'mu:v] - usun46 renal ['ri:nal] - nerkowy replace fri'pleis] - zastqprt replacement [ri'pleismant] - zast4pienie report [ri'po:t] - sprawozdanie, raport; poinformowa6,
reproductive[,ri:pra'dnktiv]-..0r;;[';TT]i;'"IX:t reproduction [, ri pra' dn kfan] - r ozmnalanie, reprodukcj a require [ri'kwaia] - wymaga6 research fri'sa:tf] - badania naukowe; badad naukowo resect fri'sekt] - wyci46 resection fri'sekfan] - resekcja, wyciqcie lub odciqcie czq6ci
:
re
si
resi gn
dual fri' zi dj ua lrr' zarnf - zrezy gnowa6, r ezy gnow aC
narz4du l) - szczqtkowy, resztkowy,
ozostatry
- torbiel, pEcherzyk sacrum ['seikram] - koS6 Y,rzyilowa safe [seifl - bezpieczny saliva [sa'laiva] - $lina salivary gland ['se livari 'gland] - Slinianka, gruczot Slinowy sample [sampl] - pr6bka save [seiv] - ratowa6, oszczEdza| scabies ['skeibi:z] - Swierzb scalp fskalp] - owlosiona sk6ra glowy scalpel ['skelpal] - skalpel scan fsken] - przegl1d; anahzowa6, dokonywad przegl4du, wykonywa6 scyntygrafiE scanning ['skaniqJ - rejestracja rozkldu radioizotopu w ustroju na blonie fotograficznej, skanowanie scapula ['skepjula] - lopatka scar [ska:] -bhzna scarlet fever [,ska:lat 'fi:va] - szkarlatyna schizophrenia [ . skiza u' fri nia] - schizo frenia science ['saians] - nauka scissors I'sizazf - no|yczkt sclera ['skliara] - tward6wka
sac [sak]
:
resistance fri'zistans] - odporno56 resistant [ri'zistant] - odporny resolve fri'zolv] - ustqpowa6, zanrkat resonant ['rezanant]- jawny (odgtos opukowy) respiration [.respa'rerfa"] - oddychanie
respiratory ['respiratari]
oddechowy
respond (to) [ri'spond] - reagowa6 na bodziec responsible (for) [ri'sponsabl] - odpowiedzialny (za) rest [rest] - odpoczynek, podp6rka; odpoczywa6, podpiera6 restless ['restlas] - niespokojny
restrict fri'strikt]
resume [ri'zju:m] - wznowi6, podj4i na nowo resuscitation fri .sn si'terfan] - reanim acja, przywr6cenie do zvcia
- agraniczyc
sclerotic [' sklia' rotik] - tward6wka; stwardnialy scratch [skretJl - drapat screening ['skri:niqJ - masowe badania populacji, skrining seal fsi:1] - uszczelnienie; zalakowal, uszczelni6 sebaceous gland [si'beifas 'glend] - gruczol lojowy sebum ['si:bam] - loj skorny secrete fsi'kri :t] - wy dzielat secretion fsi'kri:fan] - wydzielanie sedation [si:'deiJan] - uspokojenie sedative ['sedativ] - uspokajaj4cy sedentary ['sedantari] - siedz4cy (o trybie Zycta, pracy)
sediment ['sedimant] - osad sedimentation rate [,sedimen'teifan'reit] - szybko66 opadania seize [si:z] - chwyta6 semen ['si:man] - nasienie, speffna
retain fri'tein] - zatrzyma( retardation [.ri:ta:'deifan] - niedorozw6j, cofniqcie retention [ri'tenfan] - zatrzymanie retina ['retina] - siatk6wka retinopathy [.retina'pa0i] - chorpba siatk6wki, retinopatia return [ri'ta:n] - powr6t; powracad reveal [ri'vi:l] - odkryi, ujawnid reversible fri'va:sabl] - odwracalny review [ri'vju ] - przegl4d; przegl4dat rheumatism ['ru: matizam] - reumatyzm rheumatoid arthritis ['ru:matoid a:'0raitis] - reumatoidalne
:
semi-solid ['semi.solid]
semispherical [.semi'sferikal] - p6lkolisty senior ['si:nja] - starszy (rang4) sensation ['sen'seiJn] - czucre, odczucie, wrazenie
sense [sens]
p6lstaly
zmysl
sensitive ['sensitiv]
sensitivity ['sensi'tiv ttt] - wra|liwoSi septum (sing.) ['septam], (p1.) septa - przegroda
serious ['siarias]
- wra2ltwy
powa2ny
E. Donesch-Jefio
serum ['sialam]
set
surowica
severe [si'via] - ostry, powa2ny, sex [seks] shake [feik] - trz4si,
up ['set ^p]
umieSci6, wstawi6,
potrzesad plytki shallow [Jalau] shiver [ .j'iva] - miet dreszcze shivery [ .fivari] - majEcy dreszcze shooting [Tufir1J - strzelaj4cy, strzykaj4cy short-sightedness I Jo:t,saitidnis] - k6tkowzrocznoS6 shoulder [Jaulda] - ramiq, bark sibilant ['sibilant] - Swiszcz4cy (odglos opukowy) sick [sik] - chory side [said] - strona, bok side-effect ['said i.fekt] - dzialanie uboczne sight [sait] - wzrok sigmoid f'sigmoid] - esica; esowaty significant [sig'nifikant] - znamienny, istotny sinus ['sainas] - zatoka sinusitis [.saina'saitis] - zapalenie zatok site [sait] - miejsce skin [skin] - sk6ra skull [skal] - czaszka slight [slait] - niemacmy slow release [,slau ri'li:z] - zwolnione, wolne uwalnianie small of the back ['smo:l av 6a 'bak] - c2966 lqd2wiowa plec6w, lqdiwie smallpox ['smo:lpoks] - ospa smear fsmia] - rozmaz
smell [smel] (smelt, smelt)
smooth [smu:O]
ple6
zalo2yi ciE2ki
spontaneous [spon'teinias] - spontaniczny, samoistny spot [spot] - miejsce sprain [sprein] - zwichna6, skrEci6 spray [sprei] - rozpylacz,rozpylat spread [spred] - rozprzestrzenieni; rozprzestrzeriat sputum ['spju:tam] -plwocina squamous ['skweimas] - luszcz4cy siq
squeeze [skwi:z]
squint [skwint]
stab [steb]
Sciska6, wyciska6 patrzet zukosa zez,zezowa6, wbii, uklu6
stabbing f'stebiqJ - kluj4cy stable [steibl] - staly, trwaly
staff [sta:fl -personel fachowy stain lstein] - plama; barwi6, plami6 starch [sta:tj - skrobia stasis ['stesis] - zast6j plyn6w w ustroju
steady ['stedi] - staly, r6wnomiemy stenosis [ste'nausis] - zwqZenie ftanalu,nacrynta)
sterile ['sterail] - sterylny sterilize ['steri'laiz] - sterylizowai stemotomy lsta:'notami] - naciEcie mostka stemum ['sta:nam] - mostek stethoscope ['steea,skaup] - sluchawka, stetoskop stick out l,stik 'aut] - wystawa6, wystawt(nazewtqtrz stiff [stifl - sztywny
stiffiress ['stifnas]
- gladki sneeze [sni:z] - kicha6
zapach; czuC, w4cha6,
pachnie6
Snellen chart ['snelan 'tla:t] - tablica soft [soft] - miqkki, delikatny, sole [saul] -
podeszwa roztw6r zakopcony chorych gor4czkuj4cych sore [so:] - b6l, rana, owrzodzenie; bolesny sort out [so:t 'aut] - rozwi4za6 (problem) source [so:s] * i:r6dlo spasmodic fspaz'modik] - spazrnatyczny specialist ['spefalist] - specjalista specialist hospital [,spefelist 'hospitl] - szpital
solution [sa'lu:Jan] sooty ['suti] - przydymiony, sordes ['so:diz] -nalot na jgzyku, dzi4slach u speciality
Snellena lagodny
stimulant ['stimjulant] - Srodek pobudzajecy stimulat ['stimjuleit] - przyspiesza6, pobudza6 stimulation [,stimju'leiJan] - pobudzenie, przyspieszenie stimulus f'stimjulas], (pl.) stimuli - bodziec stim4 f'stirap] - strzemi4czko, koSi sfuchowa stitch [stitfl - szew; szyd
stomach ['st,rmak]
sztlrwno66
2ol4dek
stomatitis l,stauma'taitis] - zapaleniejamy ustnej stool [stu:l] - stolec stoop [stu:p] - pochylad, garbi6 siq stooping f'stu:piql - pochylony, zgarbiony
store [sto:] - magazynowa6 shabismus [sfa'bizmas] - zez straight [stleit] - prosty, w]?rostowany straighten l'stleiten] - wyprostowa6 strain [strein] - wysilek; nadwyrq2y6, przesili6 stmnd [stftnd] - ni6, wl6kno, lafcuch strange fstreind3] - dziwny, niezwykly
[,spe|'aliti] - specjalno6i, specja\zacja
specjalistyczny
shatified ['stratifaid] - warstwowy, prq2kowany stratum ['stretam], (pl.) stata warstwa
specialize ['spaJalaiz] - specjalizowai specimen ['spesimen] spectacles l'spekteklz] sphere [sfia] spherical ['sferikal] - kulisty, sphincter ['sfi{kta] sphygmomanometer
sferyczny nryieracz [,sfigmome'nomifa] - srygmomanometr spinal column ['spainl 'kolam] - kqgoslup spinal cord [,spaint 'ko:d] - rdzeri krqgowy spinal nerves ['spainl 'na:vz] - nerwy lcQgowe spine [spain] - kqgoslup, wyrostek oscisty spleen [spli:n] - Sledziona split [split] - rozdzi elil, rozrzepil sponge fspondg] - g4bka
kula
pr6bka okulary
siq
streak [stri:k] - pasmo, smuga, prQga stream [stri:m] - strumief strength [stre\e] - sila strengthen ['stre4ean] - wzmocnid stretch [stretfl - nacl?Enq6,rozctwn+6 stridor ['stridol - Swist krtaniowy, szmer stoke lstlauk] - udax m6zgowy, pora2enie, apopleksja structu ['str^ktJa] - struktura, budowa stye [stai] - jEczmief subclavian [sr.b'kleivian] - podobojczykowy subcutareous [,s^bkju: 'tinias] - podsk6my
sublingual [s,.b'li4gwal]
submandibular [,s,rbmen'dibjula] - pod2uchwowy subnormal [s,.b'no:mal] - poni2ej normy subsequent ['s"bsikwant] - kolejny, nastQpny subside [sab'said] - zanika6, ustQpowad (o chorobie)
- podjEzykowy
- 1-
E. Donesch-Je2o
substitute ['snbstidu:t] - zast4pic succeed [sak'si:d] - nastqpowa6 (w kolejno6ci), odnosi6 powodzenie (z na chorobq) powodu, cierpie6 (from) suffer ['snfa] aiqcy wystarcz frJant] suffrcient [sa' suitable ['sju:tabl]
superfi cial [.
sj u:
therapy l'Oerapil - terapra thesis fOi:sis], (pl.) theses - teza. praca dyplomou'a thigh [Oai] - udo
thoracic [0o:'rasik] - piersiowY thorax ['0o:raks] - klatka piersiowa

thread [0red] - nitka threat [Oret] - groLba; grozil
- odpowiedni pa'frJal] - powierzchowny
superior fsju:'piaria] - gornY supervise [' sj u:pa,v arz) - dog14da6, nadzorowa6, kierowa6 supervision [.sju:pa'vi3an] - nodz6r, kontrola supplement ['snplimant] - dodatek, uzupelnienie suppository fsa'pozitari] - czopek, supozytorium surface ['sa:fis] - powierzchnia surgeon ['sa:d3an] - chirurg surgery ['sa:d3ari] - chirurgia, gabinet chirurgiczny surgical procedure ['sa:d3ikal pra'si:d3a] - zabieg chirurgiczny surround fsa'raund] - otoczyc survival fsa'vaivl] - prze?ycie survive fsa'vaiv] - przeLyt susceptibility fsa'septa'biliti] - podatno56 suspensory fsa'spensari] - opaska podtrzymuj4ca suspicion [sa' spifan] - podejrzenre sustain [s a' stein] - p odtrzymyw a6, utrzymywa6
suture ['sju:tfa] - szew; szycie suture set f'sju:tfa ,set] - zestaw narzgdzi do zakladama szwow swallow ['swolau] - polyka6, polkn46 sweat [swet]
throat [0raut] - gardlo throbbing ['Orobitl - pulsuj4cy thrombocyte f'Orombosait] - trombocyt, plytka krwi thrombocytopenia ['Orombo,saita'pi nia] matoplytkowo56 thrombocytosis [,Orombosai'tausis] - trombocytoza, nadmierna ilo56 plytek we krwi
:
thrombo
si s [
Orom' bausis]
zakrzepica, tromb oza
thrombus f'Orombas] - skrzeplina thumb [Onm] - kciuk thyroid gland f'Oairoid .glend] - gruczol tarczycy tibia ['tibia] - piszczel, koS6 piszczelowa
tight ltait] - ciasny, uciskaj4cY tightness ['taitnis] - szczelnoS6, ciasnota tingling ['tiqgliqj - mrowienie, cierpniEcie tinnitus f'tinitas] - szum, brzqczeme w uszach tiny ['taini] - maly tired ['taiad] - zmEczony
tiresome ['taiasam] - m?&zqcy tissue ['trlu:] - tkanka toe [tau] - palec u nogi tolerate ['tolareit] - tolerowa6, przyswaja6 lek
- po| poci6 siq swell [swel] (swelled, swollen) - puchn46, obrzmiewa6 swelling ['sweliqJ - opuchniqcie, obrzmienie swab fswob] - wacik, gazlk swollen ['swaulan] - opuchniqty symp athetic [' simpa' Oetik] - sympaty czny, wsp6lczulny, wspolczuj4cy symptom ['simptam] - objaw syncope ['siqkapi] - omdlenie synthetic Isin' 0etik] - syntetyczny syringe ['sirind3] - strzykawka syrup ['siarap] - syrop systemic fsis'temik] - ogolnoustojowy systolic [sis'tolik] - skurczowy (o sercu)
T
tablet ['tablit] - tabletka tachycardia [,taki'ka:dia]
tomography [ta'mografi]
- tomografia, radiografia
warstwowa
tongue [t"q] - iqtyk tongue depressor ['t"q di,presa]
szpatulka do uciskania
lerzyka
tonsil [,tonsil] - migdat tonsilliti s ['tonsi' laitis] - zap alente mi gdalkow tooth [tu:0], (pl.) teeth - zqb torch [to:tf]- latarka total ['tautal] - calkowity touch [t"tl] - dotyk; dofYka6 tough [t^fl -mocny, wytrzYmalY
toxic ['toksik] - truj4cy, toksycznY toxicity ftok'sisiti] - toksyczno56

trachea ftra'kia] - tchawica tracheostomy ['traki'ostami]
tracheostomia, wytworzenie
- czEstoskurcz
tachypnoea ['taki'pnia] - przyspieszony oddech task [ta:sk] - zadanie, zajEcie, praaa team [ti:m] - zesp6l, dru2Yna tear ltial - lza tear [tea] (tore, torn) - rozerwal, tozedtzet
otworu w tchawicy kreSlenie wykres, tracing ['treisiqJ tract [trekt] - uklad, przew6d tranquilizer [ .tre qkwi' laiza ] - Srodek usp okaj aj acy
transient l' trenziant]
przej Sciowy
technician [tek'niJan] temporal ['temparal]
technik
temperature ['tempritla]
temperatura
S
transluminal [,trens'lu:minal] - Swiec4cy transmit ['trans'mit] - przenieS6, przej56 transparent ['tra ns'perantl - prze2roczysty
trauma f'tro:ma]
skroniowY
czulo 6, nadwt a2liwo S 6 uciskowa
-uraz
tendemes s [' tendani s] tendon ['tendan] - Sciqgno
traumatic [tro:'metik] - urazowY treat [tri:t] -leczy6, traktowa6

treatment ['tri:tmant] - leczenie treatment room f'tri:tmant .ru:m]
tentative ['tentativ] terminal ['ta:minal]

tetanus ['tetanas]
- probny, wstqpny - koricowy
- tEiec tetralogy of Fallot fta'treladSi av 'felat] - tetralogia Fallota czny, le czmczy pj terapeuty u tik] th erap eutic [' 0 era'
:
- pokoj zabiegowy tremble ['trembal] - drLet tremulous f'tremjulas] - drz4cY tricuspid ftrai'knspid] - tr6j dzielny trigger ['triga] - wywola6, wyzwoli6 (reakcjq)
1
E. Donesch-Jein
113
trip over ['trip 'auva] - potknqi sie (o trolley ['foli] -w6zek

trouble [trrbl] trunk [tr^4k]
tube [tju:b]
co6)
rura,
-tu16w rurka guz
dolegliwoS6,
klopot gru2lica rurka
vermiform appendix ['va:mifo:m a'pendiks] - wyrostek robaczkowy vermin ['ra:min] - robactwo, paso4rty vertebra ['ve:tibre], (pl.) vertebrae - krqg
vessel ['vesal]
tuberculosis [tju,ba:kju'lausis] tubule ['fu:bjul] - cewka, kanalik, przewodzik, tumour ['tju:ma] tympanic cavity [tim'penik 'keviti] - jama tympanic membrane [tim'panik 'membrein] -
bEbenlowa blona bEbenkowa
vestibule ['vestibju:l] - przedsionek vibration [vai'breiJan] - drganie, wibracja vigorous ['vigaras] - silny, mocny villus ['vilas], (pl.) villi - kosmek violent ['vaielant] - gwaftowny
nacz5mie (lrwiono6ne)
viral ['vaiaral] -wirusowy

virus ['vaiaras]
ulcer ['alsa] ulna [',.lna] ultrasonography [.r'ltrasa'nogrrefi]
- ultrasonografia ulfafioletowy unconscious [,rn'konJas] - nieprzytomny unconsciousness [^n'konJasnas] - brak prrytomnoSci undescended [r.ndi'sendid] - niezest4pione (4dra) unequal [^n'i:kwal] - nier6wny uneventful ['^ni'ventful] - niezakl6cony, bez komplikacji unit junit] - jednostka
ultruviolet l,^ltro'vaielet] I
wrz6d koS6lokciowa
vrsceral ['visaral]
wirus - trzewny
vision ['vi3an] - wzrok visual ['vizjual]- wzrokowy, widzialny, dostrzegalny visualize ['vizjualaiz] - uwidoczni6 vital ['vaitl]- 2yciowy, irywotny, witalny viheous ['vitdas] - szklisty vocal cords [,veukal 'ko:dz] - struny glosowe voice [vois] -glos volume ['volju:m] - pojemno66, obiqto56 voluntary ['volantari] - dobrowolny, nieprzymusowy vomit ['vomit] - wymiotowa6
unremarkable Ir.nri'ma:kabl] unwanted [an'wontid] -
niepo2qdany upright ['r.prait] - wyprostowany upset [^p'set] - rozt6j; zdenerwowa6, roztroi6 uraemia [jua'ri:mia] - urernia urea [ua'ri:a] - mocznik ureter Liua'ri:tal - moczow6d urethra [ua'ri:0ra] - cewka moczowa urethritis fiuari:'Oraitis] - zapalenie cewki moczowej urinary [juarinari] - moczowy urine ['juarin] - mocz urolithiasis ['juaroli'0aiasis] - kamica moczowa urologist fiua'rolad3ist] - urolog urology fiua'rolad3i] - urologia uterine cervix [,ju:terin 'sa:viks] - szyjka macicy uterus [ju:tares] - macica V
vaccinate ['vaksineit)
- nieznaczry,
niezauw ulalny
W
waist [weist] -pas, talia waiting-room ['weiti4 ,ru:m] - poczekalnia ward [wo:d] - oddzial (szpitalny) ward sister ['wo:d ,sista] - siosha przelo2ona
wastes ['weists]
odpadki, wydaliny
waterproof ['wo:ta,pru:fl - wodoodpomy wave [weiv] - fala wax [waks] - wosk weary ['wiari] - zmEczony, znu2ony weigh [wei] - wa2y6 weighing scales ['weiirl ,skeilz] - waga wight [weit] - ciQzar, waga
wheeze [wi:z] -sapa6, charcze6, Swista6 wheezing ['wi:zi4] - sapanie, charczenie, 6wisty white count [,wait 'kaunt] - liczba bialych cialek krwi whooping cough ['hu:pi4 'kof; 'wu:pi4 ,kofl - krztusiec
vaccination [ .veksi'neifan] - szczepienie vagina [re'd3aina] - pochwa vagotomy [va'gotami] - przeciEcie nerwu blqdnego,
- szczepif
windpipe f'wind,paip] - tchawica wound [wu:nd] - rana; zrani6
wrist [rist]
nadgarstek
wrong [roqJ
niewla6ciwy, mylay, blqdny
blEdny wntyl valve [valv] variation [veari'eiJan] - zr6inicowanie varicose ['varikaus] - irylakowy, zylakowaty
vagus ['veigas]
wagotomla
- nerw zastawka,
X
X-rays ['eks,reiz] - promienie rentgenowskie X-ray Deparhnent ['eks.rei di'pa:tmant] - oddzial
radiologiczny
varix ['veriks], (pl.) varices - Zylak vary ['veari] - zmienia6, r6ini6 vasectomy fve'sektami] - wycigcie vasodilating I veisaudaia'leitiql - rozszerzaj4cy naczynta vein [vein]
siq nasienowodu krrryiono5ne

iry\a gl6wna
Y
yield [i:ld] - wydawa6, dostarczye
- 2yla
Z
zero
f'ziarat]
zero
vena cava ['vi:na 'ka:va], (p1.) venae cavae
ventral ['ventral] - brzuszny vntricle ['ventdkl] - komora (serca) ventricular [.ven'triljula] - komorowy
venule ['venjul]
- 2y&a
- 1-
E. Donesch-JeZo

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Ewa Donesch-Je2o

ti, Donesch-Je2o Enslish for Mcdicll Studnis and Doctors I

English for Medical Students and Doctors

FEATURB,S OF THE HUMAN BODY

(choroba) kostka u nogi

. armpit ['a:mpit] - pacha

bone [baun] - koS6 calf [ka:f] - lydka

. consist (of) [kan'sist]

sklada6 siq (z) przepona

. elbow ['clbau] lokied . eye [ai] - oko

. hollow ['holau] - wydrq2ony . hip [hip] - biodro . joint [d3oint] - staw

legl - podudzie .limb [im] -kohcryna . lip [ip] - walga

uffzymad (na tym samym poziomie)

przemqczy6 siq promieniowa6

Finger Finger nail Thigh

. radiatc ['rcidieit] . shoulder I faulda] - bark . skull [skrl] - czaszka

. spine [spain] - krqgosfup . stab [stab] - wbi6, uktu6 Calf

. thumb [Orm] - kciuk . tingling ['tinglin]

mrowienie, cierpniqcie tkanka

The human body

English for Medical Students and Doctors

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions:

and lower limbs?

EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences:

The cells of the bodv combine to form:

The human body consists of the following parts:

The trunk contains two main cavities:

ih; ;;;;; i'-b

.o'';;;; ;.;; j;t;;;'

i".rrJ.t,rr.' i"ri"'-t"* i"I",.,

EXERCISE C. Practise this dialogue.

THE ANATOMICAL POSITION

. anterior [ren'tiaria] - przedni . comprise [kam'prais]

. ascend [a'scnd] - wstqpowa6 .,caudal ['ko:dl] - doogonowy

zawiera(, mie6ci6 w sobie

. couch [kautJl - lelanka . cranial ['kreinial] . descend fdi'send]

schodzid w d6l . direct [di'rekt] - skierowa6;

. distal ['distal] - dystalny,

. dorsal ['do:sal] - grzbietowy . downwards ['daunwadz]

Fig. 2. The anatomical position.

nalw d6l, ku dolowi

rozci4ga6 siq, rozprzestrzeniai siq . forwards ['fo:wadz] - naprzSd,

przechodzi(, . posterior [po'stiaria] ku tylowi

. side [said] - strona, bok . structure ['strrktfa]

powierzchnia, zewnelrzna strona . trachea [tra'kia] - tchawica

EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue.

English for Medical Students and Doctors

Patient: Doctor: Patient: Doctor:

position, direction and structure:

EXERCISE D. Write out the following TABLE 1.

sentences and choose suitable verbs

downwards to the stomach.

Oczy polozone se po obu stronach nosa.

w czqSci doogonowej ctala.

English for Medical Students and Doctors

THE STRUCTURE OF THE SKTN

wlaSciwa epidermis [.epi'da:mis] nask6rck nablonek

. flat fflret] * plaski

keratynizacja, rogowacenie . layer ['lcia] warstwa . mammary gland

. nail [neil] - paznokie6 . sebaceous gland

Opening of sweat duct

lojowy . skin [skin] - sk6ra . sole fsaul] - podeszwa

. sweat gland ['swet'gland] . tough [t"f] - mocny, wytnymaly