1)

DefineSoilmechanics. Soil mechanics is defined as the application of the laws and principles of mechanics andhydraulicstoengineeringproblemsdealingwithsoilasanengineeringmaterial

2) Drawthesoilphasediagram.

3) DefinePorosity.

4) DefineVoidsRatio.

5) Definedegreeofsaturation.

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 6) DefinePercentageairvoids.

7) Whatistherelationshipbetweenunitweight&density 8) Definewatercontent.

9) Whatarethefactorsaffectingsoilsuction?

10) Definecapillarity?

11) Whatispermeability

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 12) Whatisseepagepressure?

13) StateDarcyslaw.

14) Givethefomulaforfindingthevalueofk(variablehead)inthelaboratory.

15) Givethefomulaforfindingthevalueofk(constanthead)inthelaboratory.

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 16) Whatisaflownet?

17) Whatiscompaction?

18) Whatisshrinkagelimit? The shrinkage limit (SL) is the water content where further loss of moisture will not resultinanymorevolumereduction. 19) DefineLiquidlimit. Theplasticlimit(PL)isthewatercontentwheresoilstartstoexhibitplasticbehavior. A thread of soil is at its plastic limit when it is rolled to a diameter of 3 mm and

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crumbles. To improve consistency, a 3 mm diameter rod is often used to gauge the thicknessofthethreadwhenconductingthetest. 20) WhatisPlasticityIndex? The plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The plasticity index is thesizeoftherangeofwatercontentswherethesoilexhibitsplasticproperties.The PI is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LLPL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PIof0tendtohavelittleornosiltorclay 21) DefinethetermLiquidityIndex. The liquidity index (LI) is used for scaling the natural water content of a soil sample to the limits. It can be calculated as a ratio of difference between natural water content, plastic limit, and plasticity index: LI=(WPL)/(LLPL) where W is the natural watercontent 22) Defineeffectivestress. Effectivestress(')actingonasoiliscalculatedfromtwoparameters,totalstress() andporewaterpressure(u)accordingto Typically,forsimpleexamples 23) Whatisporepressure? Porewaterpressurereferstothepressureofgroundwaterheldwithinasoilorrock, ingapsbetweenparticles(pores) 24) Whatiscohesion? Cohesion is the component of shear strength of a rock or soil that is independent of interparticlefriction. 25) Whatisoverburdenpressure? Overburden pressure, lithostatic pressure, and vertical stress are terms that denote the pressure or stress imposed on a layer of soil or rock by the weight of overlying material. 26) DefineBulkDensity? It is defined as the mass of many particles of the material divided by the total volumetheyoccupy 27) Whatisseepage? Seepageistheflowofafluidthroughsoilpores. 28) Whatistheuseofflownet?

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The quantity of seepage under dams and sheet piling can be estimated using the graphicalconstructionknownasaflownet 29) The MohrCoulomb failure criterion is the most common empirical failure criterion used in soil mechanics. In terms of effective stress the MohrCoulomb criterion is definedas where is shear strength at failure, is effective cohesion, is effective

stress at failure, and is the effective angle of friction, a parametrization of the averagecoefficientoffriction ontheslidingplane,where 30) Whatarethevarioussoilclassificationsystemsinpractice? VariousSoilClassificationSystems: 1GeologicSoilClassificationSystem 2AgronomicSoilClassificationSystem 3TexturalSoilClassificationSystem(USDA) 4AmericanAssociationofStateHighwayTransportationOfficialsSystem(AASHTO) 5UnifiedSoilClassificationSystem(USCS) 6AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterialsSystem(ASTM) 7FederalAviationAgencySystem(FAA) UNIT3 STRESSDISTRIBUTION 2MarkQuestions 1.WhataretheassumptionsofBoussinesqEqutions? 1. ThesoilmassisanelasticmediumforwhichthemodulusofElasticity,Eisconstant. 2. Thesoilmassinhomogeneous,thatisallitsconstituentpartsorelementsaresimilar andithasindenticalpropertiesateverypointinitinindenticaldirections. 3. The soil mass is isotropic, that is it has identical elastic properties in all directions throughanypointofit. 4. Thesoilmassissemiinfinite,thatisitextendsinfinitelyinalldirectionsbelowalevel surface. 2.NametheverticalstressdistributiondiagramsdrawnusingBoussinesqequation?

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1. Verticalstressisobardiagram 2. Verticalpressuredistributiononahorizontalplane. 3. Verticalpressuredistributiononaverticalline. 3.Defineisobar? An isobar is a curved or contour connecting all points below the ground surface of equalverticalpressure. 4.Definepressurebulb? The zone in a loaded soil mass bounded by an isobar of given vertical pressure intensityiscalledapressurebulb. 5. Write equations of vertical pressure due to line load, strip load an d uniformly loaded circulararea? Lineload

q 2 1 z = z x 2 1 + z
Stripload At,O z =

q [ + sin cos ] z q [ + sin ] z

z =

Verticalstressduetoloadoncirculararea
3 1 z == q 1 R 2 1 + z 2

6.Writeanequationofverticalpressureinuniformlyloadedrectangulararea?
2 2 1 2 1 2mn(m 2 + n 2 + 1)1 2 m 2 + n 2 + 2 1 2mn( m + n + 1) + tan z = q. 2 2 X 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 m + n +1+ m n m + n +1 m + n +1 m n

l B where m = ; n = z z

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7.DefineInfluenceValue? In Newmarks influence value a circle is drawn with radius r1 equal to 0.270z and the areisdividedinto20areaunits,eachareaunitwillproduceaverticalstressequalto0.005q at a depth of z cm below the centre. The arbitrarily fixed fraction 0.005 is called influence value. 8.WhatisthegeneralequationforverticalstressinNewmarksinfluencechart?

z = NXqXInfluencevalue
where 9.Notedownthewestergaardsequationfortheverticalstressforapointload? Inthis isassuredaszero. q intensityofloading N No.ofareaunitsundertheloadedarea.

z =

Q Z2

2 r 1 + 2 z 32

or where
kw = 1

2 r 1 + 2 z 32

z =

Q kw Z2

kw Westergaardinfluencefactor.

10.Whatarethedisadvantagesofsettlementandthecomponentsaffectingsettlement? If the settlement is excessive, meaning more than what is permissible for the structure, it may cause structural damage or malfunctioning, especially whent eh rate of such settlement is rapid. The total settlement St, of a loaded soil can be recognized as

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having three components: the immediate settlement Si, the settlement duet o primary consolidationScandthesettlementduetosecondaryconsolidationSsorcreep. St=Si+Sc+Ss

11.Brieflyexplainaboutimmediatesettlement The immediate settlement or distortion settlement occurs almost immediately after the load is imposed, as a result of disortion of the soil without any volume change. The immediate settlement is usually determined by using the elastic theory even though the deformationitselfisnottrulyelastic. 12.Defineconsolidation? AccordingtoTerzaghi:Everyprocessinvolvingadecreaseinthewatercontentofa saturatedsoilwithoutreplacementofthewaterbyairiscalledaprocessofconsolidation. 13.Whatarethefactorswhichcausethecompressibilityofclays? i.Theexpulsionofdoublelayerwaterfrombetweenthegrains. ii.Slippingoftheparticlestonewpositionsofgreaterdensity. iii.Bendingofparticlesaselasticsheet. 14.Definehydrodynamiclag? The delay caused in consolidation by the slow drainage of water out of a saturated soilmassiscalledhydrodynamiclag. 15.Definehydrodynamicpressure? Thepressurethatbuildsupinporewaterduetoloadincrementonthesoilistermed excessporepressureorexcesshydrostaticpressure. 16.Defineprimaryconsolidation? The reduction in volume of soil which is due principally to a squeezing out of water fromthevoidsistermedprimaryconsolidation.

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 17.Definesecondaryconsolidation? Even after the reduction of all excess hydrostatic pressure to zero, some compression of soil takes place at a very slow rate. This is known as secondary consolidation. During secondary compression, some of the highly viscous water between thepointsofcontactisforcedoutfrombetweentheparticles. 18.Writeanequationforconsolidationsettlementofanormallyconsolidatedsoil? where 19.Definecoefficientofcompressibility,av? The coefficient of compressibility is defined as the decrease in voids ratio per unit increaseofpressure. 20.Writeany5assumptionsofTerzaghistheoryofonedimeusionalconsolidation? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 21.Defineisochrone? Compressionandflowareonedimensional Darcyslawisvalid Thesoilishomogeneous Thesoiliscompletelysaturated Thesoilgrainsandwaterarebothincompressible. Cc Co H
compressionindex Initialvoidsratio Heightofthesoil
Sc = 1 zf Cc H log 1 zo 1 + Co

1 zf Finalverticalstress
1 zo Initialverticalstress

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 The distribution of excess hydrostatic pressure u at any time t is indicated by the curve,joiningwaterlevels,inthepiezometrictubes;thiscurveisknownasisochrone. 22.Listdownthefactorsaffectingtimefactorandhencethedegreeofconsolidation? i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Thicknessofclaylayer. No.ofdrainagefaces Coefficientofpermeability,k. Cv,coefficientofconsolidation Magnitudeofconsolidatingpressure Themannerofitsdistributionacrossthethicknessofthelayer.

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UNITIV SHERSTRINGTH 1.Whatisshearstrength? It is the principle engineering property which controls the stability of a soil mass underloads.Theshearstringthofsoilistheresistancetodeformationsbycontinuousshear displacementofsoilparticles. 2.Whatarethefactorsthatinfluenceshearstrength? 3.Whatisprincipleplaneandprinciplestress? A principle plane is defined as a plane on which the stress is wholly normal on one. Whichdoesnotcarryshearingstress. From mechanics it is known that there exist three principle planes at any point in a stressed material. The normal stress acting on the principal plane are known as principal stresses. 4.Whatareshearstringthparameters? cand wherecisknownasapparentcohesion resistanceduetointerlockingofparticle frictional resistance between the individual soil grains which may be sliding friction, rollingfriction. Adhesionbetweensoilparticleorcohesion.

iscalledangleofinternalfriction.

5.Whatarethelimitationsofrohrcoulombtheory? 6.Whatarethedifferencetomeasuretheshearstringthofsoil? 1. Directsheartest Itneglectstheeffectoftheintermediateprinciplestress. It approximates the curved failure envelope by a straight line, which may not give correctresults.

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2. Friaxialsheartest 3. Unconfinedcompressiontest 4. Vanesheartest 7.Whatisrohrcoulombtheory? Therohrcoulombtheoryofshecuringstringthofasoil,firstpropoundedbycoulomb (1976) and later generalized by rohr, is the most commonly used concept. The functional relationshipbetweenthenormalstressonanyplaneandtheshearingstrengthavailableon that plane was assumed to be linear by colomb. Thus the following is usually known as coulombslaw. S=C+ tand C=apparentcohesion

=internalfriction

8.Drawthecoulombenvelopeforpuresandandpureclay? 9.Whatisstrengthenvelope? It the normal and shear stress corresponding to failure are plotted, then a curve is obtained.Theplotorthecurveiscalledstrengthenvelope. 10.Whatdoyouknowaboutundrainedanddrainedtest? In the underained test, no drainage of water is permitted. Hence there is no dissipationofporepressureduringtheentiretest.Inthedrainedtest,drainageispermitted throughoutthetestduringtheapplicationofbothnormalandshearstress. 11.Whatarethefieldtesttodetermineshearstrengthtest?

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Fieldtest Penetrationtest

12.Whatarethedifferenttypesofsoilbasedonshearstringth? Cohesionless soil : These are the soils which do not have cohesion ie c=oo. These soils derive shear stringth from the intergranular friction. These soils are also called frictionalsoils. eg:sand,gravel

Purely wherive soil : These are the soils which cohesion but the angle of shearing =0. 13.Whatarethefactorsthataffectshearstringthofcohesionlesssoils? Shape of particles, gradation, confining, pressure, deviator stress, vibration and repeatedloading,typeofminerals. 14.whatarethefactorsthataffectshearstrengthofcohesivesoils? Structure of clay, clay content, drainage condition, rate of strain, repeated loading, confiningpressure,plasticityindex,disturbance. 15.Whatarethemeritsanddemeritsofdirectsheartest? Merits a. This is the only test where both the shearing stress and the normal stress on the planeoffailurearemeasureddirectly. b. Volumechangesduringthetestcanbemeasuredeasily. Demerits a. Theshearstressdistributionovertheplaneoffailureisnonuniform b. The drainage cannot be controlled, and so the pore pressure behaviour cannot be obtainedfromthetest. eg:silts,saturatedclay

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 16.Whatarethedifferenttypesoffailureofatriaxcalcompressiontestspecimen? Brittlefailure Semiplasticfailure Plasticfailure 17.Whatdoyoumeanbystresspath? Astresspathisacurveorastraightlinewhichisthelocusofaseriesofstresspoints depictingthechangesinstressinatestspecimenorinasoilelementinsitu,duringloading orunloading. 18.Whatispeakshearstrength?Westoutthefactorsitdependson? Peakshearstrengthofasoilisthemaxshearstressthatcanberestedbythesoil.It dependsonpercentdaycontact,drainagecondition,stresslevel,anisotropy. 19.Whatisrohrscircle?Whatarethecharacteristicsofrohrscircle? The graphical method for the determination of stresses on a plane inclined to the principalstressiscalledrohrswide. Thecharacteristicsare 1. The maximum angle of obliquity max is obtained by drawing a tangent to thecirclefromtheorigino. 2. Shear stresses plane at right angle to each other are numerically equal but areofoppositesigns. 20.Givetheexpressiontofindshearstrengthbyvanesheartest?
S= T D 2H D + 2 12

T=Torque D=Diameterofthevane H=Heightofvane

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UNITV SLOPESTABILITY 1.Whatarethefactorsleadingtothefailureofslopes? Thefactorsleadingtothefailureofslopemaybeclassifiedintotwocategories. a) Thefactorswhichcauseanincreaseintheshearstressesloads,seepagepressure. b) The factors which cause a decrease in the shear stresses. This is due to increase in watercontent,increaseinporewater,weathering. or Thefailureofslopeoccursdueto i. ii. iii. 2.Whatisalandslide? Failure involving downward or outward movement of portion of the soil is the case ofnaturalslopeisknownaslandslide. 3.WhatdoyouknowaboutInfiniteslope? A Infinite slope is very large in extent and is theoretically infinite and the properties ofthesoilwillbesameatidenticalpoints. 4.WhatdoyoumeanbyFiniteSlope? A Finite slope is limited in extent and the properties of the soil will nt be same at identicaldepths.Sothattheslipsurfacemaybecurved. 5.WhatarethetwobasictypesofslopefailureDefine. (1)Slopefailure (2)Basefailure Theactionofgravitationalforces Seepageforceswithinthesoil Excavationorundercuttingofitsfoot,orduetogradualdisintegrationofthesoil.

(1)Slopefailure:

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 Ifthefailureoccursalongasurfaceofslidingthatintersectstheslopeatoraboveits toe,theslideisknownasslopefailure. (2)Basefailure: If the failure occurs along a surface that is some distance below the toe of a slope is knownasbasefailure. 6.Whatarethetwotypesofslopefailure? 1)Facefailure Ifthefailureoccursabovethetoe,thenthefailureissaidtobefacefailure. 1)Facefailure 2)Toefailure

2)Toefailure 7.DefineDepthfactor. Theratiooftotaldepth(H+D)todepthHiscalleddepthfactor(Df). (1) Fortoefailure,Df=1 (2) Forbasefailure,Df>1 8.WhatarethetypesofslipsurfaceinaFiniteslope. 1.Planarfailuresurface 2.Circularfailuresurface 3.Noncircularfailuresurface 9.Whatarethedifferentmethodsusedforanalysisoffiniteslope. 1.Culmannsmethodofplanarfailuresurface 2.Swedishcirclemethod(slipcirclemethod) Ifthefailureoccursthroughthetoe,thenthefailureissaidtobeToefailure.

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3.Frictioncirclemethod 4.Bishopsmethod

10.Whatdoyoumeanbyplanarfailure? Planar failure surface may commonly occur in a soil deposit or embankment with a specificplaneofweakness.Itiscommoninstratifieddepositandthefailureplaneis11elto thestrata. 11.WheredoesaNoncircular(composite)slipsurfaceoccurinahomogenousdam? 1.Foundationofinfinitedepth 2.Rigidboundaryplanesofmaximumorzeroshear. 3.Presenceofrelativelystrongerorweakerlayes.

1.Presenceofasoftlayerinfoundation 2.Useofdifferenttypeofsoil orrackinthedamsectionwithvaryingstrengthandpore pressurecondition. 3.Useofdrainageblanketstofacilitatedissipationofporepressure. 13.Writedowntheassumptionsmadeintheanalysisofslope? 1.Thestressisassumedtobetwodimensional.

2. Coulomb equation for shear strength is applicable and parameters and are known. 3.Seepagepressurewasestimatedfromtheassumedseepageconditionsandwater levels. 4. The conditions of plastic failure are assumed to be satisfied along the critical surface. 14. What are the three forces acting in circular failure while analysis through friction circlemethod? 1.Weight(w)oftheslidingwedge

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2.Cohesiveforce(C)developedalongtheslipsurface 3.Reaction(R)ontheslipsurface

15.Whatdoyoumeanbyslide? 16.Whydoesaslopebeanalysed? The failure of slope is analysed thoroughly since their failure may lead to loss of humanlifeaswellascolossaleconomicloss. 17.DefineStabilitynumber? The force causing instability is the weight of the wedge which I equal to unit weight and the area of the wedge which I proportional to the square of the height H. It is a dimensionlessquantity. Sn=
C FC H

Thefailureofamassofsoillocatedbeneathaslopeacalledaslide.

Sn=Stabilitynumber FcFactorofsafety

unitweight
HHeightofthescope 18.WhataretheFactorofsafetyusedinstabilityAnalysisofslopes? 1.Factorofsafetywithrespecttocohesionassumingtobefullymobilized. 2.Factorofsafetywithrespecttofrictionassumingtobefullymobilized. 3.Factorofsafetywithrespecttoshearstrength 4.Factorofsafetywithrespecttoheight.

19.Writedowntheformulaforcalculatingfactorofsafetywithrespecttcohesion?

Fc =

C (assumingfrictiontobefullymobilisede) cm

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FcFactprpfsafetuwotjres[ecttpcpjesopm Cultimatecohesion cmmobilizedcohesion 20.Writedowntheformulaeforcalculatingfactorofsafetywithrespecttofriction?

F = tan = tan m m

(assumingcohesiontobefullymobilized)

ultimateangleofshearingresistance

mmobilisedangleofshearingresistance.

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