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INFORMATION IN THE TABLE BELOW AND IN THE TABLES ON PAGES 3-5 MAY BE USEFUL IN ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION OF THE EXAMINATION.
-2-
E (V)
2F Co
2+
+e
Au
+ 3e
Au(s) 2 Cl 2 H 2 O(l ) 2 Br Hg22+ Hg(l ) Ag(s) 2 Hg(l ) Fe 2+ 2 ICu(s) Cu(s) Cu+ Sn 2+ H 2S(g ) H2 (g) Pb(s) Sn(s) Ni(s) Co(s) Cd(s) Cr 2+ Fe(s) Cr(s) Zn(s) H 2 ( g ) + 2 OH Mn(s) Al(s) Be(s) Mg(s) Na(s) Ca(s) Sr(s)
Cl2 (g ) + 2 e Br2 (l ) + 2 e
O2 (g) + 4 H + + 4 e -
2 Hg2+ + 2 e Hg2+ + 2 e Ag + e
+ -
Hg2 Fe
2+
+ 2e
-
3+
+e
Cu+ + e Cu Cu
2+ 2+
I 2 (s) + 2 e + 2e +e
-
Sn 4+ + 2 e S(s) + 2 H + + 2 e 2H + 2e
+ -
Pb Sn Ni
2+ 2+
+ 2e + 2e + 2e
2+ 2+ 2+
Co Cd Cr Cr
+ 2e + 2e +e
-
3+
Fe 2+ + 2 e 3+ 2+
+ 3e
Zn
+ 2e
2 H 2 O(l ) + 2 e Mn 2+ + 2 e Al
3+ 2+
+ 3e
Be
+ 2e
-
Mg Ca Sr Ba
2+
+ 2e
Na + e
+ 2+ 2+
+ 2e + 2e
-
2+ +
+ 2e
-
Rb + e K +e
+ +
Cs + e Li + e
+
2.87 1.82 1.50 1.36 1.23 1.07 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.53 0.52 0.34 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.00 0.13 0.14 0.25 0.28 0.40 0.41 0.44 0.74 0.76 0.83 1.18 1.66 1.70 2.37 2.71 2.87 2.89 2.90 2.92 2.92 2.92 3.05
-3-
Speed of light, c = 3.0 108 m s-1 Plancks constant, h = 6.63 10 -34 J s Boltzmanns constant, k = 1.38 10 -23 J K -1 Avogadros number = 6.022 1023 mol -1 Electron charge, e = -1.602 10 -19 coulomb 1 electron volt per atom = 96.5 kJ mol -1
EQUILIBRIUM [H + ][A - ] Ka = [HA] [OH - ][HB+ ] Kb = [B] K w = [OH ][H + ] = 1.0 10 -14 @ 25 C = K a Kb
pH = - log [H + ], pOH = - log[OH - ] 14 = pH + pOH pH = pK a + log pOH = pK b + log [A - ] [HA]
Equilibrium Constants K a (weak acid) K b (weak base) K w (water) K p (gas pressure) K c (molar concentrations)
S = standard entropy H = standard enthalpy G = standard free energy E T n m q c Cp = = = = = = = standard reduction potential temperature moles mass heat specific heat capacity molar heat capacity at constant pressure
THERMOCHEMISTRY/KINETICS
DG = DH - T D S = - RT ln K = -2.303 RT log K
= -n E
Ea = activation energy k = rate constant A = frequency factor Faradays constant, = 96,500 coulombs per mole of electrons Gas constant, R = 8.31 J mol -1 K -1 = 0.0821 L atm mol -1 K -1 = 62.4 L torr mol -1 K -1 = 8.31 volt coulomb mol -1 K -1
()
-4-
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + ... m n= M
P V T n D m u
= = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
K = C + 273 PV PV 1 1 = 2 2 T1 T2 m D= V 3kT 3RT urms = = M m 1 2 KE per molecule = mu 2 3 KE per mole = RT 2 M2 r1 = M1 r2 molarity, M = moles solute per liter solution molality = moles solute per kilogram solvent DT f = iK f molality DTb = iK b molality p = iMRT A = abc
urms KE r M p i Kf Kb A a b c Q I q t
root-mean-square speed kinetic energy rate of effusion molar mass osmotic pressure vant Hoff factor molal freezing-point depression constant molal boiling-point elevation constant absorbance molar absorptivity path length concentration reaction quotient current (amperes) charge (coulombs) time (seconds)
OXIDATION-REDUCTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Gas constant, R = 8.31 J mol -1 K -1 = 0.0821 L atm mol -1 K -1 = 62.4 L torr mol -1 K -1 = 8.31 volt coulomb mol -1 K -1 Boltzmanns constant, k = 1.38 10 -23 J K -1 K f for H 2 O = 1.86 K kg mol -1 K b for H 2 O = 0.512 K kg mol -1 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr STP = 0.00 C and 1.0 atm Faradays constant, = 96,500 coulombs per mole of electrons
Q= I =
, where a A + b B c C + d D