Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Tvam
Asi"
in
Context
By
Joel
P.
Brereton,
Columbia,
Mo.
Among translations 6.8-16 syntactic tadtmyam Hume's whole (Soul). and essence" both animantaare
other of so
traditional Upanisad obscure e?o svetaketo the 'nimaiiti. this is tman the eta-
it is easy passage. satyarn "That soul. That This the final not. expect same
peculiarity idam translation' world That has art that thou, all
sarvam
is typical: as its
essence That that the neuter; are tvam that asi. then,
antecedent, however, were asi The of let the me phrase with The the but
neuter.
that of the
sarvam, Bhtlingk"
aitadtmyam emends.
to
the
commentators' It does
regular early
abstraction.
' R. Madras
E.
Hume: 1949, p.
The 246.
Thirteen
Principal
Upanishads.
2nd
ed.
Oxford
1931;
rpt.
n.
J. S. 1.
Speijer:
Sanskrit
Syntax.
[SS].
Leiden
1886;
rpt.
Delhi
commentary
to
Saijikara the
(hereafter
the
Mitksa-
rvykhy of Nitynanda, of Madhva, all on ChU " Otto 1889. The dogya-Upanisad. Bhtlingk emendation I^aris
Syikara-Bhsya,
nundatirtha
trans.]: by
St.
Petersburg Chn
trans.]:
" Tat
Tvam
Asi"
in
Context
99
and
makes etadtmyam
both
the follows
and
etaddevatya-: etaddtvaty
ete
vi are as TB
do
divinity
who nirvapet,
sacrified mahati
viously," bhimdnyeta. agado ity as him. tically brhmanli The pronoun ing to is that else anything animan-. a next haivd
3.9.17.3
etaddevatyd bhavati threaten "He (his (therefore) free preceding in two most in the the MS
svdyaivdinarf} a cam horse his In in the the in real very ChU, same the to has
should cattle). it
if the (god)
should its
own
unproblemarefers to the
TB. either. There no reason the the In is, sa in for tm, fact, it to the noth refer of tad
it to tat
outside. The
pronoun
is agrees
prose
gender
predicate
appositive.^ essential to translators some the necessity saivaisnustub they but does two agrees not syllables, became with mean examples of the correct do not of its observing abhavat this interpreta always operation. it is "From JB pay
because
sufficient A good
examine and
[Vc] s
refers
anvstubh"that which
became
Anustubh.' Edgerton's MA says 1965, pp. translation 175 idarp does et passim. is this reading not universe means yield sawam in his The Beginnings follows is, good below), . . . ."That (see particularly
He loyally
translation
Louis p. 565;
1961, rpt.
369,
p. und pp.
500; Sanskrit-
B.
Vedische
Strassburg
Ingeborg
Gppingen in contrast
that
which
ICKLER,
lOf
Joel
P.
Brereton
The of an
rule
applies
eommonly That
when subject is
a relative then
the ta-
subject pronoun,
the
nominative. 'bhavan construction so sacrifice 'sv dityah was phrase, 'bhiplavh introductory and tad cut
Ukthya, is the
the
refers
Finally, SB
same prasva
is tarn
in
2.5.1.18
upasdyi-
M prasvas of
These
the
for
shoots
flowering refers
clear
that modifying
pronominal prose
prastara.^ Chndogya [nadyaJi] yath They Ickler tatra become (p. second plural and must 4) Upani samudrt na just correctly phrase, in be agree trans phrase, "These the dityah gandharvh the Prastva; mansions, Brhmaria. krta" sa sa vidur the
rule
in the th t sea.
itself.
evdpiyanti. flow these tain the such.' 4.3.8 five ChU ones 2.21.1 from do
know to the
pronouns agreement rivers, Elsewhere, tev and traya vayinsi "The the Sun, in p. 389. cited an but
In
the
feminine rivers
it
does the
pronoun
etepaOcnyepancnye five other ime lokah maricayah three these J. worlds are the ones, sa
these and in
these
lunar
* Correctly Vol. ' tata this 1. Oxford Cf. also . . . tan world] one
Eggeling
The. Satapatha
ChU
and egg.
p. 5, tad it came
ndant two
te ndakaple gold."
ca suvarnarji 3.5.4.
cbhavatm
(halves),
is ChU
" Tat
Tvam
Asi"
in
Context
101
birds, and tasion. pa-). speech, ven klp), rites, pah kalpanoun tates The expressed quent ness, fuse tarp. earth. a and the
and
light
rays, these
are
the
Pratihra; In or nature
Gandharvas, construction, a whole the discus (sarnkal name, also, hea (sarnmantras, e^a samkalof the again sarfi-
a proleptic explains shows all space, rain, The Here sa it not that have
wind them
and arise,
(prna-), sa
world, is
everything.
passage refers in
description
Were Here,
such the
identification, of agreement
ta-prodic
however,
gender. of in identification clause ChU 7.23.1 ChU (so which holds content ati nnyac mentioned is resumed yo 1.3.3 also vai yo 1.3.4); was true of the when a above by bhm vynah and silver the taa in tatat s ChU which pronoun sukham vk "What tad that refers as sa in the is "What is subject also fre
type
happiness;" that prthivi rule but ndnyat is speech" "That likewise to the
yad was
specific yatra
item
subordinate nnyad
ChU
7.24.1
pasy
chrnoti
hkm
Cf. " thing other 2 asau dhundyah. 4.1, yonder cells (p. fluid ing, 203) not 5.1).
also
ChU
2.3
and
2.4. for not the it is an anticipate Bearing of agreement. ye prrico evapufpani. difficulty: (sun), The Rgveda refer passage. milk, which They then are are, most that of this bees. as are pronoun liquids melted the bees live the The and why tarule p. 214. anaphoric this pronoun, in mind, This rasmayas t amrt "Tlie these "The are is the to resume new clarify prcyo (cf ofthe eastern ofthe categories are (cf flows in fact, naturally honey. to the the ChUBh the 3.2.1, gods honey Hume nectar preced cor liquid ad sun some item. Cf an 3.1.1, ma3.1, is
It is characteristic stated passage v dityo rca The sun. of this [arose What (honey). as follows]," The sacrifice, (rasa-) nectar liquids liquids in ChU it is to are different first previously. Delbrck: which eva
of ta-, It does AS
or signify
especially
139,
we can
illustrates madhukrtah. part are The the translates the eastern rks last but amrt
is ChU
dcvamadhu
without are
blossom."
anticipatory: should in several in the butter, (3.1.3), pronoun they (3.6.1). passage
different
honey refers:
honey produced
(honey)." 3.16.1.
continues
by describ
102
Joel
P.
Brereton
one
does that
not
see
another and
thing, ChU
hear 3.17.1 he
ano
"when
thirsty,
not as
these
rites
consecration." without
is followed
in this
Upanisad
exception.'' It is because problem. Why One is that ing refer in the to to then possible the If of this Hume is it is neuter?'* reason this peculiarity tradition in the does has not not received much a problem. Bhsya, This the view attention Accord pronouns is explicit mle that the tad neuter is tad in tat tvam asi poses with such tvam. a
correct,
a predicate
nominative
which
is called
sadkhya tm
mlam. bhva
etadtma idam
sarvam sadkhyam
. . . yena saty
kranarn satattvarn
arp. paramryathtmyam.
jagatah
pratyaksvarpayi
" pascl
An
apparent the the that to last final (idaxp there the Cf.
sa
[bhm] is this
evdhastt sarvam iti. whole world." not adhastt, "It (extends) which purastd To the (is) to
sa cor
,sa purastt
sa uttaratah
sa evedarp
(p. 261)
translates rect, suggest upward, whole brahma idaip to the It then nominative
antecedent expressions of motion: It is that amftarji ca prasrtaip, one. brahman here, tvam immortal the
(bhm),
its predicate however, downward, to this pascd visvam west, (prasftam). extent." breaks tad and the the tvam justi to must order. in wUl not
west, MuU
brahman&Xorie
is the '*
brahman
(extends) n. 1, noticed
asi
apparently of
troubled neuter
by that. has
for it. he attempts because said, tvam It is difficult period, syntax, in the
a philo
philosophic
accountable himself
of grammar, explanation
Speijer
95 b, p. 30,
tad instead
of sa so that
thought
ChUBh
on
6.8.7.
''Tat
Tvam
Asi"
in
Context
103
tmasabdasya tvd '"That 'finest world. Being, state Being which Being, Further, nature cation, sense 'are atas which' essence,' 'The as its state self tat
nirupapadasya sat that the of that this self, whole is the 'that' regard a 'this tvam asi iti
gavdisabdavan
nirv4ha-
whole, this as
of possessing as self which just with has ofthe you.'" that to the "Being" its this
possessed of a
world
Because meaning,
modifi in the
conventional self
individual
therefore
Being,
Notice referring sadkhya posed until Now, sat ent the effect and items, last, of
interprets way Being has i.e., may be etena Being, completely But the or
ta-
and Thus,
as yah sup so on
which' as says,
He
takes
and
Philosophically, they pronouns, are two except cannot. this change. the this a neuter to 6.8-10, into Being these the reads: damso are here last final one differ for The
may
be
syntactically
demonstrative That is suggest to last gloss a way animan-, at least initially occurs in
animan-.
pronoun over
strategy may
Nonetheless, tad. does dent. such discusses the das, loss in of 6.9.3 does v simho yad wolf Even refer if the to sat.
other In the to
to
appears ChU
retreat
of the
passages v
v vrko tad
a worm merge
refrain
follows pos
passage,
17ff.
It is also und
to read
of tad. 173 n.
Cf 93.
A. Hillebrandt:
Brhmanas
pani
104
Joel
P.
Brereton
this
In
such would
a context, be
a concluding
reference
reasonable. heavily not against make it. a First, difference. tatvam the chapter by one pro asi.'* refrain. con or that
solution antecedent
weigh
would
ofthe tat
neuter, 6.8-10
tvam
which contends
analysis a number
of
ChU
by
separate refrain
sections. belongs
to 11-13.
the
he
calls analysis
Lebenskraft-(Jwam-)Theorie," underestimates the In ply place In fruit " tion tyai refrain fact, is most it is 6.12 but original Uddlaka a nyagrodha further expression s 'si example an the thematic closely which essential locus. teaches tree. of the his At
unity connected
in
this
I do
agree
that 11-13.
with passage
of khandas refrain It
is the part
one
is not
sim
ofthe
is here
I would
son his
the he
ofa a fruit
rule
This
is SB ha
rdsnsindrnyd
ii4Vi,ia itindrni
vd indrasya
vdrpatamah he lays head-band above just tible. and the and enam, two sat. " den
evainam
[a rope] around [lier horns], saying, 'You are the girdle of Aditi, the of Indrrii' Indrni is Indra's own dear wife and her head-band, has he as refer every thereby (SB. singulars to both with refers we color makes Vol. ofthe Aditi's the to the seeond rope. have referring [and form]. it to 5. Oxford to the whole girdle person sa tvam asi, be." 'You 1900, mantra, as well singular even are these,' this he thereby example translates alone. and thus subject; in the taif the But logically head-band. tam SB, pronoun where refers is not the this the says, and thus sa forms sa with to to neuter
I realize head-band
incontrover concluding
Eggeling interpretation
p. 474)
sentence concluding
Sa is singular sa refers
in agreement
If we have
should
E.
Philosophische
Hapttexte
der
lteren
Upanisaden.
Wiesba
1976,
163. p. 162 on 6.12: Hier wird; . . . auf nun es ist die ist die entscheidende die einzige dieser Stehe, Stelle, Passage von in der Bezug
Aussage wird."
nmlich Aussage
vorangegangenen
genommen
" Tat and and looks sees inside. nothing. na tisthati. my dear, this, There His nibhlayasa sraddhatsva from my this he father
in
105 seeds
to
him:
6.12.2 'rtimna
somyaitam nyayou do
arjbimanayi grodhas not tree. tinues nificance exists ketu From to the in the the see, Trust the
somyai^o "This
finest stands
essence this so
essence refrain,
which essence"
immediately and then As both true the the nature through then points
up
been so as became
refrain first
: probably of the chapter. part after an elucidation within the and and from is again, which thus the
to Only
6.11 in text.
khanda, however,
essential
of the
Unlike was
6.12,
established of the
elsewhere. refrain.^' First, theme there all and it ofthe is things this
is
one
which
an
which
things
is
" F.-R.
For
reading 157 n.
evarnmahn, 65, the axe 66. ordeal in the will protects burn him: by refrain.
cf VI.
Ickler, Ein
p. Erneuter
73.
For
other In:
possibihties, WZKSO
see 12/13
Hamm:
(Jhmiogyopani^ad
Versuch.
(1968/69), " and his rounds satyam taptam (theft), is the he type Its can trates place That the not Rig is not purpose be one. this In the guilt,
axe
him.
sa satybhisandhah if he truth he takes himself example ofthe the the tat saty whole refers self makes
antardhya to be the he, whose heated enclose truth of the and ofthe can the doer
sa tm dahyate
ofthat axe. the the But ofa self self illus offer no
to himself
intention
truth, frequent
after burned."
truth,
demonstration,
section
Upanisad,
ordeal
6.16.3 in that
sa yath
tatra
ndhye-
taitadtmyam
is pervaded : Function
it as a quasi-denominative Gttingen 89 f
for burning.
Formations
106
Joel
P.
Brereton
the
concept
stressed that
in the theme
establish is not
a similar four
way, times
spread easily
its not
major in the
in BU(K) recension
passage
Mdhyaipin both one of to when the editor self is has the breaks how, when any vijnti which one comes asiryo "That self inde attached. ends: understand after the the pas a clear it vina is
nor
in BU four
2.4,
of 4.5 in only
versions
neti
circumstance that itself conclusion BU(K) source because self Before self But it,
sufficient
insertion, the
inescapable that An
unknownable inserted impossibility the continuity has thing. kejia His the
is
the
formulation the
passage. the
perceive sarvam by
in
the agrhyo
recension, grhyate.
sajyate. It is
vyathate for
ri^yate not it is
ungraspable, unattached,
grasped; not
destroyed; nor
is injured." now! By
Finally, what
passage one
"Look last
question from
it
develops interrupts
saying
a stereotyped text. although the BU. refrain function for the older marking It is this there,
it took
a far
systematic reason
of the
was to the
to
the
end
of
it has
a similar a technique in
words
the
elsewhere
Upanisads.^'*
Cf
L.
Renou:
Etudes
vediques
et pnineenes.
I.
Paris
1955,
pp.
9111.
"Tal
Tvam
Asi"
in
Context
107
to
the its
to
the
next.
In between
one
continuity the which but dying into toward the eva so long same cirayi a time And na in vn
somewhat passages
away
example they do
long same
themes but
source
thinks: me unite the text there with says: tejah mind, divine the and in 15 tat and the to the if it
is just [my
people]." yvan
sampadyate jnti "Before with rela yvan same its quite of the
tejasi his
his he
highest have
power, same
know uses
lines
vocabulary sam-pad allegory on with faculties refrain from passage it but itself: the the
the
verb the
ideas. point. different finest To within tion above, reference passage textually, vincing.^^ of
reinforces uses
refrain,
terminology essence, return the it this to itself as then text must not
pervasiveness into the if the then all. not self. refrain an As discuss is nothing at of tad the as close. sat
spread
and
account
animan-: of place,
in the Con-
sudden the
introduction explanation
is uncon
Another brahman; 453 real ports there to BU The far that be, a, p. name, this for a clear tabut and 3.9.9, principal as possible. the whole ci. 182.
is that Trois
tad
asi represents le Cent the in the else usage. with ChU whieh and brahman eontext in the Nor parallel does
Enigmes
Chemins.
to him, however.
would
we expect Minard
and
number
is Being, from
principles
of Uddlaka's devolution
exposition
is to show
108
Joel
P.
Brereton
then, for
tad it?
does The
not only
refer way
either remaining
to
animanis to look
or to
to the in
how
can functions
we
neuter the
demonstrative other in a neuter variety "therefore," both signify agni it can Cf ha td in the place, bhavatah express SB(K) sense
prose, is used
tad, ad
can
express It can
logical mean
of this."^* tdd vai and case"'" indro evd jaghna Visvarpa, he was to be dve two or ja
"there,"^' "In
occasion,
dvdv Or any
(sacrifice)
Vedis that
circumstance 2.2.1.16 viddrn 'mucyata [Ekata, Trita, for and its tad he sd cakruh devo Dvita, who slew hisdh
case." tsya
ytra
visvdr.parn. sdsvad "When Trita] In In torfmeans the dhainaip Indra knew any
dty son
dha
of Tvastr, Probably,
and him.
case,
Indra
is a god."''
variants,'^ refers to
some it the
between show,
which express
relations
I suggest is a parallel
that
in tat
tvam with
asi, two
tadh&s other
such
an
adverbial
function. which
There
instance
demonstratives,
establishes
understood death, honey. does " 119e, " 1977, " Renou: '" p. 93; " 589 other " 5.24.5; Cf p. Cf the Being not p.
events, or the
such To
as hunger,
thirst,
blending give
of pollen it a mysterious
is unseen,
Ingeneral.cf
Speijer:
SS Verpoorten:
444,
p.
344;
AS
141,
pp.
216ff. Paris
^* Cf
L'Ordre
VAitareya-
Brhmana.
BoDEwiTZ: 119e, p. La
Brahmaiia
I,
1-65.
Leiden
1973,
p.
159;
GrS
dans
la Prose
vedique.
Paris
1936,
294,
Trois probably
sur
1949, the
18; 4.4.8.
10.5.4.16; iod
2.2.3; in ChU
11.5.5.12; 5.10.9;
12.3.2.7,
8; BU
&?atoA:aA
3.11.1;
5.2.9;
"Tat
Tvam
Asi"
in
Context
109
the
sense
of
tad
here
and
this
of it.
This
is TS ddm i$am he
haitdt
ha. have
says
; 'in ahdm
in this
effect.
'You, it is this
who he
says; and
demonstratives attained, manner, described, As is the these truth two and namely, tad
idam it brings
it the to the
of
the
same
tvarii
asi
ofthe by them, the whole way in which First, of the an whole the
nyagrodhatree finest so also whole has you, the the essence, is Svetaketu refrain as its
and as
that
as: self.
world are
In
grows it says
refrain, an self,
essence. for
truth, to
reference Svetaketu
it.
himself pervaded
tree
and reality
final
self.''
'^
There tat
to examine an identity non-dualist done. the tad Rather, and asi says "you are
the
discussion self argue than imply just tied ofthat" and do not
tad does
brahman,
expresses
Visnudscrya's explanations Vispudscrya are also He Dr. Edwin (attached) ( 9), occurs suggests on that" which to
dependent improbability.
commentary clauses me to
Gerow
referring
this
text.
Bcherbesprechungen
Hans melte
Hls
und
Hans zur
Hoppe Lemgo:
: Engelbert Wagener Kaempfers, Persien und Werk 1694) (S. soll Dunkeln der die 1712) hat nur 1-5) liegt,
Kaempfer 1982. 268 der Ostindien" wird gewrdigt. uerst 31-61) auf die und in vollstndiger
Gesam Asien
Beitrge
Engelbert-Kaempfer-Forschung
umfassenden curiosen" Kaempfers observationum und Hans phie weise schaftlich Sehr stellerischem Amoenitates Japan sen Jh.s fer. Bd. weg welche haben asiatischen erschien tes exoticae, Titel nische SiEBOLD, in: asiens, Unter Nr. den den 1972 (London ausfhrlicher Hls (S.
Bedeutung
Wortes)
bereiste,
dieses (Leiden
insbesondere bersetzung Geographen werden. abschnitt Titel. Sie sind wissen schriflaus History auszugswei des ausgebt. Kaemp Abschnitt der Reisen. Reise auf die Japan, Japaner So der 18. den of 672
wissenschaftsgeschichtlich exoticamm (1935-80) Im Biographie immer jedoch belanglos. erfreulich Werk exoticae 1727) Wirkung, wre noch serieuses Bume Leipzig zweiten (Punkt wiederum seit langem Sprachen in Teheran der Beschreibung Japaner sich der 28, die ein. die Hlfte 9). und 1754, groen Von zum ist dagegen (Nr. (Lemgo besteht, grndliche Obwohl und vllig im Kommentierung folgenden (Punkt
zusammengestellte
Intemationak letztere obwohl ein Feuilletons von umfat, nahezu des Welt
209-58).
berwiegend
Erfassung es eine das in der posthum Vielzahl Ausgaben europische du Japon 1729), in:
Kaempfers nur
225-292).
der
bersetzungen, insbesondere der Extrait etbadines2 l^flanzen 708-40. bibhographischen den 129 Teil
Nachzutragen Lettres
de l Histoire Haye
345-78
Besondere
in Japon"
Kaempfers
in anderen Unrecht: der Amoenita auf japa und lt, Ost japanischen
bersetzung
Gedenkschrift"
Mitteilungen
Gesehschaft
Kaempfer
gepflegte(n) Einschlu
(Punkt Drogenkun
10, wenn
463-623)
zusammengetragene
ist beachtlich,
ZeitBchrift
der DeutKchcn MorgcnlanHiKchcn Gesellschaft Band 1.36, Heft I (1986) Deutsche Mor^enliiiulische GeselUchaft e. V.