ADAI Associao para o Desenvolvimento Aerodinmico Industrial

Adlio Rodrigues Gaspar

adelio.gaspar@dem.uc.pt
Francisco Bispo Lamas
francisco.lamas@dem.uc.pt
Sara Carvalho Francisco
sara.francisco@adai.pt
Nilton JanicasOliveira
nilton.oliveira@adai.pt
SEB SEB Simulation of Energy in Buildings Simulation of Energy in Buildings
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al
Adlio Rodrigues Gaspar
adelio.gaspar@dem.uc.pt
Francisco Bispo Lamas
francisco.lamas@dem.uc.pt
Module 7
Airflow: zone infiltrations
and ventilation
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 33
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
Airflow
isanimportant characteristicof energyconsumptioninbuildings:
airflowbetweenzones;
andairflowduetonatural ventilation;
mechanical ventilation.
Airflow: standardparameterizationof infiltrationsandventilation.
AirflowNetwork: advancedmodelingof airflowsdrivenbywindandaforced
air distributionsystem.
Airflow
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 44
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
Buildingenergybreakdownofanofficebuilding Airflow
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 55
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 66
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
ZoneInfiltration
Infiltration is the unintended flowof air fromthe outdoor environment directly into a
thermal zone.
Causedby:
theopeningandclosingof exterior doors;
cracksaroundwindows;
verysmall amountsthroughbuildingelements.
Different methods:
DesignFlowRate
EffectiveLeakageArea
FlowCoefficient
Airflow
for smaller,
residential-type
buildings
( ) | | ) ( ) ( ) )( (
2
WS D WS C T T B A F I on Infiltrati
odb zone schedule design
+ + + =
2
) (
1000
) ( WS C T C
A
F on Infiltrati
W S
L
schedule
+ A =
( ) ( )
2
2
2
) ( ) (
n
W
n
S schedule
WS s cC T cC F on Infiltrati + A =
Eq. for design flowrate method:
Eq. for effectiveleakagearea:
Eq. for flowcoefficient:
WS: windspeed
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 77
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
DesignFlowRate
Valuesfor thecoefficients:
chapter 26of theASHRAEHandbookof Fundamentals.
the EnergyPlus defaults: 1,0,0,0 which give a constant volume flowof infiltration
under all conditions.
theBLASTdefaults: 0.606, 0.03636, 0.1177, 0.
The DOE-2 defaults (adjusted to SI units):
0, 0, 0.224, 0.
Airflow Zone Infiltration
( ) | | ) ( ) ( ) )( (
2
WS D WS C T T B A F I on Infiltrati
odb zone schedule design
+ + + =
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 88
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
DesignFlowRate
Zoneor ZoneList Name:
tolinkaZoneor ZoneList;
ZoneList can be used with the flow/area, flow/exteriorarea, flow/exteriorwallarea, or
airchanges/hourof theDesignFlowRateCalculationMethod.
Schedule Name: The name of the schedule that modifies the maximumdesign volume
flow rate (I
design
). This fraction between 0.0 and 1.0 is noted as F
schedule
in the above
equation.
DesignFlowRateCalculationMethod:
flow/area;
flow/exterior area;
flow/exterior wall area;
air-changes/hour
Airflow Zone Infiltration
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 99
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
DesignFlowRate
Design FlowRate (m
3
/s): denotes thefull design volume flowrate. The design
volume flow rate (noted as I
design
in the above equation) is the maximum
amountofinfiltrationexpectedat designconditions.
Flowper Zone Floor Area and Flowper Exterior Surface Area (m
3
/s-m
2
): used,
alongwiththeZoneAreaor Exterior SurfaceAreato determinethemaximum
DesignFlowRate.
Air Changes per Hour: used, along with the Zone Volume to determine the
maximumDesignFlowRate.
Airflow Zone Infiltration
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 10 10
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
DesignFlowRate
Constant TermCoefficient (A): function of environmental factors. This parameter, however, is a
constant under all conditions and is not modified by any environmental effect. As a result, it is
dimensionless.
TemperatureTermCoefficient (B): functionof environmental factors. Thisparameter ismodifiedby
the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air dry-bulb temperatures. The units
for thisparameter areinverseCelsius.
VelocityTermCoefficient (C): functionof environmental factors. Thisparameter ismodifiedbythe
speedof windbeingexperiencedoutsidethebuilding. Theunitsfor thisparameter ares/m.
Velocity Squared Term Coefficient (D): function of environmental factors. This parameter is
modifiedbysquareof thespeedof windbeingexperiencedoutsidethebuilding. Theunitsfor this
parameter ares2/m2.
Airflow Zone Infiltration
( ) | | ) ( ) ( ) )( (
2
WS D WS C T T B A F I on Infiltrati
odb zone schedule design
+ + + =
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 11 11
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
Forsmaller,residential-typebuildings
EffectiveLeakageArea
1
FlowCoefficient
2
T is the average difference between zone air temperature and the outdoor air
temperature
1
DevelopedbyShermanandGrimsrud(1980)
2
BasedonAIM-2model byWalker andWilson(1998)
Airflow Zone Infiltration
2
) (
1000
) ( WS C T C
A
F on Infiltrati
W S
L
schedule
+ A =
( ) ( )
2
2
2
) ( ) (
n
W
n
S schedule
WS s cC T cC F on Infiltrati + A =
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 12 12
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
EffectiveLeakageArea
EffectiveAirLeakageArea(AL) (cm
2
, at4Pa):canbeobtainedfromawhole-
building pressure test (eg. blower door test) or ASHRAE Handbook of
Fundamentals. Thevalueshouldcorrespondtoapressuredifferenceof 4Pa.
StackCoefficient
1
(C
S
)-(L/s)
2
/(cm
4
K)
1
Tipical valueslistedintheASHRAEHandbookof Fundamentals(2005and2001)
Airflow Zone Infiltration
2
) (
1000
) ( WS C T C
A
F on Infiltrati
W S
L
schedule
+ A =
One story house 0.00014
Two story house 0.000290
Three story house 0.000435
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 13 13
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
EffectiveLeakageArea
1
Tipical valueslistedintheASHRAEHandbookof Fundamentals(2005chapter 27; 2001, Chapter 26)
Airflow Zone Infiltration
Shelter class Description
1 No obstructions or local shielding
2 Typical shelter for an isolated rural house
3 Typical shelter caused by other buildings across the street
4 Typical shelter for urban buildings on larger lots
5 Typical shelter produced by buildings that are immediately adjacent
Shelter
class
One story
house
Two story
house
Three story
house
1 0.000319 0.000420 0.000494
2 0.000246 0.000325 0.000382
3 0.000174 0.000231 0.000271
4 0.000104 0.000137 0.000161
5 0.000032 0.000042 0.000049
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 14 14
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
FlowCoefficient
Note:thecoefficientsfor theFlowCoefficientmodel arenot interchangeablewiththesimilarlynamedcoefficientsintheEffective
LeakageAreamodel
FlowCoefficient (c) (m
3
/(sPa
n
)): can be determined fromthe effective leakage area
andwhole-buildingpressuretest (eg. blower door test).
StackCoefficient
1
(C
S
)-(Pa/K)
n
PressureExponent(n):generallyliesbetween0.6and0.7withatypical valueof n=0.67
for theenhancedmodel
1
Tipical valueslistedintheASHRAEHandbookof Fundamentals(2005and2001)
Airflow Zone Infiltration
( ) ( )
2
2
2
) ( ) (
n
W
n
S schedule
WS s cC T cC F on Infiltrati + A =
With flue No Flue
One story house 0.069 0.054
Two story house 0.089 0.078
Three story house 0.107 0.098
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 15 15
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
WindCoefficient
1
(CW) ((Pa.s)
2
/m
2
)
n
ShelterFactor
1
(s)
1
Tipical valueslistedintheASHRAEHandbookof Fundamentals(2005chapter 27; 2001, Chapter 26)
2
SeeeffectiveLeakageAreamodel
Airflow Zone Infiltration
One story house Two story house Three story house
Basement/slab; With Flue 0.142 0.156 0.167
Basement/slab; No Flue 0.156 0.170 0.170
Crawlspace; With Flue 0.128 0.142 0.154
Crawlspace; No Flue 0.128 0.142 0.151
Basement/slab; With Flue 0.142 0.156 0.167
Shelter class
2
No Flue One story house Two story house Three story house
1 1.00 1.10 1.07 1.06
2 0.90 1.02 0.98 0.97
3 0.70 0.86 0.81 0.79
4 0.50 0.70 0.64 0.61
5 0.30 0.54 0.47 0.43
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 16 16
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
Portuguese regulation for residential
buildings
Region A - Generality of the territory, except
RegionB
RegionB- Azores, Madeiraandlocationsat 5
kmalong the coast and / or altitude above
600m
Airflow Zone Infiltration
Hightabove
Ground
Region A Region B
I II III I II III
10 m Exp 1 Exp2 Exp3 Exp1 Exp2 Exp3
>10 m and 18 m Exp1 Exp2 Exp3 Exp2 Exp3 Exp3
>18 m and 28 m Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp4 Exp 2 Exp3 Exp4
>28 m and 80 m Exp 3 Exp 4 Exp 4 Exp 3 Exp4 Exp4
Roughness I Roughness II Roughness III
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 17 17
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
Portugueseregulationforresidentialbuildings
Openingsnotself-regulating: RPH+0.10
Glazingarea>15%offloorarea: RPH+0.10
Sealeddoors: RPH-0.05 (butalways 0.60).
Class of
Exposition
Air permeabilityof frames(accordingEN12207)
Without
Classification
Blind box
Class 1
Blind box
Class 2
Blind box
Class 3
Blind box
NP1037-1
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
0.6
1
Yes 0,90 0,80 0,85 0,75 0,80 0,70 0,75 0,65
No 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80 0,85 0,75
2
Yes 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80 0,85 0,75 0,80 0,70
No 1,05 0,95 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80
3
Yes 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80 0,85 0,75
No 1,10 1,00 1,05 0,95 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85
4
Yes 1,05 0,95 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80
No 1,15 1,05 1,10 1,00 1,05 0,95 1,00 0,90
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 18 18
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
Ventilation
isthepurposeful flowof air fromtheoutdoor environment directlyinto athermal zone
inorder toprovide:
someamountofnon-mechanical cooling;
theneededfreshairforIAQrequirements.
Can be controlled by a schedule and through the specification of minimum, maximum
and delta temperatures. The temperatures can be either single constant values for the
entiresimulationor scheduleswhichcanvaryover time.
Formoreadvancedventilation calculationsuseEnergyPlus AirflowNetwork.
Airflow Ventilation
( ) | | ) ( ) ( ) )( (
2
WS D WS C T T B A F V n Ventilatio
odb zone schedule design
+ + + =
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 19 19
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
DesignFlowRateCalculationMethod
flow/zone; flow/area; flow/person; airchanges/hour
DesignFlowRate(m
3
/s): denotes the full design volume flowrate. The design volume flowrate
(noted as V
design
in the above equation) is the maximumamount of ventilation expected at design
conditions.
m
3
/(h.person)
m
3
/(h.m
2
)
Airflow Ventilation
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 20 20
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
VentilationType
Natural
Air movement/exchangeresult of openingsinthebuilding
faade;
Donotconsumesfanenergy;
The conditions of the air enteringthe space are assumed to be equivalent to outside air
conditions;
Valuesfor fanpressureandefficiencyfor natural ventilationareignored.
Airflow Ventilation
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 21 21
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
VentilationType(cont.)
Exhaust or Intake
Valuesfor fanpressureandefficiencydefinethefanelectricconsumption;
For exhaust ventilation: the conditions of the air entering the space are assumed to be
equivalent tooutsideair conditions;
For intake ventilation: an appropriate amount of fan heat is added to the entering air
stream.
P
fan
- fan pressure rise (Pa);
Q
fan
-fan flow at std conditions (m
3
/s);
H
fan
- fan shaft power (W).
Airflow Ventilation
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 22 22
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
VentilationType(cont.)
Balanced
Anappropriateamount of fanheat isaddedtotheenteringair stream;
Both an intake fan and an exhaust fan are assumed to co-exist, both having the same flow
rate and power consumption.
FanPressureRise- Pascals(N/m
2
): thisisafunctionof
thefan andplaysarole indetermining theamount of
energyconsumedbythefan.
Fan Total Efficiency (0.0 1.0): this is a functionof
thefanandplays arole indetermining theamount of
energyconsumedbythefan.
Airflow Ventilation
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 23 23
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
MinimumIndoor Temperature(-100.0 to100.0C): indoortemperature
(C) belowwhich ventilation is shutoff. The default valueis -100.0Cif thefield is left blank.
Thislower temperaturelimit isintendedtoavoidovercoolingaspace.
MinimumIndoor TemperatureScheduleName: definesthenameof aschedulewhichcontains
theminimumindoor temperature(C) belowwhichventilationisshutoff asafunctionof time.
This field is an optional field and has the same functionality as the MinimumIndoor
Temperaturefield.
MaximumIndoor Temperature (-100.0 to 100.0 C): indoor temperature (C) above which
ventilation is shutoff. The default value is 100.0C if the field is left blank. This upper
temperaturelimit isintendedtoavoidoverheatingaspace.
Maximum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name: defines the name of a schedule which
containstheminimumindoor temperature(C) belowwhichventilationisshutoff asafunction
of time. Thisfieldisanoptional fieldandhasthesamefunctionalityastheMaximumIndoor
Temperaturefield.
Airflow Ventilation
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 24 24
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
DeltaTemperature:.
Temperature difference (C) between the indoor and outdoor air dry-bulb temperatures
belowwhichventilationisshutoff.
Defaultanminimumvalueis-100.0C. Negativenumbersallowsventilationtooccur evenif the
outdoor temperature is above the indoor temperature. If alarge negative number is input for
Delta Temperature, the ventilation can be kept on even if the outdoor temperature is greater
thantheindoor temperature. Thisisuseful for uncontrollednatural ventilation(openwindows)
or asawaytoestimatetheeffect of requiredventilationair for loadcalculations.
Allowsventilationtobestoppedif thetemperatureoutsideistoowarmandcouldpotentially
heatthespace.
Delta Temperature Schedule Name: an optional field and has the same functionality as the Delta
Temperaturefield.
Minimum Outdoor Temperature (-100.0 100.0 C):. outdoor temperature (C) below which
ventilationisshutoff.
MinimumOutdoor Temperature Schedule Name: This field is an optional field and has the same
functionalityastheMinimumOutdoorTemperaturefield.
Airflow Ventilation
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 25 25
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
MaximumOutdoor Temperature(-100.0 100.0C): outdoor
temperature(C) abovewhichventilationisshutoff.
MaximumOutdoor Temperature Schedule Name: This field is an optional field and has
thesamefunctionalityastheMaximumOutdoorTemperaturefield.
MaximumWindSpeed(m/s): Thisfieldisthewindspeedabovewhichventilationisshut
off. Thiscanhelpsimulateconditionswhereonewouldnormallyclosewindowstoavoid
chaosinaspace(papersblowingaround, etc.).
Airflow Ventilation
-- Associ ao Associ ao para para o o Desenvol vi mento Desenvol vi mento da da Aerodi nmi ca Aerodi nmi ca I ndustri al I ndustri al 26 26
Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation Module 7: Airflow: zone infiltrations and ventilation
Other options:
WindandStackOpenArea: For this model, the
ventilationair flowrateisafunctionof windspeedand
thermal stackeffect, alongwiththeareaof theopening
beingmodeled.
ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir: This model calculates a
combined zone outdoor airflow by including
interactions between mechanical ventilation,
infiltration and duct leakage. It is mainly applied to a
single zone (e.g., residential) building. The model
combinesall outdoor airflowsfromZoneInfiltrationand
ZoneVentilationobjectsinthesamezone.
ZoneMixing: In EnergyPlus, the ZoneMixing syntax is
intended to allowsimplified treatment of air exchange
between zones. Note that this statement only affects
theenergybalanceof thereceivingzoneandthat this
statement will not produce any effect on the source
zone. Mixing statements can be complementary and
include multiple zones, but the balancing of flows
betweenzonesisleft totheusersdiscretion.
ZoneCrossMixing: The ZoneCrossMixing syntax is
ideally suited for two zones that exchange an equal
amount of air betweeneachother anddonot haveany
air exchangewithother zones.
ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing: The ZoneRefrigeration
DoorMixing syntax is ideally suited for two zones, at
least one of which is refrigerated, that exchange an
equal amount of dryair. Theymayalso havemixedair
from other zones, but only one object should be
enteredfor anyonepair of zones.
CalcSoilSurfTemp Auxiliary Programs Document: The
CalcSoilSurfTemp programis simple and requires only
two input fields : soil condition and soil surface
conditioninadditiontoavalidweather file.
ZoneCoolTower:Shower
ZoneThermalChimney
Airflow Ventilation