15 Scaling laws for dislocation microstructures in monotonic and cyclic deformation of fcc metals This work reviews and

critically discusses the current understanding of two scaling laws, which are ubiquitous in the modeling of monotonic plastic deformation in face-centered cubic metals. A compilation of the available data allows extending the domain of application of these scaling laws to cyclic deformation. The strengthening relation tells that the flow stress is proportional to the square root of the average dislocation density, whereas the similitude relation assumes that the flow stress is inversely proportional to the characteristic wavelength of dislocation patterns. The strengthening relation arises from short-range reactions of non-coplanar segments and applies all through the first three stages of the monotonic stress vs. strain curves. The value of the proportionality coefficient is calculated and simulated in good agreement with the bulk of experimental measurements published since the beginning of the 1960s. The physical origin of what is called similitude is not understood and the related coefficient is not predictable. Its value is determined from a review of the experimental literature. The generalization of these scaling laws to cyclic deformation is carried out on the base of a large collection of experimental results on single and polycrystals of various materials and on different microstructures. Surprisingly, for persistent slip bands (PSBs), both the strengthening and similitude coefficients appear to be more than two times smaller than the corresponding monotonic values, whereas their ratio is the same as in monotonic deformation. The similitude relation is also checked in cell structures and in labyrinth structures. Under low cyclic stresses, the strengthening coefficient is found even lower than in PSBs. 16 Current theoretical approaches to collective behavior of dislocations Plastic deformation is a highly dissipative process that induces a variety of patterns such as the cell structure in multislip conditions, the matrix structure and the persistent slip bands in cyclic deformation, as also the static and propagating bands in constant strain rate conditions. The diversity and the complexity of these patterns with length scales ranging from nanometers all the way to millimeters level, and time scales ranging from picoseconds to a few hours, pose serious challenges for modeling the collective behavior of dislocations. While a large body of knowledge has accumulated on the mechanics of dislocations and their interactions for a long time, describing such patterns has been slow mainly due to lack of methods to deal with the collective behavior of dislocations. The purpose of this review is to present the rich variety of dislocation patterns observed in different deformation conditions along with the recent advances in modeling using borrowed techniques traditionally used in condensed matter physics. These can be classified as statistical and dynamical approaches. The review begins with a summary of different types of patterns and their characterization. Appropriate background material is provided both in terms of basic dislocation mechanisms and theoretical methods. The latter includes the Langevin and distribution function approaches, and a host of standard dynamical methods such as the GinzburgLandau approach, methods of characterization of chaos and slow manifold analysis. Statistical models for the cell structure and persistent slip bands are based on Langevin dynamics and distribution function theoretic approaches. Of the dynamical models, the first set addresses the slowly emerging matrix structure and persistent slip bands. The second set of models is devoted to the study of a type of propagative instability called the PortevinLe Chatelier effect. Generic features of the instability addressed

include bistability, negative strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress, different types of bands, the dynamics and statistics of stress drops, and their characterization. Three different models all of which are dynamical in nature are discussed. While these models are quite different with regard to their frameworks, what they seek to describe and the levels of sophis tication undertaken, these models capture a good variety of the observed features. The review ends with a summary and outlook 17 Models for dislocation cross-slip in close-packed crystal structures: a critical review Dislocation cross-slip is introduced as an essential detail mechanism in plastic deformation with implications for strain rate, recovery, hardening, and structural evolution. Different cross-slip scenarios are classified according to different possibilities of re-dissociation of the glide dislocation which has cross-slipped following recombination of the stacking fault. The most important cross-slip models found in literature are reviewed. They fall into one of three main categories: line-tension approximation, linear-elastic treatment with long-distance interaction, and atomistic simulation. Special emphasis is laid on the problem of linear-elastic cutoff radii and critical approach distances and the authors methods of calculating the energy of crossslip configurations. A critical comparison of different models is made including constriction energies and stress dependence, and the advantages and inherent weaknesses of the different approaches are discussed. In the present work, emphasis is laid on how to get a valid description of the thermally activable single cross-slip process and to critically discuss the relative merits of a number of theoretical approaches dating from the 1950s up to recent times, including the authors calculations. 18 Dislocation multiplication behind the shock front A new model of fast operated dislocation source based on multiplication and motion of partial dislocations bounding the stacking fault is suggested. Stress-activated stretching of lateral branches of the partial dislocation bowed-out segment results in collapse of these branches with subsequent restoration of the initial dislocation half-loop and generation of a fresh partial dislocation loop, both capable to produce the next multiplication act. The multiplication results in the exponential increase of both dislocations and stacking faults concentration and is accompanied with the plastic deformation having a strain rate dddt--2 lAT . The characteristic time of the process, AT, ranges from lo- to 10-l s. The model explains the variations of x-ray diffraction pattern for the material undergoing shock compression, the shock-induced formation of twins, and shear bands and pre-fracture voids nucleation in the rarefaction wave. 19 Influence of the stacking fault energy surface on partial dislocations in fcc metals with a three-dimensional phase field dislocations dynamics model We present simulations of the dissociation of perfect dislocations into extended partial dislocations in aluminum, palladium, and nickel using a phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) theory that incorporates the surface. As expected from dislocation theory, the simulations show that increasing the intrinsic stacking fault energy, normalized by the product of the shear modulus and Burgers vector, decreases the equilibrium stacking fault width. Significantly, it is also found that increasing the unstable stacking fault energy has the same effect when the

intrinsic stacking fault energy is held constant. Furthermore, our results show that the equilibrium configurations cannot be described only by the ratio between the intrinsic and unstable stacking fault energies as previously suggested but rather by their product. 20 A Comparative Study of the Constitutive Equations to Predict the Work Hardening Characteristics of Cast Al-7wt.%Si-0.20wt.%Mg Alloys Cast Al-Si-Mg alloys have been attractive candidates for aerospace and automotive applications, due to their excellent castability and a good combination of properties. Despite their wide use in a variety of applications, the effect of various defects in the structure on the mechanical behavior of these alloys has yet to be completely understood. This is mainly due to the high sensitivity of the metallurgical structure and mechanical properties to the design of the gating system, and the heat treatment procedures to which these materials are subjected. This strong process-structure-property interdependence in aluminum castings often makes it necessary to assess the properties of the metal for quality assurance purposes. These assessments are usually in a destructive manner, since most nondestructive evaluation techniques are not sensitive enough to detect most serious defects in the metal 21 A critical review of experimental results and constitutive models for BCC and FCC metals over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures
Four currently utilized constitutive models for metals (i.e. JohnsonCook, ZerilliArmstrong, BodnerPartom and KhanHuang) are investigated and used to predict the mechanical behaviors of the materials and compared with experimental results. Limitations for each model in describing workhardening behavior of metals are discussed. (Discussion about Aluminum 1100 alloy) A physically based constitutive model for fcc metals with applications to dynamic hardness A constitutive model is developed in this work to describe the mechanical behavior of face centered cubic (fcc) metals under a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. The model is based on the dependence of the activation energy on temperature, strain rate, and stress. An expression for the flow stress is proposed in terms of micromechanical terms such as mobile dislocation density and Burgers vector as well as macromechanical based state variables such as stress and material constants that include threshold and transition temperature. The proposed model is used to simulate the experimental results of oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper at different temperatures and strain rates in order to obtain the different model parameters. The model shows good capability in capturing the coupling between strain rate and temperature, plastic strain and strain rate, and plastic strain and temperature. The model is used to characterize the hardness at low and high strain rates for a representative strain of 8%.

An elasto-plastic damage constitutive theory and its prediction of evolution of subsequent yield surfaces and elastic constants
Based on pair functional potentials, CauchyBorn rule and slip mechanism, a material model assembling with spring-bundle components, a cubage component and slip components is established to describe the elasto-plastic damage constitutive relation under finite deformation. The expansion/shrink, translation and distortion of yield surfaces can be calculated based on the hardening rule and Bauschinger effect defined on the slip component level. Both kinematic and isotropic hardening are

included. Numerical simulations and predictions under tension, torsion, and combined tensiontorsion proportional/non-proportional loading are performed to obtain the evolution of subsequent yield surfaces and elastic constants and compare with two sets of experimental data in literature, one for a very low work hardening aluminum alloy Al 6061-T6511, and another for a very high work hardening aluminum alloy annealed 1100 Al. The feature of the yield surface in shape change, which presents a sharp front accompanied by a blunt rear under proportional loading, is described by the latent hardening and Bauschinger effect of slip components. Further, the evolution law of subsequent yield surfaces under different proportional loading paths is investigated in terms of their equivalence. The numerical simulations under non-proportional loading conditions for annealed 1100 Al are performed, and the subsequent yield surfaces exhibit mixed cross effect because the kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening follow different evolution tendency when loading path changes. The results of nonproportional loading demonstrate that the present model has the ability to address the issue of complex loading due to the introduction of state variables on slip components. Moreover, as an elasto-plastic damage constitutive model, the present model can also reflect the variation of elastic constants through damage defined on the springbundle components.

Analysis of strain rate behavior of an Al 6061 T6 alloy In order to simulate complex scenario like ballistic impact, correct material calibration is fundamental. The material in the area involved by impact can experience high deformation and damage in a very limited time. As a consequence dynamic tests on the materials are needed in order to calibrate constitutive law able to describe the material behavior in terms of hardening and in particular strain rate. According to the fact that no guidelines are available on testing methods, different types of testing techniques have been used to generate data under dynamic conditions. Several dynamic tests are carried out on Al 6061 T6 specimens and the experimental data elaborated. The developed procedure is useful to take into account also the thermal phenomena generally affecting high strain-rate tests due to the adiabatic overheating related to the conversion of plastic work. The method presented requires strong effort both from experimental and numerical point of view; anyway it allows to precisely identifying the parameters of a material models. This could provide great advantages when high reliability of the material behavior is necessary. Constitutive behavior of A356 during the quenching operation A collaborative research effort is underway between the University of British Columbia and Canadian Autoparts Toyota Inc. to develop a mathematical model to predict the formation of residual stress, and hence the deformation, in A356 cast aluminum wheels during the quenching operation. In order to produce an accurate thermal-stress model of the quenching operation, a detailed description of the constitutive behaviour of A356 is required in the solutionized condition. Unfortunately, most published constitutive data for A356 focuses on the final heat treated T6 condition. Therefore, an investigation was performed to determine the constitutive behaviour of A356 in the solutionized condition, prior to quenching and artificial aging. Uniaxial compression tests were performed over a range of temperatures (up to 500 C) and strain-rates (from 103 to 1 s1) encompassing those normally experienced during the quenching operation. Determination of anisotropy and material hardening for aluminum sheet metal

Sheet metal forming, crushing simulations of thin-walled structures, and other large deformation processes require knowledge of the material stressstrain behavior to large strains. The material response of sheets measured in the traditional uniaxial tension test usually terminates at strains of a few percent due to necking. It can be extrapolated to some degree using results from biaxial tests (e.g., equibiaxial tension) but not to sufficiently large strains. This work shows a systematic methodology that uses a combination of experiment and analysis to extract the material response at much larger strains. This is achieved by accurately following the deformation in the necked region of a custom tensile test specimen. The test is simulated numerically using a 3D FE model and the material response is iteratively extrapolated until the calculated and measured force-elongation match. For the Al-6061-T6 sheet metal of interest, the process is complicated by inherent anisotropies introduced during the rolling of the sheets. The anisotropy is characterized by a set of uniaxial and biaxial tests conducted in parallel. The results are used to calibrate the 18-parameter non-quadratic Yld2004-3D yield function. The calibrated yield function is then used to simulate the tensile test. The material hardening is iteratively adjusted by comparing the measured and calculated forcedisplacement response and validated by the corresponding measured strains and shape of the neck.