Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
SCOPE
CLASSIFICATION
EVIDENCE COMPARED
TO PROOF
• It is the result or effect of evidence; when the
requisite quantum of evidence of a particular
fact has been duly admitted and given weight,
the result is called the proof of such fact.
3) JUDICIAL – One made in connection with 1) In civil cases – An offer of compromise is not
a judicial proceeding in which it is offered; an admission of any liability, and is not
EXTRAJUDICIAL – Any admission other admissible against the offeror.
than judicial (e.g. Rule 130, Sec 26 and 2) In criminal cases – An offer of compromise by
32). the accused may be received in evidence as an
• General rule: Any act/declaration/omission of implied admission of guilt.
a party as to a relevant fact may be given in • Exception:
evidence against him. [Rule 130, Sec. 26] a) In cases involving quasi-offenses
(criminal negligence);
b) Those allowed by law to be
Admission Confession compromised.
Merely a statement of fact Involves an
acknowledgement of • An offer to pay or the payment of medical,
guilt/liability hospital or other expenses occasioned by an
Maybe express or tacit Must be express
injury is not admissible in evidence as proof of
- Flight from justice is an - The silence of an accused
civil/criminal liability for the injury.
admission by conduct and under custody or his failure • A plea of guilty later withdrawn, or an
circumstantial evidence of to deny statements by unaccepted offer of a plea of guilty to lesser
consciousness of guilt. another implicating him in offense, is not admissible in evidence against
[US v. Sarikala] a crime cannot be the accused who made the plea/offer.
considered as a tacit • In cases of public crimes, the accused is
confession of his permitted to show that the offer was not made
participation in the
under a consciousness of guilt but merely to
commission of the crime.
[People v. Alegre (1979)]
avoid the inconvenience of imprisonment of for
Maybe made by 3rd Can be made only by the some other reason which would justify a claim
parties, and in certain party himself and are by the accused that the offer was not in truth
cases, admissible against admissible against his co- an admission of his guilt or an attempt to avoid
a party accused in some instances the legal consequences which would ordinarily
ensue therefrom. [People vs. Godoy (1995)]
• A plea of forgiveness may be considered as
Admission Self-serving testimony analogous to an attempt to compromise.
Made against the interest Made in favor of the [People vs. De Guzman (1996)]
of the person who interest of the person • An offer to compromise does not require that a
admitted making the statement criminal complaint be first filed before the offer
Made in anticipation of
can be received as evidence against the
future litigation
offeror. [People vs. Yparriguirre (1997)]
Admissible in evidence Not admissible in evidence
(6) The confessant testified for his co- f. CONFESSIONS [Rule 130, Sec. 33;
defendant; Rule 115 (e); Art. 3, Sec. 17, Consti]
(7) The co-conspirator’s extra-judicial
confession is corroborated by other • Definition: A categorical acknowledgment of
evidence on record. guilt made by an accused in a criminal case
without any exculpatory statement or
EXCEPTIONS TO RES INTER ALIOS ACTA explanation.
1) Partner’s/agent’s admission; [Rule 130, Sec. • If the accused admits having committed
29] the act in question but alleges a
• Requisites: justification therefore, the same is merely
a) The act/declaration must be within the an admission. [US v. Tolosa]
scope of the authority of the • The declaration of an accused acknowledging
partner/agent. his guilt of the offense charged, or of any
b) The act/declaration must have been offense necessarily included therein, may be
made during the existence of the given in evidence against him.
partnership/agency. • No person shall be compelled to be a witness
c) The partnership or agency must be against himself. [Art. 3, Sec. 17, Consti]
shown by evidence other than the act • The operative act in determining whether
or declaration. the right against self-incrimination has
• This rule applies to the act/declaration of a been violated is when the police
joint owner, joint debtor or other person investigation is no longer a general inquiry
jointly interested with the party. into an unsolved crime but has begun to
Statements made after a partnership has focus on a particular suspect who has been
been dissolved do not fall within this taken into custody by the police to carry
exception. out a process of interrogation that lends
2) Co-conspirator’s admission; [Rule 130, Sec. itself to eliciting incriminatory statements
30] and not the signing by the suspect of his
• Requisites: supposed extrajudicial confession. [People
a) The act/declaration must relate to the v. Compil (1995)]
conspiracy; • By affixing their signatures on the boxes,
b) It must have been made during the accused in effect made a tacit admission of
existence of the conspiracy; the crime charged. These signatures are
• And not long after the conspiracy tantamount to an extrajudicial confession
had been brought to end. [People made without the assistance of counsel,
v. Chaw Yaw Shun (1968)] which is not sanctioned by the Bill of
c) The conspiracy must be shown by Rights. [People v. Wong Chuen Ming
evidence other than such (1996)]
act/declaration. • Any confession, including a re-enactment
• The existence of the conspiracy without admonition of the right to silence
may be inferred from the acts of and to counsel, and without counsel chosen
the accused. [People v. Belen by the accused is inadmissible in evidence.
(1963)] [People v. Yip Wai Ming (1996)]
• Where there is no independent • The declaration of an accused expressly
evidence of the alleged conspiracy, acknowledging his guilt of the offense may
the extra-judicial confession of an be given in evidence against him and any
accused cannot be used against his person, otherwise competent to testify as a
co-accused as the res inter alios witness who heard the confession as to the
rule applies both to extra-judicial substance of what he heard if he heard and
confessions and admissions. understood it. [People v. Maqueda (1995)]
[People v. Alegre (1976)]
• This rule in Rule 130, Sec. 30 applies only
to extra-judicial statements, not to
testimony given on the stand. [People v.
Serrano (1959)]
3) Admission by privies. [Rule 130, Sec. 31]
• Where one derives title to property from
another, the act/declaration/omission of
the latter, while holding the title, in relation
to the property, is evidence against the
former.
• Requisites: [People v. Du]
a) There exists a relation of privity
between the party and the declarant;
• Privity in estate may have arisen by
succession, acts mortis causa or
acts inter vivos. [Alpuerto v. Perez
Pastor]
b) Admission was made by declarant as
predecessor-in-interest while holding
title to property;
c) Admission is in relation to the property.
or attempted act of sexual abuse may now be declaration unless he believed it to be true.
admitted in any criminal proceeding subject to • The declaration should be against himself or his
certain prerequisites and the adverse party’s successors in interest and against 3rd persons.
right to cross-examine.
2) The admissibility of such hearsay statements COMPARED TO ADMISSIONS AGAINST INTEREST
shall be determined by the court in light of • ADMISSIONS AGAINST INTEREST - Those
specified subjective and objective made by a party to a litigation or by one in
considerations which provide sufficient indicia privity with or identified in legal interest with
or reliability of the child witness. such party and are admissible WON the
declarant is available as a witness.
DOCTRINE OF INDEPENDENTLY RELEVANT • Declarations against interest are secondary
STATEMENTS evidence which constitute an exception to the
• It is not covered by the hearsay rule. [People v. hearsay rule and are admissible only when the
Cusi] declarant is unavailable as a witness.
• Independent of WON the facts stated are true, • A declaration against interest is the opposite of
they are relevant since they are the facts in a self-serving declaration.
issue or are circumstantial evidence of the facts
in issue. 3. PEDIGREE [Rule 130, Sec. 39]
• WON the statement made is true is immaterial.
What is sought to be proved is the fact that • Definition: Relationship, family genealogy,
such statement was made. birth, marriage, death, the dates when and the
• It pertains to the tenor of statement, not truth. places where these fast occurred, and the
names of the relatives. It also embraces facts
B. EXCEPTIONS TO HEARSAY of family history intimately connected with
pedigree.
RULE • The act/declaration must be made by a person
deceased, or unable to testify, regarding the
1. DYING DECLARATION [Rule pedigree of another person related to him by
130, Sec. 37] birth/marriage.
• The rules do not require any specific degree
• “Antemortem statement” or “statement in of relationship but the weight to which such
articulo mortis”. act/declaration is entitled may be affected
• Requisites: [People v. Macandog (2001)] by the degree of relationship.
1) Declaration was made under the • The act/declaration is admissible if it occurred
consciousness of an impending death; before the controversy, and the relationship
• The deceased should have believed between the 2 persons is shown by evidence
himself in extremis, at the point of other than such act/declaration.
death where every hope of recovery is • The requirement that there be other proof
extinct. [People v. Laquinon (1985)] than the declarations of the declarant as to
2) Declaration refers to cause and surrounding the relationship does not apply where it is
circumstances of such death; sought to reach the estate of the declarant
3) Declaration refers to facts the person is himself and not merely to establish a right
competent to testify to; through his declarations to the property or
4) Declaration is offered in any case wherein some member of the family. [Tison v. CA]
his death is the subject of inquiry. • Requisites for admissibility: [Mendoza v. CA
• However, the law does not require the (1991)]
declarant to state explicitly a perception of the 1) The declarant is dead or unable to testify.
inevitability of death. The foreboding may be 2) The pedigree must be in issue.
gleaned from surrounding circumstances, such 3) The declarant must be a relative of the
as the nature of the declarant’s injury and person whose pedigree is in issue.
conduct that would justify a conclusion that 4) The declaration must be made before the
there was consciousness of impending death. controversy arose.
[People v. Latayada (2004)] 5) The relationship between the declarant and
• The intervening time from the making of the the person whose pedigree is in question
declaration up to the actual death of the must be shown by evidence other than
declarant is immaterial as long as the such declaration.
declaration was made under the consciousness
of an impending death. [US v. Mallari] 4. FAMILY TRADITION [Rule 130,
Sec. 40]
2. DECLARATION AGAINST
INTEREST [Rule 130, Sec. 38] • The exception refers to reputations/traditions
existing in a family previous to the controversy,
• Made by a person deceased, or unable to in respect to the pedigree of any one of its
testify, against the interest of the declarant. members. It may be received in evidence if the
• INABILITY TO TESTIFY – The person is witness testifying thereon be also a member of
either dead, mentally incapacitated or the family, either by consanguinity or affinity.
physically incompetent. Mere absence from • Documentary evidence allowed under the
the jurisdiction does not make him ipso exception: Entries in family bibles or other
facto unavailable. [Fuentes vs. CA (1996)] family books, charts, engravings on rings,
• Subject of declaration/act: The fact asserted family portraits and the like.
was at the time it was made so far contrary to • This enumeration, by ejusdem generis, is
declarant's own interest that a reasonable man limited to objects which are commonly
in his position would not have made the known as "family possessions," or those
articles which represent, in effect, a part of the res gestae may be that of the killer
family's joint statement of its belief as to himself after or during the killing. [People v.
the pedigree of a person. These have been Reyes]
described as objects "openly exhibited and • Where the elements of both are present,
well known to the family," or those "which, the statement may be admitted both as a
if preserved in a family, may be regarded dying declaration and as part of the res
as giving a family tradition." Other gestae. [People v. Balbas (1983)]
examples of these objects which are • If the statement was made under the influence
regarded as reflective of a family's of a startling event and the declarant did not
reputation or tradition regarding pedigree have the opportunity to concoct or contrive a
are inscriptions on tombstones, monuments story, the statement is admissible as part of
or coffin plates. [Jison v. CA (98)] the res gestae. [People v. Berame (1976)]
• A person’s statement as to his date of birth and • Notes taken regarding a transaction by a
age, as he learned of these from his parents or person who is not a party thereto and who has
relatives, is an ante litem motam declaration of not been requested to take down such notes
a family tradition. [Gravador v. Mamigo are not part of the res gestae. [Borromeo v. CA
(1967)] (1976)]
• Such statement (as to his age) prevails
over the mere opinion of the trial judge. 7. ENTRIES IN THE COURSE OF
[US v. Agadas (36 PHIL 246)]
BUSINESS [Rule 130, Sec. 43;
• However, such statement (as to age)
Rule 8, Rules on Electronic
cannot generally prevail over the secondary
Evidence (REE)]
statement of his father. [US v. Evangelista]
• The entry must have been made at or near the
5. COMMON REPUTATION [Rule time of transactions to which they refer.
130, Sec. 41] • The entry should have been made by a person
deceased, or unable to testify, who was in a
• Admissible evidences under this exception: position to know the facts therein stated.
1) Common reputation existing previous to • Such entry is treated as prima facie evidence, if
the controversy, respecting facts of public the person who made the entries did so in his
or general interest more than 30 years old, professional capacity or in the performance of
or respecting marriage or moral character; duty and in the ordinary or regular course of
• COMMON REPUTATION – The general business/duty.
or substantially undivided reputation • If the entrant is available as a witness, the
although it need not be unanimous. It entries will not be admitted as an exception to
is the definite opinion of the community the hearsay rule but they may nevertheless be
in which the fact to be proved is known availed of by said entrant as a memorandum to
or exists. refresh his memory while testifying on the
• CHARACTER – The inherent qualities transactions reflected therein. [Cang Yui v.
of a person. Gardner]
• REPUTATION - The opinion of a • There is no overriding necessity to bring into
person by others. court all the clerks/EEs who individually made
• Under this section, the character of a the entries in a long account. It is sufficient
person is permitted to be established that the person who supervises their work
by his common reputation. testify that the account was prepared under his
• The character of a place as an opium supervision and that the entries were regularly
joint may be proved by its common entered into in the ordinary course of business.
reputation in the community. [US v. [Yek Tong Fire & Marine Insurance v.
Chua Chiok] Gutierrez]
2) Monuments and inscriptions in public places
as evidence of common reputation. ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE AS EXCEPTION TO
HEARSAY
6. RES GESTAE [Rule 130, Sec. 42] • A memorandum/report/record or data
compilation of
• Definition: It literally means “Things done”. acts/events/conditions/opinions/diagnoses,
• Statements admissible as part of the res made by electronic, optical or other similar
gestae: means at or near the time of or from
1) Statements made by a person while a transmission/supply of information by a person
starting occurrence is taking place or with knowledge thereof, and kept in the regular
immediately prior or subsequent thereto, course/conduct of a business activity, and such
with respect to the circumstances thereof. was the regular practice to make the
2) Statements accompanying an equivocal act memorandum/report/record or data
material to the issue, and giving it a legal compilation by electronic, optical or similar
significance. means, all of which are shown by the testimony
• The rule refers to (a) spontaneous statements of the custodian or other qualified witnesses.
in connection with a startling occurrence [Rule 8, Sec. 1, REE]
relating to that fact and in effect forming a part • This presumption may be overcome by
thereof and (b) statements accompanying an evidence of the untrustworthiness of the source
equivocal act – verbal acts – on the theory that of information or the method or circumstances
they are the verbal parts of the act to be of the preparation/transmission/storage
explained. thereof. [Rule 8, Sec. 2, REE]
• A dying declaration can be made only by the
victim after the attack while a statement as 8. OFFICIAL RECORDS [Rule 130,
• A published treatise/periodical/pamphlet on a
subject of history/law/science/art is admissible
as tending to prove the truth of a matter stated
therein, if the court takes judicial notice or a
witness expert in the subject testifies that the
writer of the statement in the
treatise/periodical/pamphlet is recognized in
his profession/calling as expert in the subject.
TRANSCRIPT
• TSN shall be made by the official stenographer/
stenotypist/recorder. He shall certify it as
correct, and it shall be deemed prima facie a
ORDER OF EXAMINATION [Rule 132, Sec. 4] • After both sides have concluded the
examination of a witness, he cannot be recalled
without leave of court. The court will grant or
DIRECT EXAMINATION withhold leave in its discretion as the interests
[Rule 132, Sec. 5] of justice may require.
• Examples of grounds for recalling a witness:
• Examination-in-chief of a witness by the [People v. Rivera (1991)]
party presenting him, on the facts • Particularly identified material points were
relevant to the issue.
not covered in the cross-examination;
• Particularly described vital documents were
not presented to the witness;
• The cross-examination was conducted in so
inept a manner as to result in a virtual
absence thereof.
CROSS-EXAMINATION
[Rule 132, Sec. 6] LEADING AND MISLEADING QUESTIONS
[Rule 132, Sec. 10]
• When conducted: Upon the termination
of the direct examination.
• Matters covered: Witness may be cross- • MISLEADING QUESTIONS – Questions that
examined by the adverse party: assume as true a fact not yet testified to by the
1) As to any matter stated in the witness, or contrary to that which he has
direct examination, or connected previously stated. They are not allowed.
therewith, with sufficient fullness • LEADING QUESTIONS – Questions that
and freedom to test his accuracy suggest to the witness the answer which the
and truthfulness and freedom from
examining party desires.
interest or bias, or the reverse;
2) To elicit all important facts bearing
• General rule: Leading questions are not
upon the issue. allowed.
• Exception:
1) On cross examination;
2) On preliminary matters;
3) When there is a difficulty is getting
direct and intelligible answers from a
witness who is ignorant, or a child of
HOW TO PROVE PUBLIC RECORDS [Rule 132, Sec. IRREMOVABILITY OF RECORD [Rule 132, Sec. 26]
• Any public record, an official copy of which is HOW TO PROVE IF DOCUMENT IS OFFERED AS
admissible in evidence, must not be removed AUTHENTIC [Rule 132, Sec. 20]
from the office in which it is kept, except upon • The document need only be identified as that
order of a court where the inspection of the which it is claimed to be.
record is essential to the just determination of
a pending case. 3. IMPEACHMENT OF JUDICIAL
RECORD [Rule 132, Sec. 29]
PROBATIVE VALUE [Rule 132, Sec. 23]
• Documents consisting of entries in public
records made in the performance of duty by a • Impeachment is done using evidence of:
public officer are prima facie evidence of the 1) Want of jurisdiction in the court or judicial
facts therein stated. officer;
2) Collusion between the parties;
3) Fraud in the party offering the record, in
PROOF OF LACK OF RECORD [Rule 132, Sec. 28]
respect to the proceedings.
• A written statement signed by an officer having
the custody of an official record or by his
deputy that after diligent search, no record or 4. ALTERATIONS [Rule 132, Sec.
entry of a specified tenor is found to exist in 31]
the records of his office, accompanied by a
certificate that such officer has the custody, is • The party producing a document as genuine,
admissible to prove that the records of his which has been altered and appears to have
office contain no such record or entry. been altered after its execution, in a part
material to the question in dispute, must
2. PRIVATE DOCUMENTS account for the alteration. Failure to do so
would result in the inadmissibility of evidence.
• Such party may show that the alteration was
HOW TO PROVE IF DOCUMENT IS OFFERED AS
made:
AUTHENTIC [Rule 132, Sec. 20]
1) By another;
• Its due execution and authenticity must be
2) Without his concurrence;
proved either:
3) With the consent of the parties affected by
1) By anyone who saw the document
it;
executed/written;
4) Properly or innocently made;
2) By evidence of the genuineness of the
5) Without changing the meaning or language
signature/handwriting of the maker.
of the instrument.
• Any other private document need only be
identified as that which it is claimed to be.
• AUTHENTIC DOCUMENT RULE – If all the 5. SEAL [Rule 132, Sec. 32]
following requisites have been met, no other
evidence of its authenticity is required: [Rule • There shall be no difference between sealed
132, Sec. 21] and unsealed private documents insofar as
1) The private document is more than 30 their admissibility as evidence is concerned.
years old;
2) It is produced from a custody in which it 6. DOCUMENTS WRITTEN IN AN
would naturally be found if genuine; UNOFFICIAL LANGUAGE [Rule
3) It is unblemished by any alterations or
132, Sec. 33]
circumstances of suspicion.
• These documents are not admissible unless
PROVING GENUINENESS OF HANDWRITING [Rule
accompanied by a translation into English or
132, Sec. 22]
Filipino.
1) It may be proved by any witness who believes
• Parties or their attorneys are directed to have
it to be the handwriting of such person
the translation prepared before trial.
because:
a) He has seen the person write;
b) He has seen writing purporting to be his C. OFFER AND OBJECTION
upon which the witness has acted or been
charged, and has thus acquired knowledge 1. OFFER OF EVIDENCE [Rule
of the handwriting of such person. 132, Sec. 34]
• This constitutes an exception to the opinion
rule. [Rule 130, Sec. 48 and 50] • Purpose: For evidence to be considered by the
2) Evidence respecting the handwriting may also court.
be given by a comparison made by the witness • In making the offer, the purpose for which the
or the court, with writings admitted or treated evidence is offered must be specified, because
as genuine by the party against whom the such evidence may be admissible for several
evidence is offered, or proved to be genuine to purposes under the doctrine of multiple
the satisfaction of the judge. admissibility.
• The rule may be relaxed, provided the evidence
• Rule 132, Sec. 22 merely enumerates the must have duly identified by testimony duly
methods of proving handwriting, but does not recorded and they must have been
give preference or priority to a particular incorporated in the records of the case. [Vda.
method. [Lopez v. CA (1978)] De Orate v. CA (1995)]
• Expert evidence may also be admitted to prove
the genuineness of the handwriting. [Rule 130, WHEN TO MAKE OFFER [Rule 132, Sec. 35]
Sec. 49]
Kind of evidence When to offer
Testimonial At the time the witness is called the adverse party had the opportunity to voice
to testify fully its objection and such objection is found to
Documentary and After the presentation of a party’s be meritorious.
Object testimonial evidence • The court may also, upon motion, order the
Offer shall be done orally unless allowed by the court to
striking out of answers, which are incompetent,
be done in writing.
irrelevant or otherwise improper.
• Absence of an offer is a defect which is waived
when a party fails to object when the ground 4. TENDER OF EXCLUDED
became reasonably apparent, as when the EVIDENCE [Rule 132, Sec. 40]
witness is called to testify without any prior
offer. [Catuira v. CA (1994)] Kind of evidence How to tender the evidence
• The defect caused by the absence of formal Documentary Offeror may have the same
offer of exhibits can be cured by the attached or made part of the
identification of the exhibits by testimony duly record
recorded and the incorporation of the said Testimonial Offeror may state for the record
the name and other personal
exhibits in the records of the case. [People v.
circumstances of the witness
Mate (1981)] and the substance of the
proposed testimony
2. OBJECTIONS [Rule 132, Sec. 36]
• Documents marked as exhibits during the
What to object to When to object hearing but which were not formally offered in
Testimonial evidence Immediately after offer is evidence cannot be considered as evidence nor
made shall they have evidentiary value. [Vda. De
Question propounded in As soon as the grounds Flores v. WCC (1977)]
the course of oral become reasonably
examination apparent
Identification of Formal offer of
Offer done in writing Within 3 days after notice
documentary evidence exhibit
of the offer, unless a
• Done in the course of the • Done only when
different period is allowed
trial and is accompanied the party rests
by the court
by the marking of the his/her case
The grounds for objection must be specified in any
evidence
case.
• That a document has
been identified does not
WHEN REPETITION OF OBJECTION IS mean that it will be
UNNECESSARY [Rule 132, Sec. 37] offered
• When it becomes reasonably apparent in the [Interpacific Transit v. Aviles (1990)]
course of the examination of a witness that the
questions being propounded are of the same
class as those to which objection has been
made, whether such objection was sustained or
overruled.
• It shall be sufficient for the adverse party to
record his continuing objection to such class of
questions.
• A court may, motu proprio, treat the objectin
as a continuing one. [Keller v. Ellerman &
Bucknall Steamship]
VIII. WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY • The doctrine of falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus
is not absolute. The court may accept or reject
OF EVIDENCE (REQUIRED portions of the witness’ testimony depending
on the inherent credibility thereof or the
QUANTUM OF EVIDENCE) corroborative evidence in the case. [People v.
Baao (1986)]
• In criminal cases in which the quantum of
PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE (CIVIL evidence required is greater than in civil cases,
CASES) [Rule 133, Sec. 1] the testimony of only one witness - if credible,
straightforward and worthy of belief - is
• Definition: The evidence adduced by one side sufficient to convict. Under Rule 133, Sec. 1,
is, as a whole, superior to or has greater among the facts and circumstances to be
weight than that of the other. Where the considered by the court in determining which of
evidence presented by one side is insufficient the presented evidence has superior weight is
to ascertain the claim, there is no the witnesses’ means and opportunity to know
preponderance of evidence. [Habagat Grill v. the facts to which they testify. [Habagat Grill v.
DMC Urban (2005)] DMC Urban (2005)]
• In determining preponderance, the court may • Insofar as the civil aspect of the case is
consider: concerned, the prosecution or the private
1) All the facts and circumstances of the case; complainant is burdened to adduce
2) The witnesses’ manner of testifying; preponderance of evidence or superior weight
3) Their intelligence; of evidence. Although the evidence adduced by
4) Their means and opportunity of knowing the plaintiff is stronger than that presented by
the facts to which they testify; the defendant, he is not entitled to a judgment
5) The im/probability of their testimony; if his evidence is not sufficient to sustain his
6) Their interest or want of interest; cause of action. The plaintiff must rely on the
7) Personal credibility so far as the same may strength of his own evidence and not upon the
legitimately appear upon the trial; weakness of that of the defendants’. [Quinto v.
8) Number of witnesses (although Andres (2005)]
preponderance is not necessarily equated
with the number of witnesses). SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE
(ADMINISTRATIVE CASES) [Rule 133, Sec. 5]
PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT
(CRIMINAL CASES) [Rule 133, Sec. 2] • Definition: The amount of relevant evidence
which a reasonable mind might accept as
• Definition: That degree of proof which adequate to support a conclusion.
produces conviction in an unprejudiced mind. It
does not mean such a degree of proof as, EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSIONS [Rule 133,
excluding the possibility of error, produces Sec. 3]
absolute certainty. Only moral certainty is
required – that degree of proof which produces • General rule: An extra-judicial confession
conviction in an unprejudiced mind. made by an accused, is not a sufficient ground
• General rule: Findings of the judge who tried for conviction.
the case and heard the witnesses are not to be • Exception: When corroborated by
disturbed on appeal, unless there are evidence of the actual commission of a
substantial facts and circumstances which have particular crime (corpus delicti).
been overlooked and which, if properly
considered, might affect the result. [People v. CORPUS DELICTI
Cabrera (1990)] • Corpus delicti is not synonymous with the
• Exception: The rule does not apply when whole charge so as to require that all the
the issue revolved on the identification of elements of the crime be established
the accused or credibility of witness and independently of the extra-judicial confession.
one judge heard the testimony and a [People v. Comendador (1980)]
different judge penned the decision. • Elements:
[People v. Escalante (1984); People v. CA 1) The existence of a certain act or result
(2000)] forming the basis of the criminal charge;
• Rationale: The latter judge is not in a 2) The existence of a criminal agency as the
better position than the appellate cause of the act or result.
courts to make the determination. • In murder, the fact of death is the corpus
• The number of witnesses should not in and by delicti. [People v. Garcia]
itself determine the weight of evidence. • Where there is doubt as to the identity of a
However, the numerical factor may be cadaver, in the absence of any other evidence,
considered in case of conflicting testimonies. there is no corpus delicti. [People v. Mutuc
[Caluna v. Vicente (1951)] (1984)]
• The testimony of the offended party is not
essential to convict an accused if there are CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE [Rule 133, Sec.
already other evidence to prove guilt. [People 4]
v. Juliada].
• Inconsistencies/contradictions on details do not • Requisites for circumstantial evidence to be
materially impair the credibility of such witness, sufficient for conviction:
but on the contrary are indications of veracity 1) There is more than 1 circumstance;
rather than prevarication. [People v. Vinas 2) The facts from which the inferences are
(1968)] derived are proven;
WHEN COURT MAY STOP INTRODUCTION • Unless otherwise provided herein, REE shall
OF FURTHER TESTIMONY [Rule 133, Sec. 6] apply whenever an electronic document or
electronic data message is offered or used in
• Upon any particular point when the evidence evidence. [Rule 1, Sec. 1, REE]
upon it is already so full that more witnesses to • Cases covered: [Rule 1, Sec. 2, REE]
the same point cannot be reasonably expected 1) All civil actions and proceedings;
to be additionally persuasive. This power 2) Quasi-judicial;
should be exercised with caution. 3) Administrative cases.
written document. [Rule 6, Sec. 1, REE] • Copies/duplicates not admissible to the same
extent as the original:
AUTHENTICATION OF E-SIGNATURES [Rule 6, Sec. 1) If a genuine question is raised as to the
2, REE] authenticity of the original;
1) By evidence that a method or process was 2) If in the circumstances it would be unjust
utilized to establish a digital signature and or inequitable to admit the copy in lieu of
verify the same; the original.
2) By any other means provided by law;
3) By any other means satisfactory to the judge AUTHENTICATION OF E-DOCUMENTS
as establishing the genuineness of the • The burden of proving authenticity is on the
electronic signature. person seeking to introduce an e-document in
any legal proceeding. [Rule 5, Sec. 1, REE]
DISPUTABLE PRESUMPTIONS RELATING TO E- • Before any private electronic document offered
SIGNATURES [Rule 6, Sec. 3, REE] as authentic is received in evidence, its
1) The electronic signature is that of the person to authenticity must be proved by any of the
whom it correlates; following means: [Rule 5, Sec. 2, REE]
2) The electronic signature was affixed by that 1) By evidence that it had been digitally
person with the intention of authenticating or signed by the person purported to have
approving the electronic document to which it signed the same;
is related or to indicate such person’s consent 2) By evidence that other appropriate security
to the transaction embodied therein; procedures/devices as may be authorized
3) The methods or processes utilized to affix or by the SC or by law for authentication of e-
verify the electronic signature operated without documents were applied to the document;
error or fault. 3) By other evidence showing its integrity and
reliability to the satisfaction of the judge.
DISPUTABLE PRESUMPTIONS RELATING TO • A document electronically notarized in
DIGITAL SIGNATURES [Rule 6, Sec. 4, REE] accordance with the rules promulgated by the
1) The information contained in a certificate is SC shall be considered as a public document
correct; and proved as a notarial document under the
2) The digital signature was created during the ROC. [Rule 5, Sec. 3, REE]
operational period of a certificate;
3) No cause exists to render a certificate invalid or EVIDENTIARY WEIGHT OF E-DOCUMENTS [Rule 7,
revocable; Sec. 1, REE]
4) The message associated with a digital signature • Factors for assessing evidentiary weight:
has not been altered from the time it was 1) The reliability of the manner/method in
signed; which it was
5) A certificate had been issued by the generated/stored/communicated, including
certification authority indicated therein. but not limited to input and output
procedures, controls, tests and checks for
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT [Rule 2, Sec. 1(h), accuracy and reliability of the electronic
REE] data message or document, in the light of
all the circumstances as well as any
• It is the functional equivalent of paper-based relevant agreement;
documents. [Rule 3, Sec. 1, REE] 2) The reliability of the manner in which its
• It is admissible in evidence if it complies with originator was identified;
the rules on admissibility prescribed by the 3) The integrity of the information and
ROC and related laws and is authenticated in communication system in which it is
the manner prescribed by the REE. [Rule 3, recorded/stored, including but not limited
Sec. 2, REE] to the hardware and computer programs or
• The confidential character of a privileged software used as well as programming
communication is not lost solely on the ground errors;
that it is in the form of an electronic document. 4) The familiarity of the witness or the person
[Rule 3, Sec. 3, REE] who made the entry with the
communication and information system;
5) The nature and quality of the information
BEST EVIDENCE RULE [Rule 4, Sec. 1, REE]
which went into the communication and
information system upon which the
• An electronic document shall be regarded as
electronic data message or electronic
the equivalent of an original document under
document was based;
the Best Evidence Rule if it is a printout or
6) Other factors which the court may consider
output readable by sight or other means,
as affecting the accuracy/integrity of the
shown to reflect the data accurately.
electronic document or electronic data
message.
ORIGINALS AND COPIES [Rule 4, Sec. 2, REE]
• Copies/duplicates regarded as originals:
INTEGRITY OF AN INFORMATION AND
1) When a document is in 2 or more copies
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM [Rule 7, Sec. 2, REE]
executed at or about the same time with
• In any dispute involving the integrity of the
identical contents;
information and communication system in
2) Counterparts produced by the same
which an e-document or e-data message is
impression as the original, or from the recorded/stored, the court may consider the
same matrix, or by mechanical/electronic
following factors:
re-recording, or by chemical reproduction, 1) WON the information and communication
or by other equivalent techniques that
system or other similar device was operated
accurately reproduces the original.
in a manner that did not affect the integrity
of the e-document, and there are no other evidence of such proceedings. [Rule 10, Sec. 3,
reasonable grounds to doubt the integrity of REE]
the information and communication system;
2) WON the e-document was recorded/stored EPHEMERAL ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
by a party to the proceedings with interest • Definition: Refers to telephone conversations,
adverse to that of the party using it; text messages, chatroom sessions, streaming
3) WON the e-document was recorded/stored audio, streaming video and other electronic
in the usual and ordinary course of business forms of communication the evidence of which
by a person who is not a party to the is not recorded/retained. [Rule 2, Sec. 1(k),
proceedings and who did not act under the REE]
control of the party using it. • It shall be proven by the testimony of a person
who was a party to the same or has personal
HEARSAY RULE EXCEPTION [Rule 8, Sec. 1, REE] knowledge thereof. In the absence or
• A memorandum/report/record or data unavailability of such witnesses, other
compilation of competent evidence may be admitted. [Rule
acts/events/conditions/opinions/diagnoses 11, Sec. 2, REE]
made by electronic, optical or other similar
means at or near the time of or from AUDIO, PHOTOGRAPHIC AND VIDEO EVIDENCE
transmission or supply of information by a • Audio, photographic and video evidence of
person with knowledge thereof, and kept in the events/acts/transactions shall be admissible
regular course/conduct of a business activity, provided it shall be shown/presented/displayed
and such was the regular practice to make the to the court and shall be
memorandum/report/record or data identified/explained/authenticated by the
compilation by electronic, optical or similar person who made the recording or by some
means, all of which are shown by the testimony other person competent to testify on the
of the custodian or other qualified witnesses. accuracy thereof. [Rule 11, Sec. 1, REE]
• This presumption may be overcome by • The same rule covers a recording of the
evidence of the untrustworthiness of the source telephone conversation or ephemeral electronic
of information or the method or circumstances communication.
of the preparation, transmission or storage • If ephemeral, audio, photographic and video
thereof. [Rule 8, Sec. 2, REE] evidence are recorded/embodied in an
electronic document, then the provisions
ESTABLISHING MATTERS RELATING TO THE authentication e-documents apply. [Rule 11,
ADMISSIBILITY AND EVIDENTIARY WEIGHT OF AN Sec. 2, REE]
E-DOCUMENT [Rule 9, REE]
• By an affidavit stating facts of direct personal
knowledge of the affiant or based on authentic
records.
• The affidavit must affirmatively show the
competence of the affiant to testify on the
matters contained therein. [Rule 9, Sec. 1,
REE]
• The affiant shall be made to affirm the contents
of the affidavit in open court and may be cross-
examined as a matter of right by the adverse
party. [Rule 9, Sec. 2, REE]
ELECTRONIC TESTIMONY