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Trigonometry: basic rules and equations Resolution of Forces Moments in a Plane Free Body Diagram Definition Reactions at supports Line of Action Point of Concurrence (POC) Force and Moment Equilibrium Pin Jointed Structures Lever Systems (Frames and Machines)
b c
Sine rule
a2 = b2 + c 2
b A
C c
a B
Cosine rule
b A
C c
a B
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
Resultant
Resolution of Forces
In ANY defined co-ordinate system a force F has components:
Fcos Fsin Fcos F Fsin
Resultant
The resultant of any set of forces can be determined by adding all the x components: Fx, all the y components: Fy, and using Pythagoras to work out the magnitude of the resultant: i.e. magnitude of resultant FR is:
FR = ( Fx ) 2 + ( Fy ) 2
The angle which the resultant makes with the x-axis is given by:
= tan
F F
y x
O
d: perpendicular distance from point O to the line of action of F
F d
Mo = Fd
Fx
d1
O CCW positive
d2
M o = Fx d1 + Fy d 2
If a force is moved off its line of action, a couple must be added to the force system so that the new system generates the same moment as the old system. F F
O d O
=
F
MO
O
F B
Where Mo = Fd
Step 2
Step 3
Label all the known forces with correct magnitude and directions (angles). Use letters to label all unknown magnitudes and directions (angles). If a force has a known line of action but unknown magnitude the arrowhead, or sense of the force, can be assumed. The correct sense will be found once the unknown magnitude has been found. A negative sign will indicate that the force is in the opposite direction to that originally assumed.
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T 2. Smooth Surface
RN
RN
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RN 6. Pin connection
RN
Rx Ry
Weld
Rx
A M
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Ry
The point at which the lines of action of the forces intersect is known as the Point of Concurrence (POC).
A system of concurrent forces acting on a body can be replaced by an equivalent force, i.e. by the resultant FR. The line of action of the resultant force will act through the POC.
Line of action of Resultant FR F1
POC
FR F2 F1 F2 R
If body is supported then this is also the line of action of reactive force R
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Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and M = 0
Solving an equilibrium problem Always best if we use a Free Body Diagram to represent all the forces Active and Reactive acting on the body. Crucial that we get the FBD correct! FBD is the most important single step in a solution to a mechanics problem. Get the reactions correct! Choose an appropriate axes to simplify the solution.
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Principle of analysis
To analyse we dismember the structure and look at separate FBDs of individual members or combinations of members. NB: Have to think carefully about Newtons 3rd law!
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2. Method of Sections
In this method we consider an entire section of the structure for the free body under equilibrium. Takes advantage of the third equilibrium equation (moment equilibrium) as well as the force equilibrium.
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