Humidty06 Part1

Humidity Control Workshop Part 1 .. Slide No.
1
2006 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter
Humidity Control and Mold Humidity Control and Mold Humidity Control and Mold Humidity Control and Mold
Growth in Buildings Growth in Buildings Growth in Buildings Growth in Buildings
26, 28 June & 5, 7 July 2006
ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Technical Workshop
http://web.hku.hk/~cmhui/humidity/humidty06-part1.pdf
Humidity Control Workshop Part 1 .. Slide No. 2
Main Topics Main Topics Main Topics Main Topics
1. Principles, Loads and Equipment
Instructor: Dr. Sam C M Hui
2. Applications, Control Levels & Mold Avoidance
Instructor: Dr. Sam C M Hui
3a. Airborne Bacteria Level in Air-cond. Offices
Instructor: Dr. Horace Mui
3b. Application of Heat Pump in Humidity Control
Instructors: Mr. Anthony S. K. Yip
4. Mold Growth in Hong Kong
Instructor: Prof. Lilian L.P. Vrijmoed
About the 8peakers About the 8peakers About the 8peakers About the 8peakers
Dr. Sam C. M. Hui
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, HKU
Dr. Horace Mui
Dept. of Building Services Engineering, PolyU
Mr. Anthony S. K. Yip
CLP Power
Prof. Lilian L.P. Vrijmoed
Dept. of Biology and Chemistry, CityU
These Courses Exist Because of Your These Courses Exist Because of Your These Courses Exist Because of Your These Courses Exist Because of Your
Financial 8upport of the A8HRAE Learning nstitute {AL} Financial 8upport of the A8HRAE Learning nstitute {AL} Financial 8upport of the A8HRAE Learning nstitute {AL} Financial 8upport of the A8HRAE Learning nstitute {AL}
and A8HRAE Research and A8HRAE Research and A8HRAE Research and A8HRAE Research
Humidity Control
Design Guide
ASHRAE Research Project 1047
ISBN 1-883413-98-2
512 pages, 4-color Dec 2001
Member price $96.00 List
$120.00
ASHRAE Customer Service
1791 Tullie Circle, NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
(404) 636-8400
www.ASHRAE.org
Humidity & Air Ouality Control in Buildings Humidity & Air Ouality Control in Buildings Humidity & Air Ouality Control in Buildings Humidity & Air Ouality Control in Buildings - -- -
Part 1: Basic Principles, Loads and Equipment Part 1: Basic Principles, Loads and Equipment Part 1: Basic Principles, Loads and Equipment Part 1: Basic Principles, Loads and Equipment
1. The Big Picture
2. Psychrometric Review
3. Design Procedure
..... Break
4. Moisture Load Calculations
.. Break
5. Equipment & Sensors
Assumptions & Focus Assumptions & Focus Assumptions & Focus Assumptions & Focus
Assumptions
Audience is familiar with commercial HVAC equipment
& terminology
Audience members have had some experience that
prompts interest in a better understanding of humidity
control
Focus of this course
Basic principles rather than design-level detail
Dehumidification is the principal focus, just as in the
ASHRAE Humidity Control Design Guide
Know The nstructor Know The nstructor Know The nstructor Know The nstructor
Dr. Sam C M Hui Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
The University of Hong Kong
PhD, BEng(Hons), CEng, CEM, MASHRAE, MCIBSE,
MHKIE, MIESNA, LifeMAEE, AssocAIA
HKU Dept. of Mechanical Engineering (4 years)
HKU Dept. of Architecture (6 years)
Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Japan (~1 year)
PhD study (4 years)
Associated Consulting Engineers (2 years)
Current role in ASHRAE:
President-Elect of ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter
Understand The Audience Understand The Audience Understand The Audience Understand The Audience
Please raise your hand if you work for:
Consulting Engineers firm
Contracting or design-build firm
Building/Facility management firm or building owner
HVAC equipment service company
Equipment manufacturer or sales
Utility or energy service company
Government departments
Academic department
Audience Experience & Needs Audience Experience & Needs Audience Experience & Needs Audience Experience & Needs
Raise your hand if you have:
Never or hardly ever dealt with humidity control
issues
Sometimes been involved with humidity control
issues
Frequently been involved with humidity control
Examples?
What specific questions would you like to
have answered during this course?
Definitions Definitions Definitions Definitions
Moderation vs. control of humidity
Moderation: clips the peaks and fill the valleys (most of
the time)
Control: Keep humidity in a defined range (all the time)
Moderation (passive control) can be
achieved by simply not oversizing the
cooling equipment and by sealing up all
duct work under suction.
Control (active control) requires dedicated
equipmentdehumidifiers and
humidifiers with humidity sensors.
8ECTON 1 8ECTON 1 8ECTON 1 8ECTON 1
Understanding The Big Picture Understanding The Big Picture Understanding The Big Picture Understanding The Big Picture
The designer is not alone
Owner
Architectural designer
HVAC designer
Contractors
Operation staff
Owner Owner Owner Owner' '' 's Role s Role s Role s Role
Define the purpose of the
project
Why spend money to control
humidity?
What happens when it is not
controlled?
How long is it OK to be out of
control?
Provide the budget
Humidity control is not free!
Architectural Designer Architectural Designer Architectural Designer Architectural Designer
Design a building that doesnt
leak water:
Keep rain off the exterior walls
(overhangs)
Keep rain away from the foundation
(drainage)
Drain the rain on the plane (internal
drainage planes)
and doesnt leak much air:
Continuous air barrier on the exterior
envelope
Seal all corners & connections
Seal all openings & penetrations
HVAC Designer HVAC Designer HVAC Designer HVAC Designer
Design a system with
adequate capacity:
At peak design (0.4, 1.0 or 2.0%)
During the OTHER 99% of the
life of the building!
Specify SEALED air
systems (mastic on ALL
joints)
Otherwise, the building sucks in
outdoor air
Consider building pressure
controls
Contractors Contractors Contractors Contractors
Build a tight exterior
envelope
Continuous air barrier
Tight roof parapets
Seal up any exterior wall
penetration
Seal up curtain walls
Build tight duct work...
Use mastic to seal all:
Connections
Seams
Joints at air handlers
Operating 8taff Operating 8taff Operating 8taff Operating 8taff
Keep the system in balance
Dont block off ventilation air to
save energy (Building goes
negative without makeup air)
Clean outdoor air filters at least
every month (Avoids low flow and
therefore negative pressure)
Adjust ventilation vs.
exhaust to keep building
climate pressured
Positive in hot or humid weather
Neutral or slightly negative during
cold weather
Now Now Now Now. .. . HVAC Designers Concerns HVAC Designers Concerns HVAC Designers Concerns HVAC Designers Concerns
Psychrometrics of humidity control
5-Step design process
Estimating moisture loads
Equipment
Controls
Psychrometric Psychrometric Psychrometric Psychrometric Review Review Review Review
For Humidity Control For Humidity Control For Humidity Control For Humidity Control
Weight & volume of air
Dry bulb temperature
Humidity ratio
Relative humidity
Dew point
Wet bulb temperature
Weight & Volume of Air Weight & Volume of Air Weight & Volume of Air Weight & Volume of Air
1 lb of air @ 72F @ sea
level = 13.3 ft
3
(0.4536 kg of air @ 22.2
o
C @
sea level = 375 litre)
1 ft
3
= 0.075 lbs
(28.2 litre = 0.43 kg)
This is the mass of
material that we must
dehumidify or humidify
Dry Bulb Temperature Dry Bulb Temperature Dry Bulb Temperature Dry Bulb Temperature
The temperature of air as measured by a
thermometer with a dry sensing bulb
Relative Humidity Relative Humidity Relative Humidity Relative Humidity
The amount of water
vapor in the air,
compared to its
maximum capacity at
that dry bulb
temperature
Relative measurement
not absolute
Humidity Ratio { Humidity Ratio { Humidity Ratio { Humidity Ratio {Mositure Mositure Mositure Mositure Content} Content} Content} Content}
The weight of water vapor divided by the
weight of the dry air (lb
w
/lb
a
or kg
w
/kg
a
) - an
absolute measurement
lb
w
/lb
a
x 7000 = grains of water per lb of air
Dew Point Dew Point Dew Point Dew Point
The temperature at which the moisture
contained in the air will begin to condense.
Another absolute measurement of moisture
Applied Applied Applied Applied Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics #1 #1 #1 #1
Hot Climate Condensation Hot Climate Condensation Hot Climate Condensation Hot Climate Condensation
In Miami, outdoor air being sucked into the
building cavities is 83F, 144 gr/lb (28.3
o
C, 20.6
g/kg). How cold does the inside wall surface have
to be to produce condensation?
In other words - What is the dew point of air at
83F, 144 gr/lb (28.3
o
C, 20.6 g/kg) = ___?___
Applied Applied Applied Applied Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics Psychrometrics #2 #2 #2 #2
Cold Climate Condensation Cold Climate Condensation Cold Climate Condensation Cold Climate Condensation
In Calgary, Alberta, small amounts of air
are leaking outward from the swimming
pool enclosure @ 85F (29.4
o
C), 60% rh.
That air will condense moisture when it
contacts a surface with a temperature of
__?__.
In other words, what is the dew point of air
at 85F (29.4
o
C), 60% rh = __?__
Wet Bulb Temperature Wet Bulb Temperature Wet Bulb Temperature Wet Bulb Temperature
The temperature at which water will
evaporate into the air sample.
Physicallythe temperature of air when
measured by a thermometer with a wetted
wick over the sensing bulb
Notes on Notes on Notes on Notes on
Wet Bulb Measurements Wet Bulb Measurements Wet Bulb Measurements Wet Bulb Measurements
The error is always ABOVE the true
reading
Imperfect wick saturation = less evaporation, reads high
Dirty/oily wick = less evaporation, reads high
Insufficient air flow = less evaporation, reads high
Therefore; realize the true moisture
content is probably BELOW the reading
obtained with wet & dry bulb
thermometers.
Notes on Notes on Notes on Notes on
Relative Humidity Measurements Relative Humidity Measurements Relative Humidity Measurements Relative Humidity Measurements
Smaller error costs much more!
1% rh $1500
2% rh $250
5% rh $100
7% rh $20
Exercise:
Consider outdoor air. What is the humidity
ratio error ranges for two instruments if
both read 85F (29.4
o
C), 80% rh?
2% rh = ______ gr/lb to _____ gr/lb
5% rh = ______ gr/lb to _____ gr/lb
5 55 5- -- -8tep Design Procedure 8tep Design Procedure 8tep Design Procedure 8tep Design Procedure
Typical 8ystem Concept Typical 8ystem Concept Typical 8ystem Concept Typical 8ystem Concept
Dry the ventilation air deeply enough to
supply air at neutral or lower moisture.
Responds to a humidity controller, not a
thermostat
Typical 8ystem Hardware Typical 8ystem Hardware Typical 8ystem Hardware Typical 8ystem Hardware
Typical Pre Typical Pre Typical Pre Typical Pre- -- -Design Ouestions: Design Ouestions: Design Ouestions: Design Ouestions:
How much can I spend?
How dry does the building have to stay?
How humid is the outdoor air?
Is it OK if the system runs ragged a few
hours a year, or is the humidity critical?
Is winter humidification needed? To what
level?
The Five The Five The Five The Five- -- -8tep Procedure Answers 8tep Procedure Answers 8tep Procedure Answers 8tep Procedure Answers
These Ouestions These Ouestions These Ouestions These Ouestions
8tep 1: Purpose of the Pro]ect 8tep 1: Purpose of the Pro]ect 8tep 1: Purpose of the Pro]ect 8tep 1: Purpose of the Pro]ect
Why insist the client define the purpose?
1. If client has no problem... no reason to spend money
on humidity control.
2. If consequences are not definedimpossible to say
what that budget must beand impossible to make
rational decisions on the owners behalf.
A good project purpose definition
includes what...
Results are expected
Happens when the results are NOT achieved
Shortcoming is acceptable
Poor Definition... Poor Definition... Poor Definition... Poor Definition...
Control the humidity within the usual
limits for a hotel
Does not define what the system must
accomplish...
Human comfort?
Control everywhere?or just in the pool area?
Both high and low limits?
Always? Usually? Only when rooms are occupied?
Good Definition: Good Definition: Good Definition: Good Definition:
Control the humidity in the hotel so
that...
Neither condensation nor high rh can occur in building
cavities that would allow mold growth or other moisture
damage to the building or its furnishings.
Guest rooms, meeting rooms, dining rooms and offices
are held within the ASHRAE comfort zones during both
summer and winter seasons
The system achieves these goals during all but 2% of
the hours in a typical year.
Optional Discussion: Optional Discussion: Optional Discussion: Optional Discussion:
Help These Clients Help These Clients Help These Clients Help These Clients
Define Their Pro]ect Purposes Define Their Pro]ect Purposes Define Their Pro]ect Purposes Define Their Pro]ect Purposes
Ice rink
School classroom
Pro]ect Purpose For Pro]ect Purpose For Pro]ect Purpose For Pro]ect Purpose For
ce Rink Humidity Control ce Rink Humidity Control ce Rink Humidity Control ce Rink Humidity Control
What results are expected?
What benefits occur and what problems are
avoided when humidity is under control?
What costs are incurred when
results are not achieved?
How many hours of increased risk
are acceptable per year?
Pro]ect Purpose For Pro]ect Purpose For Pro]ect Purpose For Pro]ect Purpose For
Classroom Humidity Control Classroom Humidity Control Classroom Humidity Control Classroom Humidity Control
What results are expected?
What benefits occur and what problems are
avoided when humidity is under control?
What costs are incurred when
results are not achieved?
How many hours of increased risk
are acceptable per year?
8tep 2: 8et Control Levels 8tep 2: 8et Control Levels 8tep 2: 8et Control Levels 8tep 2: 8et Control Levels
& Design Conditions & Design Conditions & Design Conditions & Design Conditions
What humidity level will achieve the
project purposes?
RH range, or dew point range?
High limit only.. low limit only?or both?
When does it matter?.. All the time?.. Just when
occupied?.. Just when UNoccupied?
How many hours each year can be above
design loads? (Hours of increased risk)
2% of 8760 = 175 hours
1% of 8760 = 88 hours
0.4% of 8760 = 35 hours
Helping The Client Figure Out Helping The Client Figure Out Helping The Client Figure Out Helping The Client Figure Out
The Appropriate Control Level The Appropriate Control Level The Appropriate Control Level The Appropriate Control Level
1. Work from the clients definition of the
project purpose!
Discuss & understand clients past experiences
Use any guidelines from clients own industry
2. Consult ASHRAE references on the
effects of humidity
ASHRAE Humidity Control Design Guide
ASHRAE Handbook series
ASTM manual 40 - Moisture analysis & condensation
control in building envelopes
Helping The Client Decide On Helping The Client Decide On Helping The Client Decide On Helping The Client Decide On
Outdoor Design Conditions Outdoor Design Conditions Outdoor Design Conditions Outdoor Design Conditions
Work from the clients definition of the
project purpose.
How often do problems occur without control?
What are the economic consequences, if any?
(hundreds of dollarsor millions?)
Ask the client to decide how many hours
of increased risk are acceptable.
First: obtain costs and performance. Then...
Its the clients decision, and important that they realize
that fact!
8tep 3: Estimate Moisture Loads 8tep 3: Estimate Moisture Loads 8tep 3: Estimate Moisture Loads 8tep 3: Estimate Moisture Loads
Identify all load sources
Focus on the big ones (and dont get
wound up in the small ones)
Recognize that there are few
absolutes... engineering judgement
must be frequently applied.
Typical Moisture Load 8ources Typical Moisture Load 8ources Typical Moisture Load 8ources Typical Moisture Load 8ources
Number of people in the space
Ventilation per occupant
Infiltration through the exterior wall
Door activity
Humid material brought into the space
Wet surfaces
Vapor permeation
More on these in section 4...
8tep 4: 8ize & 8elect Equipment 8tep 4: 8ize & 8elect Equipment 8tep 4: 8ize & 8elect Equipment 8tep 4: 8ize & 8elect Equipment
Make sure the equipment will remove the
peak load.
More importantmake sure equipment
will modulate to remove the load for the
OTHER 99.6% of its operating hours!
ie: Avoid buying a semitractor with only a key switch
instead of an accelerator pedalit may be powerful, but
its not likely to provide a smooth ride.
8tep 5: 8elect & Locate 8ensors 8tep 5: 8elect & Locate 8ensors 8tep 5: 8elect & Locate 8ensors 8tep 5: 8elect & Locate 8ensors
Dew point-based control is usually best
No significant temperature dependence
Dew point stays more constant than rh.
RH sensors need very careful placement
Temperature dependence makes readings swing widely
Best to co-locate db and rh sensors, convert to dew
point and control on that value
Fact to keep in mind: all sensors are
incorrect, all of the time.
Reduce the error with calibration after installation, and
annually thereafter.
Know what the error and response lag are, and adapt
system operation accordingly
Estimating Moisture Loads Estimating Moisture Loads Estimating Moisture Loads Estimating Moisture Loads
Eight load sources & their nature
The estimating spreadsheet
Interactive exercise - Retail
Clothing Store
People People People People
Respiration
Perspiration
Wet clothing
Ventilation Ventilation Ventilation Ventilation
Reduces occupant exposure to:
Human-generated contaminants
Product-generated contaminants
nfiltration nfiltration nfiltration nfiltration
Driven by air pressure differences
Between 0.1 and 0.6 cfm/ft
2
(0.5 and 3.0 l/s
per m
2
) of wall surface, and leaky ducts (#3)
are a major cause
Door Openings Door Openings Door Openings Door Openings
This load is intermittent
Driven by occupancy
Vestibules greatly reduce load
Humid Products Humid Products Humid Products Humid Products
Moisture content of
materials changes
with relative
humidity
Moisture adsorbed
from high humidity
outdoors is released
into indoor air held
at lower humidity
Wet 8urfaces Wet 8urfaces Wet 8urfaces Wet 8urfaces
Floor cleaning (infrequent)
Rain/snow on shoes (infrequent)
Decorative fountains and
ornamental pools (continuous)
Swimming pool (continuous, high
load, but activity-dependent)
Vapor Permeation Vapor Permeation Vapor Permeation Vapor Permeation
Driven by vapor
pressure difference
Continuous, but very,
very, small
Dont worry about
permeation except in
pools and museums
in cold climates
Retail Building Retail Building Retail Building Retail Building
Typical Peak Load Profile Typical Peak Load Profile Typical Peak Load Profile Typical Peak Load Profile
119 kg/hr 117 l/s per hour
Looking At Load Elements Looking At Load Elements Looking At Load Elements Looking At Load Elements
Note how the ventilation air dominates to total load
But the infiltration load is also large.
The load from people will vary considerably through the day
...And the load from door activity depends on the number of customers
Humid product can add significant load (periodically)
... and the wet carpet load is much larger during cleaning
Note the permeation load is very small.. even if it is continuous.
Bottom Line On Loads Bottom Line On Loads Bottom Line On Loads Bottom Line On Loads
Quite a lot of water vapor needs to be removed
from the air during the peak load hour...
and during humid seasons,
it adds up to a lot of liquid per day
Let Let Let Let' '' 's Look At The 8preadsheet s Look At The 8preadsheet s Look At The 8preadsheet s Look At The 8preadsheet
The Control Panel
Is on the summary sheet
The Workbook Contains 4 8heets The Workbook Contains 4 8heets The Workbook Contains 4 8heets The Workbook Contains 4 8heets
1. Summary
2. Weather City
3. Walls & Floor
4. Calculations
Weather City 8heet Weather City 8heet Weather City 8heet Weather City 8heet
Data used in the calculations goes here
Values for a few other cities
can be copied from these columns
and pasted into the calculation cells
Hong Kong:
(Kowloon, dehumid 0.4%)
DBT = 85
o
F (29.7
o
C)
W = 160 gr/lb (22.8 g/kg)
V.P. = 10 in.Hg. (23.8 kPa)
Walls & Floor 8heet Walls & Floor 8heet Walls & Floor 8heet Walls & Floor 8heet
A very simple,
square building!
For Permeation
(Just exterior walls)
For Infiltration
(50% of the total wall surface)
Used to calculate retail ventilation
Calculation 8heet Calculation 8heet Calculation 8heet Calculation 8heet
These are the basis
of the summary graph
The summary values roll up
from these calculations
White cells indicate
user-inputs
Comments explain each line
Purpose & Limitations Purpose & Limitations Purpose & Limitations Purpose & Limitations
Of This 8preadsheet Of This 8preadsheet Of This 8preadsheet Of This 8preadsheet
Designed to help understand:
Relative sizes of load elements
Dependencies between elements
Effect of climate data differences
Effect of different control levels
But NOT good for real projects!!
Over-simplified building (square box)
One peak-hour only.. No hourly simulation
Overly-simplified calculations
Very little useful reference data included
For real projects.. get the ASHRAE Humidity
Control Design Guide.
Now Let Now Let Now Let Now Let' '' 's Try t Out... s Try t Out... s Try t Out... s Try t Out...
What s The Effect Of Changing The What s The Effect Of Changing The What s The Effect Of Changing The What s The Effect Of Changing The
Location? Location? Location? Location?
______ lb/h in Miami
______ lb/h in Phoenix
______ lb/h in Phoenix using dry bulb
design conditions instead of dew point
______ lb/h in Bahrain
Observations or conclusions?
Envelope Tightness Envelope Tightness Envelope Tightness Envelope Tightness
______ lb/h with average construction
______ lb/h with loose construction
______ lb/h with tight construction
Permeance Permeance Permeance Permeance
______ lb/h for un-painted block (2.4 perm)
______lb/h for painted block (1.6 perm)
______ lb/h if no exterior wall other than
unpainted gypsum board (50 perm)
Ventilation Rate Ventilation Rate Ventilation Rate Ventilation Rate
_____ lb/h for 0.3 cfm/ft2
_____ lb/h for 15 cfm/person (not cfm/ft2)
_____ lb/h for 15 cfm/person with 200 ppl
Humidity Control Level Humidity Control Level Humidity Control Level Humidity Control Level
_____ lb/h @ 65 gr/lb
_____ lb/h @ 51 gr/lb
75F, 40% rh, typical of a supermarket)
_____ lb/h @ 30 gr/lb
60F, 40%rh, typical of an ice arena
Equipment & Controls Equipment & Controls Equipment & Controls Equipment & Controls
Dehumidifiers
Humidifiers
Humidity Sensors
Dehumidifiers Dehumidifiers Dehumidifiers Dehumidifiers
Mechanical Dehumidifiers Mechanical Dehumidifiers Mechanical Dehumidifiers Mechanical Dehumidifiers
Advantages
Much higher energy efficiency
than desiccants
Better understood by most
service mechanics than
desiccants
Equipment costs less than
desiccants in many
circumstances
Limitations
Poor cool weather performance
vs. desiccants
Cannot dry deeply at moderate
temperatures
Desiccant Dehumidifiers Desiccant Dehumidifiers Desiccant Dehumidifiers Desiccant Dehumidifiers
Advantages
Performance - Dries deeply in all
weather conditions, superb capacity
and faster response than mechanical
Can use low-cost or waste heat for
reactivation
Equipment costs less than
mechanical in many circumstances
Limitations
Needs lots of reactivation heat!
Converts moisture to sensible heat,
so post-cooling is usually required
Less 3rd-party service support
available
General 8uggestions For Applying General 8uggestions For Applying General 8uggestions For Applying General 8uggestions For Applying
Dont size them based on supply air flow
size them for moisture removal.
Dehumidifiers dry air very deeply. Dry part of the air,
then blend the dry air back into the supply. This results
in a smaller, less-costly unit.
Measure and control the air flow through
the unit. Otherwise it will not perform.
Clean all filters at least every month.
Dehumidifiers are very costly when used as air filters
Low air flow = less DH capacity than intended
8uggestions For Mechanical 8uggestions For Mechanical 8uggestions For Mechanical 8uggestions For Mechanical
Condensate drain & trap are critical
Large enough diameter to avoid dirt clogs (at least 1.5 in.)
Stem height equal to fan pressure plus 1.0 for negative
traps
For positive pressure traps, bowl height = fan pressure
plus 0.5
Needs smooth airflow at inlet
When ducted, be sure to have long straight section or flow
straightner at inlet to avoid performance problems.
Dont run the unit during construction
Wallboard dust turns to concrete inside the deep, wet
dehumidification coil
8uggestions For 8uggestions For 8uggestions For 8uggestions For
Desiccant Dehumidifiers Desiccant Dehumidifiers Desiccant Dehumidifiers Desiccant Dehumidifiers
Air flow rate is critical!
Measure and control iton BOTH process and
reactivation sides
Consider heat exchanger for post-cooling
Reduces equipment & operating costs
Waste heat for preheating reactivation
Two-stage heating for reactivation saves operating cash
sothermal & Adiabatic Humidifiers sothermal & Adiabatic Humidifiers sothermal & Adiabatic Humidifiers sothermal & Adiabatic Humidifiers
sothermal Humidifiers sothermal Humidifiers sothermal Humidifiers sothermal Humidifiers
Advantages
Little or no change in air temperature
Allows very large capacity in a small air stream
Available in many forms using many heat sources
Limitations
Easy to over-saturate the air, leading to condensation in
duct work
Placement is critical - must not locate upstream of
condensing surfaces (cooling coil, duct vanes, etc.)
Operating cost varies widely with fuel cost
Adiabatic Humidifiers Adiabatic Humidifiers Adiabatic Humidifiers Adiabatic Humidifiers
Advantages
Cool and scrubs the air as well as humidifies it
Low maintenance compared to many isothermal types
Pad-types cant over-saturate the air
Limitations
Pad-types - Large capacity needs very wide equipment
and large supply air flow
Atomization types - Easily over-saturate air, and hard
water treatment required to avoid dusting
Applying Applying Applying Applying
sothermal Humidifiers sothermal Humidifiers sothermal Humidifiers sothermal Humidifiers
Respect recommendations on clear
distance downstream for absorption
Avoids condensation
Consider multiple units for large loads
Allows staging, zoning and reduced energy use
Experts say: The most common cause of
problems with humidification is oversized
units.
When in doubt, use the next-smaller unit, not the next-
larger.
Applying Adiabatic Humidifiers Applying Adiabatic Humidifiers Applying Adiabatic Humidifiers Applying Adiabatic Humidifiers
Place units upstream of cooling coils
This uses excess sensible heat in return air for
evaporation and reduces cooling load in shoulder
seasons.
Place units downstream from heating coils
Warm air allows higher capacity in the same air and
reduces potential for condensation
For higher rh, consider combined systems
Low-cost adiabatic for base load outdoor air
humidification
Then add isothermal units to internal zones for peak
load and closer control
Humidity 8ensors Humidity 8ensors Humidity 8ensors Humidity 8ensors
Response time
Range vs. accuracy
Calibration
Location
Constant RHor constant dew point?
Response Time Response Time Response Time Response Time
When humidity changes,
sensors require time to
respond
Response times vary
Expensive sensors respond in
less than a minute, lower cost
sensors need many minutes
Wet air to dry air takes longer
After condensation, response
time can lengthen to HOURS,
depending on temperature &
moisture in the new air stream
Range vs. Accuracy Range vs. Accuracy Range vs. Accuracy Range vs. Accuracy
Below 20% rh, the
usual commercial-
grade sensors are
very inaccurate
For better accuracy
in low humidity, use
industrial-grade
units
Calibration Calibration Calibration Calibration
All sensors are inaccurate, all the
time. To improve accuracy,
calibrate in place!
Worst case: outdoor air
Highly variable
Frequent condensation
Heavy particulate load
When to calibrate?
During commissioning, at least
Once a year, before humidity matters
Outdoor air, more frequently
8ensor Location 8ensor Location 8ensor Location 8ensor Location
Locate the sensor where humidity
matters the most
Museum - near the artwork
Gymnasium - near the floor
Avoid locations where relative humidity
swings widely:
Near the door
Near an outside window
In the supply air
Near heating or cooling coils
Near heat/moisture sources (coffee pot)
Constant RH Constant RH Constant RH Constant RH. .. .
or Constant Dew Point? or Constant Dew Point? or Constant Dew Point? or Constant Dew Point?
RH may actually vary less when
controlling on dew point
Dew point stays more constant than rh (no temperature
dependency)
Fewer calls for changes, conditions stay more constant
Easy to convert RH signal to dew point
using building automation software
Most humidity control applications are
dew point-dependent, not rh-dependent...
Dew Point Dew Point Dew Point Dew Point- -- -Dependent Applications Dependent Applications Dependent Applications Dependent Applications
Are Most Common Are Most Common Are Most Common Are Most Common
All human comfort applications are driven
by vapor pressure difference between skin
and air
Offices, schools, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, etc.
Ice rinks, supermarkets, mold prevention
in hotels, pool DH, all driven by
condensation on cold surfaces
RH RH RH RH- -- -Dependent Applications Dependent Applications Dependent Applications Dependent Applications
Are Less Common Are Less Common Are Less Common Are Less Common
Dry storage in
unheated warehouses
Layup of industrial or
military equipment
Course 8ummary {1 of 2} Course 8ummary {1 of 2} Course 8ummary {1 of 2} Course 8ummary {1 of 2}
Defining the purpose of the project
clearly saves time and money
To control humidity - control the
moisture content of the ventilation air
Moisture load estimates are just that,
and require extensive input from the
client and application of engineering
judgement
Course 8ummary {2 of 2} Course 8ummary {2 of 2} Course 8ummary {2 of 2} Course 8ummary {2 of 2}
Humidity control requires
dedicated equipment and
calibrated sensors
Humidity control is not likely
when outdoor air filters are
clogged and when duct work
joints leak - these create massive
extra moisture loads

Humidty06 Part1

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Humidity Control Workshop Part 1 .. Slide No.

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