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Palmer Graves
Chapter 3
3.1 Dene and distinguish between ionic and covalent bonds and represent molecules with formulas. [Readings 3.2-3.4 Problems 23-32]
Chapter 3
Chemical Bonds
compounds are made of atoms held together by chemical bonds bonds are forces of attraction between atoms the bonding attraction comes from attractions between protons and electrons
Molecules result from a chemical bond between two or more atoms Covalent Bonds form when two atoms share electrons Example: H2 O, CO2 , C6H12O6
Chapter 3
Bond Types
two types of bonding - ionic and covalent ionic bonds electrons have been transferred between atoms oppositely charged ions that attract each other
metal atoms bonded to nonmetal atoms
covalent bonds result when two atoms share some of their electrons
nonmetal atoms bonded to nonmetal atoms
Chapter 3
Molecular compounds - fundamental particles are discrete molecules such a water, H2O Ionic compounds - fundamental particles are ions arranged in 3D array such as shown for sodium chloride, NaCl
Formula Types
Name Chemical Formula Structural Formula
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chemical Formulas
Hydrogen Peroxide Molecular Formula = H2O2 Empirical Formula = HO Benzene Molecular Formula = C6H6 Empirical Formula = CH Glucose Molecular Formula = C6H12O6 Empirical Formula = CH2O
Types of Formula
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Chapter 3
Classifying Materials
atomic elements = particles are single atoms molecular elements = particles are multi-atom molecules molecular compounds = particles are molecules made of only nonmetals ionic compounds = particles are cations and anions
Molecular Elements
Certain elements occur as 2 atom molecules
Rule of 7s
7A
H2
N2
O2
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Molecular Elements
Chapter 3
3.2 Write the formula and name for ionic compounds [Readings 3.5 Problems 33-48]
Ionic Compounds
metals + nonmetals no individual molecule units, instead have a 3-dimensional array of cations and anions made of formula units many contain polyatomic ions
several atoms attached together in one ion
Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are formed from positive and negative ions Subscripts are used to indicate an electrically neutral formula unit Use the smallest whole number set
Chapter 3
Write the formula of a compound made from aluminum ions and oxide ions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write the symbol for the metal cation and its charge Write the symbol for the nonmetal anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number ratio Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions
Chapter 3
Practice - What are the formulas for compounds made from the following ions? potassium ion with a nitride ion
Metal Cations
Type II Metals with Type I Metals with Invariant Charge Variable
metals whose ions can only have one possible charge
Charges
+3, Ag +1, ! metals whose ions can Groups 1A+1 & 2A+2, Al +2, Sc+3 Zn have more than one cation name = metal name possible charge ! determine charge by charge on anion ! cation name = metal name with Roman numeral charge in parentheses
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Chapter 3
Ionic Compounds
Distinguish between Type I vs. Type II metals Type I ionic compound names include the cation and anion only
Type I Metals
CsF
1. Identify cation and anion 2. Name the cation 3. Name the anion
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Chapter 3
2. MgBr2 3. Al2S 3
3. nonmetal anion named by changing the ending on the nonmetal name to -ide
# " determine the total negative charge $ " determine the total positive charge
since the total negative charge is -6, the total positive charge is +6
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Chapter 3
CuF2
1. Identify cation and anion
2. Name the cation 3. Name the anion 4. Write the cation name rst, then the anion name
Example Writing Formula for Binary Ionic Compounds Containing Variable Charge Metal manganese(IV) sulde
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write the symbol for the cation and its charge Write the symbol for the anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number ratio Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions
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Chapter 3
Practice - What are the formulas for compounds made from the following ions? 1. copper(II) ion with a nitride ion
Formula
C2H 3O2 CO3 2
Name
hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate sulfate sulte hydrogen sulfate (aka bisulfate) hydrogen sulte (aka bisulte)
Formula
ClO ClO2 ClO3 ClO4 SO42 SO32 HSO4 HSO3
hydrogen carbonate HCO3 (aka bicarbonate) hydroxide nitrate nitrite chromate dichromate ammonium OH NO3 NO2 CrO42 Cr2O72 NH4+
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Chapter 3
# " if the polyatomic ion starts with H, add hydrogen- prex before name and add 1 to the charge
CO3 2- = carbonate " HCO3 -1 = hydrogen carbonate
-ate groups
3A
-3 BO3
4A
-2 CO3 -2
5A
-1 NO3 -3 -3
6A
-2 -2 -2
7A
-1
SiO3
PO4
SO4
AsO4
SeO4
-1
TeO4
-1
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Chapter 3
Polyatomic Ions
SO42SO32NO3 NO2 ClO3 ClO2 ClO ClO4
Na2SO4
Fe(NO3) 3
1. Identify the ions 2. Name the cation 3. Name the anion 4. Write the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion
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Chapter 3
Example Writing Formula for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ion Iron(III) phosphate
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write the symbol for the cation and its charge Write the symbol for the anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number ratio Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions
Practice - What are the formulas for compounds made from the following ions? 1. aluminum ion with a sulfate ion
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Chapter 3
hydrates are ionic compounds containing a specic number of waters for each formula unit water of hydration often driven off by heating in formula, attached waters follow
CoCl2 6H2O
Hydrates
Prex No. of Waters hemi mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa ! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
in name attached waters indicated by sufx -hydrate after name of ionic compound
CoCl2 6H2 O = cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate CaSO4 ! H2 O = calcium sulfate hemihydrate
Anhydrous CoCl2
Practice
1. What is the formula of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate? 2. What is the name of NiCl26H2O?
3.3 Write the formula and name for molecular compounds [Readings 3.5 Problems 49-64]
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Chapter 3
2. Writes name the second element in the formula with an -ide sufx
as if it were an anion, however, remember these compounds do not contain ions!
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Subscript - Prexes
1 = mono not used on rst nonmetal
BF3
1. 2. 3. 4.
Name the rst element Name the second element with an ide Add a prex to each name to indicate the subscript Write the rst element with prex, then the second element with prex
Drop prex mono from rst element
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Chapter 3
2. sulfur hexauoride
3. diarsenic trisulde
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Chapter 3
Acids
acids are molecular compounds that form H+ when dissolved in water
to indicate the compound is dissolved in water (aq) is written after the formula
not named as acid if not dissolved in water
Acids
Contain anion H+1 cation and
in aqueous solution
Binary acids have H+1 cation and nonmetal anion Oxyacids have H+1 cation and polyatomic anion
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Chapter 3
Naming Oxyacids
if polyatomic ion name ends in ate, then change ending to ic sufx if polyatomic ion name ends in ite, then change ending to ous sufx write word acid at end of all names
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
Practice - What are the formulas for the following acids? 1. chlorous acid
2. phosphoric acid
3. hydrobromic acid
3.4 Calculate mass percent of an element in a compound. Use mass percent as a conversion factor. [Reading 3.8 Problems 65-73]
Formula Mass
the mass of an individual molecule or formula unit The mass is taken from the Periodic Table also known as molecular mass or molecular weight Add the masses of the atoms in a single molecule or formula unit mass of 1 molecule of H2O = 2(1.01 amu H) + 16.00 amu O = 18.02 amu
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Chapter 3
Relationships: Solution:
Check:
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Chapter 3
Percent Composition
1. 2.
Can be determined from the formula of the compound the experimental mass analysis of the compound The percentages may not always total to 100% due to rounding
Relationships: Solution:
Check:
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Chapter 3
Relationships: Solution:
100. g NaCl : 39 g Na
Check:
since the mass of NaCl is more than 2x the mass of Na, the number makes sense
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Chapter 3
3.5 Calculate and relate moles, grams, and number of molecules in a compound. [Reading 3.8 Problems 75-78]
3.785 L = 1 gal, 1 L = 1000 mL, 1.00 g H2 O = 1 mL, 1 mol H2O = 18.02 g, 1 mol H = 1.008 g, 2 mol H : 1 mol H2O
Check:
since 1 gallon weighs about 3800 g, and H is light, the number makes sense
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Chapter 3
Practice - How many grams of sodium are in 6.2 g of NaCl? (Na = 22.99; Cl = 35.45)
3.6 Calculate the empirical formula from experimental data. [Reading 3.9 Problems 79-84]
Empirical Formula
simplest, whole-number ratio of the atoms of elements in a compound can be determined from elemental analysis
masses of elements formed when decompose or react compound
combustion analysis
percent composition
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Chapter 3
convert grams to moles write a pseudoformula using moles as subscripts divide all by smallest number of moles
" # if result is within 0.1 of whole number, round to whole number
Example 3.17
Laboratory analysis of aspirin determined the following mass percent composition. Find the empirical formula. C = 60.00% H = 4.48% O = 35.53%
Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition.
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Chapter 3
Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition. Write a Concept Plan:
g C, H, O
mol C, H, O
mol ratio
empirical formula
Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition.
Information Given: 60.00 g C, 4.48 g H, 35.53 g O Find: Empirical Formula, CxH yO z CP: g C,H,O ! mol C,H,O ! mol ratio ! empirical formula
3.7 Given the empirical formula and the molecular weight, calculate the molecular weight. [Reading 3.9 Problems 85-90]
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Chapter 3
Molecular Formulas
The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula To determine the molecular formula you need to know the empirical formula and the molar mass of the compound
Check:
Practice Benzopyrene has a molar mass of 252 g/mol and an empirical formula of C5H3. What is its molecular formula? (C = 12.01, H=1.01)
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Chapter 3
3.8 Write and balance chemical equations. [Reading 3.10 Problems 91-100]
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation relates what we see with what is going on at the molecular level A balanced chemical equation describes symbolically a chemical reaction, or a molecular event
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Chapter 3
Chemical Equations
An equation is balanced when all of the reactant atoms are also present in the products Formation of water reacts hydrogen and oxygen gas Both hydrogen and oxygen are diatomic H2 (g) + O2 (g) ! H2O (g) Is the reaction balanced?
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction: Before ! After Reactants ! Products Atoms in Before ! Atoms in After Arrangement Arrangement Conservation of atoms: there are the same number and kind of atoms after a chemical reaction as before the reaction. Since atoms have a consistent weight: mass is also conserved.
Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation. Make sure that each formula is written correctly. Step 2: Adjust the coefcients to get equal numbers of each kind of atom on both sides of the arrow. Reduce to the smallest whole number ratio
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Chapter 3
Chemical Equations
Tips 1. Balance for elements other than O and H rst. 2. Balance polyatomic ions as a group if possible 3. When elements appear in the equation separately, balance them separately. The process is TRIAL AND ERROR!!
Balancing Equations
This precipitation reaction is between lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide The reaction is similar to one between cobalt(II) nitrate and sodium phosphate Write the equation
Balancing Equations
From a reaction
Conservation of Atoms: How? Adjust coefcients. Method: systematic trial and error.
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Chapter 3
Examples
__S8 + __O2 ! __SO2 __Pb(NO3)2 +__K2CrO4 ! __PbCrO4 +__KNO3 __Cu +__HNO3 ! __NO2 +__Cu(NO3)2 +__H2O
3.9 Write the names and formulas for simple organic compounds as well as organic functional groups. [Reading 3.10 Problems 101108]
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Chapter 3
Carbon Bonding
carbon atoms bond almost exclusively covalently Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
4 single bonds, 2 double bonds, 1 triple + 1 single, etc.
carbon is unique in that it can form limitless chains of C atoms, both straight and branched, and rings of C atoms
Carbon Bonding
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Chapter 3
Classifying Hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons containing only single bonds are called alkanes hydrocarbons containing one or more C=C are called alkenes hydrocarbons containing one or more C$C are called alkynes hydrocarbons containing C6 benzene ring are called aromatic
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Chapter 3
Functionalized Hydrocarbons
functional groups generally give a group of molecules common properties functional groups - usually replace Hs on a hydrocarbon chain generally, the chemical reactions of the compound are determined by the kinds of functional groups on the molecule
Functional Groups
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