References

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, (2006), Kurikulum 2004, Standar Isi. Jakarta : Departemen Pendidikan. Gail F. Burrill dkk, (1995), Geometry Applications and Counections, Englewood Cliffs, New York: Glencoe/McGrawHill. Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Accentuate the Negative, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Bits and Pieces I, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Covering and Surrounding, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Kaleidoscopes, Hubcaps, and Mirror (Symetry and Transformation) , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001), Ruins of Montarek (Spatial Visualitation) , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Say It with Symbols , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Glenda Lappan dkk, (2001) , Shapes and Designs, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Suzanne H. Chapin dkk, (1999), Middle Grades Math Tools For Success Course 1, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Suzanne H. Chapin dkk, (1999), Middle Grades Math Tools For Success Course 2, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Suzanne H. Chapin dkk, (1999), Middle Grades Math Tools For Success Course 3, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. William D. Lechensky dkk, (1997), Pre-Algebra An Integrated Transition to Algebra and Geometry , Englewood Cliffs, New York: Glencoe/McGrawHill.

Students Book - References 327

Symbols
Symbols Equivalent Square root of n Subtraction sign Percent Brackets Ordered pair of x, y Square brackets Curly brackets Absolute value of x Addition sign Less than Is equal to More than More or less Multiplication sign Division sign approximately Is not equal to Less than or equal to More than or equal to Per mil Inverse of x Meaning

n
% () (x,y) [] {} |x| + < = > ,

, /,
-x

328 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

{ a1, ... , an } { x|... } U N W A=B xA xA AB AB AB AB A-B A1 or Ac AB AB AB AB AB PQ AB = PQ AB uA=uB m n mn

List of element of a set Set builder notation Universal set Empty set Set of Natural numbers Set of Whole numbers Set A is equal to Set B x is element of set A x is not element of set A Set A is subset of B Set A is not subset of B Intersection of Set A and B Union of Set A and B The difference of set A and B Complement of set A Line AB Segment of AB Ukuran dari AB, panjang sisi AB Ray AB Segment AB is congruent to segment PQ Measure of segment AB is equal to the measure of segment PQ Angle A is congruent to congruent to angle B The measure of angle A equals the measure of angle B Line m is parallel to line n Line m is perpendicular to line n

Students Book - Symbols 329

Glossary
A
Angle Arc Area - A figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint. - A section or portion of the circumference of the circle. - The number of square units needed to cover a surface enclosed by a geometric figure

B
Base (1) Base (2) Bisect - The bottom of a shape, solid or three dimensional object. The base is what the object 'rests' on. - The number that is multiplied by itself several times. - To divide into two equal parts. The bisector can be the point or the line that divides the object or shape into two equal or congruent parts.

C
Centimetre Chord Coefficient - A measure of length. A metric unit of measurement. - The segment which joins two points on a circle. - The numerical factor of a term. Circumference - The complete distance around a circle.

Common Factors - A factor of two or more numbers. A number that will divide exactly into different numbers. Complementary Angles - Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90. Cone Constant Congruent Cylinder - A three dimensional shape with only one vertex, having a circular base. - A term that does not contain a variable. - Objects and figures that have the same size and shape. The shapes can be turned into one another with a flip, rotation or turn. - A solid figure whose bases are formed by congruent circles in parallel planes and whose lateral surface is curved.

330 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

D
Decimal - A real number on the base ten standard numbering system. Denominator - The denominator is the bottom number of a fraction. The denominator is the total number of parts. Degree Diagonal Diameter Difference - The unit of an angle, angles are measured in degrees shown by the degree symbol: - A segment joining two nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon. - A chord that passes through the centre of a circle. Also the length of a line that cuts the shape in half. - The difference is what is found when one number is subtracted from another. Finding the difference in a number requires the use of subtraction. - The number that is being divided. The number found inside the bracket. - The number that is doing the dividing. The number found outside of the division bracket.

Dividend Divisor

E
Edge End Point Equilateral Equation - A line that joins a polygon or the line (edge) where two faces meet in a 3 dimensional solid. - The 'point' at which a line or a curve ends. - All sides are equal. - A statement showing the equality of two expressions usually separated by left and right signs and joined by an equals sign. - To calculate the numerical value. - Symbols that represent numbers or operations. A way of writing something that uses numbers and symbols.

Even Number - A number that can be divided or is divisible by 2. Evaluate Expressions

F
Face Factor Factoring Figure Formula - The flat surface of a three-dimensional figure. - In an algebraic or numerical expression, the quantities being multiplied are called factors. Example: 3 and 11 are factors of 33. - The process of breaking numbers down into all of their factors. Geometrical shapes. - A rule that describes the relationship of two or more variables. An equation stating the rule.

Students Book - Glossary 331

Fraction

- A way of writing numbers that are not whole numbers. The 1 fraction is written like .
2

G
Geometry

- The study of lines, angles, shapes and their properties. Geometry is concerned with physical shapes and the dimensions of the objects.

Greatest Common Factor - The greatest number that is a factor of two or more numbers. Example: The greatest common factor of 30, 60, and 15 is 15.

H
Hexagon Hypotenuse - A six sided and six angled polygon. Hex means 6. - The longest side of a right angled triangle. Always the side that is opposite of the right angle.

I
Improper Fraction - A fraction that has a numerator that is greater than or equal to the denominator. Examples: 5 . Inequality Integers Isoceles - An open sentence that uses the symbol <, , >, or to compare two quantities. - Whole numbers, positive or negative including zero. - A polygon having two sides equal in length.
2

K
Kilometer - A unit of measure that equals 1000 metres.

L
Like Terms Line - Terms with the same variable and the same exponents/degrees. - A straight infinite path joining an infinite number of points. The path can be infinite in both directions. Like Fractions - Fractions having the same denominator.

Line Segment - A straight path that has a beginning and an end - endpoints. Linear Equation - An equation in the form Ax + By = C, where A 0 and B 0, whose graph is a straight line. Linear function - A function in which the graph of the solutions forms a line defined by y = mx + b where m and b are real numbers. Line of Symmetry - A line that divides a figure or shape into two parts. The two shape must equal one another.
332 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

M
Midpoint Monomial - A point that is exactly half way between two set points. - An algebraic expression consisting of a single term. Mixed Numbers - The indicated sum of a whole number and a fraction. Multiplication - Multiplication is the repeated addition of the same number. 4x3 is the same as saying 3+3+3+3.

N
Natural Numbers - Regular counting numbers. Negative Number - A number less than zero. Numerator - The top number in a fraction. The numerator is the portion of the denominator. - A written symbol referring to a number.

Number Line - A line in which points all correspond to numbers. Numeral

O
Obtuse Angle - An angle having a measure greater than 90 and up to 180. Obtuse Triangle - A triangle having one obtuse angle. Octagon Operation - A polygon with 8 sides. - Refers to either addition, subtraction, multiplication or division which are called the four operations in mathematics or arithmetic. Odd Number - A whole number that is not divisible by 2.

P
Parallelogram - A quadrilateral that has both sets of opposite sides that are parallel. Parabola Pentagon Percent Perimeter - The graph of a quadratic function. - A five sided polygon. Regular pentagons have five equal sides and five equal angles. - A ratio that compares a number to 100. Example: 76 out of 100 is 76 percent or 76%. - The distance around a closed geometric figure. The total distance around is obtained by adding together the units of measure from each side.

Perpendicular - When two lines or line segments intersect and form right angles.

Students Book - Glossary 333

Plane Polynomial Polygon Product

- When a set of points joined together form a flat surface, the plan can extend without end in all directions. - An algebraic term. The sum of 2 or more monomials. Polynomials include variables and always have one or more terms. - Line segments joined together to form a closed figure. Rectangles, squares, pentagons are all examples of polygons. - The sum obtained when any two or more numbers are multiplied together.

Proper Fraction - A fraction where the denominator is greater than the numerator. Protractor - A semi-circle device used for measuring angles. The edge is subdivided into degrees.

Q
Quadrant - One quarter (qua) of the plane on the cartesian coordinate system. The plane is divided into 4 sections; each section is called a quadrant.

Quadradic Equation - An equation that can be written with one side equal to 0. Asks you to find the quadratic polynomial that is equal to zero. Quadrilateral - A four (quad) sided polygon/shape. Quadruple Quotient - To multiply or to be multiplied by 4. - The solution to a division problem.

R
Radius - A line segment from the centre of a circle to any point on the circle. Or the line from the centre of a spere to any point on the outside edge of the sphere. The radius is the distance from the centre of a circle/sphere to the outside edge. - The relation between to quantities. Ratios can be expressed in words, fractions, decimals or percents. E.g., the ratio given when a team wins 4 out of 6 games can be said a 4:6 or four out of six or 4/6. - A straight line with one endpoint. The line extends infinitely. - A parallelogram which has four right angles. - An angle that is 90. - A parallelogram with four equal sides, sides are all the same length.

Ratio

Ray Rectangle Right Angle Rhombus

Right Triangle - A triangle having one angle equal to 90.

334 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

S
Scalene Triangle - A triangle with 3 unequal sides. Sector Slope Subtraction - An area between an arc and two radii of a circle. Sometimes referred to as a wedge. - The slope shows the steepness or incline of a line, determined from two points on the line. - The operation of finding the difference between two numbers or quantities. A process of 'taking away'. - Two halves which match perfectly.

Supplementary Angles - Two angles are supplementary if their sum totals 180. Symmetry

T
Tangent Term Tessellation Translation - When an angle in a right angle is X, the tangent of x is the ratio of lengths of the side opposite x to the side adjacent to x. - A part of an algebraic equation or a number in a sequence or a series or a product of real numbers and/or variables. - Congruent plane figures/shapes that cover a plane completely without overlapping. - A term used in geometry. Often called a slide. The figure or shape is moved from each point of the figure/shape in the same direction and distance. - A line that crosses/intersects two or more lines. - A quadrilateral with exactly two parallel sides. - Three sided polygon.

Transversal Trapezoid Triangle

U
Unit - A standard quantity used in measurement. An inch is a unit of length, a centimetre is a unit of length, a pound is a unit of weight. - All the same. Having the same in size, texture, colour, design etc.

Uniform

V
Variable - When a letter is used to represent a number in equations and or expressions. E.g., in 3x + y, both y and x are the variables.

Students Book - Glossary 335

Venn Diagram - A Venn diagram is often two circles (can be other shapes) that overlap. The overlapping part usually contains information that is pertinent to the labels on both sides of the Venn diagram. For instance: one circle could be labeled 'Odd Numbers', the other circle could be labeled 'Two Digit Numbers' the overlapping portion must contain numbers that are odd and have two digits. Thus, the overlapping portions shows the relationship between the sets. (Can be more than 2 circles.) Volume Vertex - A unit of measure. The amount of cubic units that occupy a space. A measurement of capacity or volume. - A point of intersection where two (or more) rays meet, often called the corner. Wherever sides or edges meet on polygons or shapes. The point of a cone, the corners of cubes or squares. - A measure of how heavy something is.

W
Weight Whole Number - A whole number is a positive integer which has 1 or more units and can be positive.

X
x - A symbol most often used to represent an unknown quantity in an equation.

336 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

Index
A
Acute Addition Algebraic Altitude Angle Angles 217, 19 1, 83 219, 223, 225, 231, 234, 217 279 218, 307, 310, 311, 307, 310, 311 217, 307, 312

B
Base 307

C
Coefficient Constant 307 307

D
Denominator 308 Diagram Digit Division 28, 22, 31, 83, 115, 117, 313 75, 313 1

E
Equation Exponent 97, 103, 106, 131, 308, 309, 311 25

F
Factor Fraction Fractions 34, 308, 309 32, 33, 35, 36, 54, 56, 36, 32, 309, 311 31, 34, 37, 39, 48, 50, 54, 58, 49, 50, 51, 31, 48, 309

Students Book - Glossary Students Book - Indexs 337

I
Integers Intersection 309 187

K
Kites 267

L
Least Common Multiple 38, 52 Linear Lines 103, 106, 112, 114, 309 217, 218, 225, 217, 297, 279

Line Segment 309

M
Multiplication 1, 310

N
Natural Notation Number Numbers Numerator 44, 310 75 5, 13, 52, 59, 53, 56, 73, 95, 112, 148, 156, 153, 308, 310, 313 3, 8, 310, 313 310

Number Line 310

P
Parallelogram 258, 259, 310 Percent Perimeter Polynomial Price 43, 44, 126, 310 259, 276, 153, 288, 310 311 147, 135

Perpendicular Bisector 300

R
Ratio Rhombus Rounding 136, 262, 263, 311 311 10

338 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7

S
Scale Side Square Subtraction 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 142 22, 24, 31 243 1, 312

T
Terms Trapezoid Triangle 2, 7, 32, 48, 75, 63, 84, 98, 103, 106, 112, 120, 136, 152, 140, 147, 160, 198, 172, 187, 167, 175, 208, 218, 251, 261, 280, 297, 309 271, 273, 272, 271, 243, 312 285, 287, 288, 297, 298, 299, 302, 279, 310, 311, 312

U
Union 198, 200, 203, 210, 199, 201, 159

V
Variable 2, 103, 106, 112, 114, 312

Students Book - Indexs 339

340 Mathematics for Junior High School - Year 7