Transfer inovci 6/2003 2003

207


Kalmr, L.
Associate Professor, Ph.D.
Department of Heat and Fluid Engineering,
University of Miskolc, Hungary

1. Summary
The aim of this paper is to present an
approximate numerical method to determine the
main characteristics of the flow in the bladed space
of the impeller of a radial-flow pump. The effect of
the blades of the impeller is represented hydro-
dynamically by a field of constrain forces based on
the solution of the inverse problem of the hydro-
dynamical cascade theory. In the determination of
the constrain force field it is supposed that the
frictionless and incompressible fluid flow is
completely attached to the blade surfaces. The
constrain force field can be calculated by the
change of the moment of momentum in the absolute
non-viscous fluid flow which depends on the state
of the pump. Knowing the constrain force field, the
equations of the continuity, motion and energy of
the viscous relative flow can be solved on the mean
stream surface (F) of the impeller and the
distributions of the average relative velocity,
pressure and energy loss are determined. By
calculating the energy loss belonging to different
volume rates an approximate real head-discharge
characteristic of the impeller also can be computed
[3].
2. Introduction
For obtaining the solution of the flow in the
bladed space of the pump impellers it is necessary
to develop an approximate physical model which
fits this task well and satisfies the main conditions
of the physical process taking place in the impeller.
The real fluid flows are always frictional, so the
effects of the fluid friction and the turbulence have
to be taken into account in the calculation method.
At the same time it is a very important view-point
to find a relatively simple calculation method for
the solution of the task which is directly attainable
for the engineering routine.

















The approximate numerical procedure presented in
this paper is applicable for analysing the turbulent
flow in the bladed space of the pump impellers. The
effects of the blades, fluid friction and turbulence of
the flow are taken into consideration separately.
The blade effect is represented by a field of
constrain forces which are perpendicular to the
stream surfaces of the relative velocity field
congruent to the blade surface of the impeller.
The first step of the calculation is to determine
the change of the moment of momentum of the
absolute non-viscous fluid flow needed to calculate
the components of the constrain force field. The
second main step of the calculation is to solve the
system of the ordinary differential equations based
on the equations of the continuity, motion and
energy of the viscous relative flow on the mean
stream surface (F) of the impeller. By knowing the
solutions of the governing equations the
distributions of the relative velocity, pressure and
energy loss can be calculated. The narrowing of the
blade channel area due to the blade thickness is
taken into consideration by a factor expressed by
the effect of the peripheral thickness of the blades.
3. The Field of Constrain Forces in the Bladed
Space of the Impeller
The basic equations of the calculation method
are formulated in cylindrical co-ordinate system
rotated together with the blades, where the co-
ordinates in cyclical order are z r , , . The Fig.1.
shows the meridional cross-section of the impeller,
the shape of the blades viewed from the direction of
the rotational axis of the pump, the directions of the
co-ordinates and the vectors of the absolute velocity
c
r
, the relative velocity w
r
, the peripheral velocity
r
u
and the specific constrain force f
r
at any arbitrary
point of the blade surface. In the middle of Fig.1.
the velocity triangles can be seen at inlet-, outlet-
and any arbitrary sections of the impeller.
















APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF VISCOUS FLOW IN RADIAL-FLOW PUMPS
Fig.1
Transfer inovci 6/2003 2003
208
The blade angle

which can be measured between

the tangents of the co-ordinate line = r constant
and blade surface at the same point is also shown in
Fig.1. The blade angle

uniquely determines the

normal unit vector n
r
of the blade surface.
The tangent unit vector of the blade surface can be
written as:

e e t
r
r r
r
cos sin =
.
Knowing the components of vector t
r
, the normal
unit vector n
r
of the blade surface can be calculated
as follows:
r z
e e t e n
r r
r
r r


cos sin + = =
. (1)
Let us summarize the significant assumptions in
determining the field of specific constrain forces
f
r

[3]:
The specific constrain force f
r
- similarly to
every mechanical constrain force - is a friction-
proof effect, in this way the specific constrain
force f
r
is parallel to the normal unit vector n
r
of
the blade surface : 0
r
r
r
= n f . (2)
Performing the vector multiplication in Equ. (2)
yields :
r r
n f n f

=
. (3)
The frictional force is parallel to the wetted
walls of the impeller near to it, so the specific
constrain force and the friction force are
perpendicular to each other:

( ) 0 = n f
r
r

, (4)
where is the stress tensor.
Carrying out the multiplications in Equ.(4), we
get the following expression between the
components of the specific constrain force,
normal unit vector of the blade surface and the
stress tensor:

0 = +
r r r r
n f n f


. (5)
Since it is supposed that in the determination of
the constrain force the fluid is non-viscous, so the
specific constrain force and the relative velocity
vectors are perpendicular to each other:
0 = w f
r
r
. (6)
The mean surface (F) of the meridional channel
is a stream surface of the relative flow
consequently the relative velocity component of
z
w is equal to zero. At the same time, along this
stream surface (F), the stress vector
z

r
(it is the
third column of the stress tensor ) and the
relative velocity vector are parallel to each other.
So we can write: 0
r
r r
=
z
w . (7)
Executing the vector multiplication in Equ.(7), we
get:

w w
rz r z
=
. (8)
By using equations (1) and (3) we come to the
expression between the components of the specific
constrain force as follows:

ctg f
n
n
f f
r
r
= =
. (9)
It is easy to realize that the component
r
f of the
constrain force can be determined by the
geometrical data of the blades ( is the blade
angle) from Equ.(9) if the component

f of the
constrain force is known. The component

f of the
constrain force is uniquely determined by the
change of the moment of momentum in the absolute
non-viscous fluid flow.
Because the component
z
f of the constrain force is
equal to zero, thus by using Equ.(6), we can write :
0 = +

w f w f
r r
. (10)
In view of equations (3) and (5) and by using the
fact that the stress tensor is a symmetrical tensor
it is plausible that the component

r
of the stress
tensor is vanished.
Let us sum up the results obtained up to now. It is
easy to see that along the co-ordinate surfaces
determined by z = constant the unknown
components
r
w and

w of the relative velocity

and the unknown components
rz
and
z
of the
stress tensor depend on the co-ordinates r and z .
The unknown components
r
f and

f of the
constrain force depend on the co-ordinate r .
The relative velocity vector and the magnitude of
this vector on the main surface (F) can be expressed
by the components of the relative velocity as
follows :

e w e w w
r r
r r r
+ =
;
2 2

w w w
r
+ =
. (11)
The stress vector and the magnitude of this vector
on the main surface (F) are calculated similarly:

e e
z r rz z
r r r
+ =
;
2 2
z rz
+ =
, (12)
where is the resultant shear stress.
The equation of the motion relating to the absolute
inviscid fluid flow is as follows |3|:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 2
2 2
u w p
f w c rot

r
r r
.
Multiplying this equation by the co-ordinate unit
vector

e
r
, we get the relationship for the
calculation of the component

f of the constrain
force:
( ) ( )

c r
r r
w
c rot w f
r
z r
= =
r
. (13)
The product of

c r in Equ.(13) means the change

of the moment of momentum in absolute
frictionless fluid flow. We should remark that the
peripheral component

f of the constrain force is

uniquely determined by the meridional velocity
r
w
Transfer inovci 6/2003 2003
209
and the change of the moment of momentum

c r
in the absolute frictionless fluid flow.
By assuming that the number of the blades are
infinite, the energy transfer between the fluid and
the blades is taking place continuously in the
annulus domain determined by the interval of
K B
r r r . Thus the line integral of the absolute
velocity for a closed curve in this domain, namely
the circulation
r
belonging to the closed curve (
r
L )
at any arbitrary radius r can be calculated as
follows (see Fig.2.):
( )
( )
B B
L
r
c r c r s d c
r

= =

2
r r
. (14)

Fig.2.

By using Equ.(14) it is possible to write down the
expression to calculate the circulation difference
belonging to the radius difference r by the
subtraction of the line integrals for the closed
curves of ( L
r r +
) and ( L
r
). Neglecting the terms
which are small in second order yields:

( ) ( )
( )

c r s d c s d c
r r r
L L
= =

+
2
r r r r
.
The difference of the circulation can be
expressed by the specific circulation as follows:
r = .
Comparing the last two equations, the change of the
moment of momentum

c r with respect to r is
expressed by the following equation:
( ) r c r =

2
. (15)
By using the expressions developed above the value
of the circulation
r
at any arbitrary radius r in
the interval of
K B
r r r
is calculated:
( )

= =
r
r
B B r
B
dr c r c r

2
. (16)
Of course, the integral of the specific circulation
with respect to r between the inlet- and outlet
cross-section of the impeller provides the total
circulation
BK

of the impeller. Considering

equations (13), (14), (15) and (16), we arrive at the
relationship for the peripheral component

f
of the
constrain force :

2 r
w
f
r
=
. (17)
The meridional velocity component
r
w and the
specific circulation depend on the state of the
operation and so consequently the constrain force
also depends on the operating conditions of the
pump.
Fig.3.

Since in real cases the number of the blades N of a
pump is finite, the energy transfer between the fluid
and the blades is carried out only along the blades,
but it isnt taking place continuously in the annulus
domain determined by the interval of
K B
r r r . It
is easy to see that blade circulation comes from
only the specific circulations placed on the blades
and the absolute flow is vortex-free in the domain
between any two neighbouring blades. Similarly to
Equ.(14) the line integral of the absolute velocity
for the closed curve (
r
G
) belonging to any arbitrary
radius r (see Fig.3.) can be written down..
By using Stokes theory yields:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(
(

+ + = =
r L L r G
suc pre B r
s d c s d c N s d c s d c s d c
r r r r r r r r r r
0
.
Comparing this equation with Equ.(14), it is evident
that the circulation
r
can be determined by the
line integrals of the absolute velocity along the
curve sections (
suc
L
) and (
pre
L
) placed on the
suction and pressure sides of the blades:
( ) ( )
| |
( )
( )
s d c c N s d c s d c N
r s
r s
pre suc
L L
r
B pre suc
r r r r r r r
=
(
(

=

=0
.
The circulation
r

can also be expressed by a

specific vortex distribution
blade

placed on the
blade sections as it is well known in the field of the
hydro-dynamical cascade theory:
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210
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )

= = =
= =
r s
blade
r s
r s
t
r s
r s
r
ds N ds c N s d c N
B B
0 0 0

r r
. (18)
By using equations (15), (16) and (18) it is possible
to develop the connection between the specific
circulation belonging to infinite number of the
blades and the vortex distribution
blade

attached to
the finite number N of the blades as follows:
dr
ds
N
blade
=
. (19)
The specific vortex distribution
blade

is obtained
from the solution of the second task of the hydro-
dynamical cascade theory relating to the absolute
non-viscous fluid flow [1].
For the 2-D flow on the mean surface (F) of the
radial-flow impeller (see Fig.1.) the equation of
continuity is
( ) 0 = +

c
c r
r
r
. (20)
The equation expressing the condition that the
absolute flow is vortex-free can be written as
follows:
( ) 0 =

r
c
c r
r
. (21)
To find the unknown distributions of the velocity
components ( ) , r c
r
and
( )

, r c
it is necessary to
write down the boundary conditions belonging to
the system of partial differential equations (20) and
(21). These boundary conditions can be written at
B
r r = (at the inlet section of the impeller) :
B r r
c c =
;
B
c c

=
,and at
K
r r = (at the outlet section
of the impeller) :
K r r
c c =
;
K
c c

=
.
As it is well known, the specific vortex distribution
blade

, which is hydro-dynamically represented the

blade effect, can be determined by applying the
following numerical procedure.
The 2-D flow on the mean surface (F) of the
impeller can be mapped onto the one on a complex
plane. Since the absolute flow remains vortex-free
on this plane, the expressions for the determination
of the velocity distribution can be obtained by the
solution of a Poisson-like partial differential
equation by using the theory of potentials. The
kinematical conditions of the relative flow can also
be written down, which expresses that the blade
section is a streamline of the relative flow. The
specific vortex distribution
blade

can be looked for

as a form of a trigonometric series. By substituting
this series into the governing equations and
satisfying the kinematical conditions at discrete
points along the blade sections the unknown
coefficients of the series can be calculated by
solving a system of linear equations. Knowing these
coefficients, the current vortex distribution, the
components of the constrain force, the velocity and
pressure distribution along the blade sections and
the bladed space of the impeller, the characteristics
of optimal state of the impeller and the theoretical
characteristics of the impeller can be calculated,
belonging to different operating states of the
impeller [3].

4. The Viscous Fluid Flow in the Bladed Space of
the Impeller
For the relative viscous fluid flow in the bladed
space of the impeller the equation of continuity is
( ) 0 = w div
r
. (22)
The equation of motion in relative system can be
written as follows :

( )

Div
u p
f w w w
1
2
2
2
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
r
r r r r
. (23)
The form of the equation of energy for the relative
flow is

Div
w u w p
w =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
r
r
2 2
2 2
, (24)
where is factor expressed by the effect of the
peripheral thickness of the blades.
By using Equ.(8) we can employ the same notation
for the slope of the relative velocity and the ratio
between the components of the shear stress as
follows:
rz
z
r
w
w
t

= =
. (25)
Let us introduce the following notations for the
relative pressure potential
2
2
u p
P =

(26)
and for the specific relative energy
2 2
2 2
u w p
E + =

. (27)
By using the notations mentioned above after
completing some algebraic computations the
equation of energy will have the form:
z
t
z r
E
z rz

+ =
. (28)
Considering the equations (12) and (25) we get the
following expression:
2 2 2 2
1 1 t
t
t
z
rz z rz
+ = + = + =

. (29)
By applying Equ.(29) the previous form of the
energy equation (28) can be rearranged again :
z r
E
t

=
+
2
1
. (30)
Equ.(30) is directly available to determine the
distribution of the shear stress in the relative flow.
Analogously to the flow in a pipe, we introduce a
dimensionless friction coefficient for the
calculation of the frictional energy loss by
satisfying the following conditions:
The frictional elementary energy loss
'
S
e d
in the
direction of the relative streamlines in the bladed
space of the impeller on the elementary length dl
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211
can be expressed by the dimensionless friction
coefficient , the average relative velocity w
~

referring to the cross-section of the blade channel
and the hydraulic diameter
H
D
of the cross-
section of the blade channel:
2
~2
'
w
D
dl
e d
H
S
=
, (31)
where the hydraulic diameter
H
D is expressed in
the following form:
r
Nb
b
d
N
r
b
d
N
r
b
D
H

2
2
sin
2
2
sin
2
4
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
.
(32)
The shear velocity
*
w can also be interpreted [2]
for the relative viscous fluid flow and its
connection with the average relative velocity w
~

and the dimensionless friction coefficient is
similar to that of the pipe:
2
*
~
8
|
.
|

\
|
=
w
w
. (33)
The value of the friction coefficient varies
along the blade channel.

Equ.(31) can be rearranged by using Equ.(33), and
the frictional elementary energy loss
'
S
e d
can be
also expressed by the elementary changing of the
specific relative energy E :
dE dr t
D
w w
D
d r dr
w
w
e d
H H
S
= + =
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
*
2 2 2 2
2
* '
1 4
2
~
~
8

. (34)
Making a comparison between Equ.(30) and
Equ.(34) we get the ordinary differential equation
for the determination of the shear stress :
H
D
w
z
2
*
4

=
. (35)
In equations (30) and (35) the co-ordinate z is an
argument and the other co-ordinate
r
is a
parameter. By integrating Equ.(35) with respect to
z , the distribution of the shear stress can be
calculated along the co-ordinate surfaces
determined by = r constant. Applying the boundary
condition of ( ) 0 0 = for the shear stress , the
following expression is derived for the distribution
of [2]:
z
D
w
H
2
*
4 =
. (36)
Knowing the distribution of the shear stress , it is
possible to determine the relative turbulent velocity
field in the meridional channel of the impeller. The
shear stress can be expressed by the Krmn s
and Prandtls formula [2]:
z
w
z
w
L

2
=
, (37)
where L is the mixing length. Introducing the
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
2
: ) 2 , 1 (
b
z where i
z
z
x
i
i
(38)
dimensionless co-ordinate, we will apply the
following approximate second order function for
the distribution of the mixing length L :
( ) ( ) 1 0 ; 1
4
2
= x x
b
L
. (39)
In our case
1
z <0 and
2
z >0 is valid (see Fig.1. and
Fig.4.) By using experimental data [2], we will use
the following value : 417 . 0 = .

Fig.4.

Equ.(36) for calculation of the shear stress can be
rearranged by using the dimensionless co-ordinates
given by Equ.(38):
x
D
w
z
z
b
H i
i
2
*
2 =
( , ) i = 1 2 . (40)
Let us apply the dimensionless co-ordinates to form
Equ.(37) too.
Considering the equation obtained this way and
Equ.(40), we will get the following differential
equation for the determination of the relative
velocity distribution :
x
D
w b
x
w
L
H
2
*
3
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

( ) 1 0 x . (41)
By the solution of the differential equation (41) the
distribution of the dimensionless relative velocity
with respect to z (this direction is perpendicular to
the direction of the main flow), can be determined
by
( )
*
max 1
*
tan 2
1
1
ln
2 1
w
w
x
x
x
D
b
w
w
H
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+

, (42)
where :
max
w
the maximum of the relative
velocity w (the value of the relative velocity at
x =0).
*
max
w
w
can be calculated by the fitting of the relative
velocity distribution given by Equ.(42) to the
relative velocity distribution in the laminar basic
layer at the co-ordinates of the
+ =
1
z z
and
=
2
z z
(see Fig.1. and Fig.4.), where is the
Transfer inovci 6/2003 2003
212
thickness of the laminar basic layer near the wetted
walls of the impeller.
Omitting the details of the computations, the
expression for calculating the value of
*
max
w
w
can be
written as:
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
2 ln ln
2 1 2
*
*
max

b D
b w
D
b
w
w
H H
. (43)
The thickness of the laminar basic layer can be
expressed with a well known formula introduced by
Prandtl:

= B
w
*
, (44)
where B =11.635 [2] and is the kinematic
viscosity of the fluid.
The expression for the calculation of the average
relative velocity
~
w referring to the cross-section of
the blade channel can be developed from Equ.(42)
by applying equations (43) and (44) in
dimensionless form:
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = 4
2 4
ln
2 1
2
2
ln
2 1
~
*
*

B
D
b
D
b
B
b w
D
b
w
w
H H H
.
(45)
Knowing the distribution of w
~
- by using the
analogy to the flow in a pipe - it is possible to
determine the frictional energy loss in the
rectangular blade channel. Considering equations
(33) and (45) after completing the necessary
rearrangements and the substitution of the values of
B and , the following expression is obtained to
calculate the value of the dimensionless friction
factor as follows:

( )
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = 230 . 5 861 . 6 ln Re ln 199 . 1
1
H H H
D
b
D
b
D
b

, (46)
where Re is the Reynolds number relating to the
hydraulic diameter
H
D
of the cross-section of the
blade channel which will have the form:

H
D w
~
Re =
. (47)
Equ.(46) is applicable to calculate the value of
if the inner walls of the impeller wetted by the
fluid are hydraulically smooth walls. This case is
realized if the k inequality for the roughness
height k is satisfied.
When the inner walls of the impeller wetted by the
fluid are hydraulically rough walls, the next
equation - similarly to the formula developed by
Colebrook - can be used to calculate the value of
:
( )
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 230 . 5 861 . 6 ln Re ln 199 . 1
715 . 3
1
ln 85 . 0
1
H H H H
D
b
D
b
D
b
D
k

, (48)
where
H
D
k
is the relative roughness height.
The average relative velocity w
~
can be obtained by
solving Equ.(22) of the continuity. First let us write
down the connection between the average relative
velocity w
~
and its components by using equations
(11) and (25):
2 2 2
1
~ ~ ~ ~
t w w w w
r r
+ = + =

. (49)
Equ.(22) of the continuity and Equ.(49) are
available to get expression to calculate the value of
w
~
as follows:
2
1
2
~
t
b r
Q
w + =

, (50)
where:
Q
is the volume rate of the flow
r
d N

2
1 =

is the factor considered the effect of the blade
thickness (51)

d
is the blade thickness in the direction of the co-
ordinate
For the solution of the turbulent flow in the bladed
space of the impeller it is necessary to rearrange
Equ.(23) of motion. Applying the notations in
equations (25) and (26) and using Equ.(22) of
continuity, the Equ.(23) of motion can be written
down in scalar form:
z
w t ctg f
r
t
r d
d
w
r
P
rz
r r

1
2
1 1
2
2
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
| +
+
,(52a)
z
w f
r d
d w t
r
t
w
z
r
r
r

1
2
2
2
+ =
, (52b)
r r z
P
rz rz




1 1
+ =
. (52c)
Let us see the main steps needed for rearranging of
Equ.(52). First, by Equ.(29) the components of the
shear stress are expressed by . Then applying
equations (30), (33) and (34) all the terms in
Equ.(52) which contain the slope of the shear stress
are also rearranged. The new form of Equ.(52) are
applied on the mean surface (F) where the value of
is equal to zero (see Equ.(36)). We
approximately neglected the slope of the shear
stress component
rz
with respect to r , which
caused that the slope of the relative pressure
potential with respect to z is neglected too. So we
can write down Equ.(52) of motion on the mean
surface (F) of the impeller by substituting the
average relative velocity w
~
in it. Finally we have
got only two scalar equations. The first equation is
an ordinary differential equation which serves the
slope of the relative pressure potential:

2
2
2
2
2
1
~
2
1
2
~
~
1
1
~
t
w
D
t
t u
w
r
w
r d
d
t
w
ctg f
r d
P d
H
F
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
+
+ =

.
(53)
The second equation is also an ordinary
differential equation which serves the slope of the
relative velocity on surface (F):
Transfer inovci 6/2003 2003
213
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
~
2
~
1
t t
D
t
r w
u
r d
d t
f
w
t
r d
t d
H
+ + +
+
=

,
(54)
where u is the peripheral velocity at any arbitrary
radius r .
Applying equations (30), (33) and (34) the
following differential equation can be developed for
determining the slope of the frictional energy loss:
2 2
'
1
~
2
t w
D r d
e d
H
s
+ =

. (55)
Equ.(55) is available to calculate the slope of the
frictional energy loss with respect to r . These three
ordinary differential equations form a system of
ordinary differential equations. For the numerical
solution of the task it is necessary to known the
component

f
of the constrain force which can be
derived by using equations (17), (19) and (49) as
follows:
2
1
~
2
t
w
r
f
+
=

. (56)
The system of the ordinary differential equations
(53), (54) and (55) can be solved by Runge-Kutta
method on the mean surface (F) by using equations
(46), (47), (48), (50) and (56). The solution given
by this way serves the distribution of the relative
pressure potential ( ) r P
F
, the slope of the average
relative velocity ( ) r t
and specific energy loss
( ) r e
s
'

with respect to r . Equ.(54) by the limit of 0 is
directly available to determine the distribution of
the average relative velocity
( ) r t
id
with respect to r
in the case of non-viscous fluid.
5. Application of the Calculation Method
Computerised solution as an application of the
numerical method presented above is illustrated by
a numerical investigation of the flow in the impeller
of a radial-flow pump designed by cylindrical
blades with constant thickness. The drawing of
main cross-section of the pump can be seen in Fig.
5.















Fig.5
This pump (noted by P1) was designed,
manufactured and experimentally tested by PIDV
measurement methods in Otto-von-Guericke
Universitt in Magdeburg. The results of the
numerical investigation are only presented here.
Fig.6. shows the drawing of the back
shroud of the impeller wherein the shape of
the cylindrical blades and the main
dimensions of the impeller can be
seen.

Fig.6.
In Fig.7. and Fig.8. the pressure distributions
along the blades in the case of non-viscous fluid
and the average pressure distributions in the case of
viscous fluid in the blade-channel are plotted
belonging to five the same different volume rates.
Fig.7. shows the pressure distributions when it is
supposed that the wetted walls of the impeller
hydraulically smooth. Fig.8. shows the same
pressure distributions in case of hydraulically rough
wetted walls when the roughness height k is equal
to 0.002 mm.
The current volume rate is noted by
Q
and the
volume rate at the optimal state of the pump by
o
Q
.






















Transfer inovci 6/2003 2003
214
Under the title of the figure the current values of the
angle
B
determined by the direction of the
absolute velocity at inlet section of the impeller and
the optimal volume rate
o
Q
are plotted. In every
numerically investigated cases the ratio between the
actual and the optimal volume rates are plotted on
the bottom of the individual small figures. Under
the title of the figure the current values of the
roughness height k and the angle
B
are also
plotted. The dashed lines show the pressure
distribution along the suction- and pressure sides of
the blade in the case of non-viscous fluid. The
average pressure distributions in the blade-channel
in the case of viscous fluid obtained by the solution
of Equ.(53) are plotted by solid lines.


Fig.7.




Fig.8.

In Fig.9. and in Fig.10. the slopes of the
average relative velocity ( ) r t are shown,
belonging to the same different volume rates, as in
Fig.7. and in Fig.8. The structure of all the figures
given below are totally similar to the previous two
ones. The distributions plotted in Fig.9. belong to
hydraulically smooth walls and the distributions
plotted in Fig.10. belong to hydraulically rough
walls of the impeller. The solid thick lines show the
results in the case of viscous fluid by the solution of
Equ.(54) and the dashed lines are used to show the
distributions in the case of non-viscous fluid. The
slopes of the blade section are plotted by solid thin
lines in all sub-figures.

Fig.9.

Fig.10.
Transfer inovci 6/2003 2003
215
In Fig.11. and Fig.12. the relative streamlines
of the flow can be seen determined by numerical
integration of the slopes of the average relative
velocity ( ) r t belonging to the same cases as it was
in Fig.9. and in Fig.10. are plotted. In the last two
figures the solid thin lines also show the
distributions belonging to the blade sections.


Fig.11.



Fig.12.

Fig.13. shows the meridional (or in other word
the radial component of the) velocity distribution
belonging to five different states of the pump. The
current volume rate is noted by
Q
and the volume
rate at the optimal state of the pump by
o
Q
. Under
the title of the figure the current values of the angle
B

determined by the direction of the absolute

velocity at inlet section of the impeller and the
optimal volume rate
o
Q
are plotted. The values of
the ratios between the actual
Q
and optimal
o
Q

volume rates also can also be seen under the title of
this figure. The first actual ratio of
o
Q
Q
belongs to
the bottom curve and the last actual ratio of
o
Q
Q

belongs to the upper curve in Fig.13.



Fig.13.

6. References

|1| CZIBERE, T.: Solution of the Two Main
Problems of the Hydrodynamic Cascade Theory by
the Theory of Potentials (in Hungarian), Thesis for
D.Sc., Miskolc, 1965.
[2] CZIBERE, T.: Die Berechnung der turbulenten
Strmung in den Beschaufeelten Rumen von
Strmungsmaschinen, Mitteilungen des Pfleiderer-
Instituts fr Strmungsmaschinen, Kolloquium
Strmungsmaschinen, pp. 97-104., Braunschweig,
1994.
|3| KALMR, L.: Numerical Method for Viscous
Flow in Radial-Flow Pumps (in Hungarian), Thesis
for Ph.D., Miskolc, 1997.
|4| PAP, E. LANCKE,A. - KALMR, L.:
Untersuchung des Einflusses auf das Strmungsfeld
im Radialen Pumpenlaufrad bei der Frderung vom
Gas-Flssigkeitsgemisch, GP 2001/3-4., LII.
vfolyam, pp. 43-49., Budapest, 2001.
|5| KALMR, L. PAP, E.: Experimental and
Theoretical Investigations of the Flow in Different
Radial Pump Impellers, Conference on Modelling
Fluid Flow, CMFF03, pp.1016-1023., Budapest,
2003.