Name: ____________________________ Date Performed: ____________________ PROPERTIES OF n/2 LINES Experiment No. 3 I.

OBJECTIVES

Rating: _______________ Date Submitted: _________________

1. To discover t e resonance of a !ine for " ic t e !ine is an integra! number of a!f#"ave!engt !ong. $. To observe t e effect of attenuation on a resonance. 3. To observe t e 1:1 impedance#transforming propert% of a !oss!ess a!f# "ave!engt !ine. II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION & en a !ine is terminated b% an% ot er impedance t an t e c aracteristic impedance' a signa! on t e !ine is ref!ected. (n a rea! !ine' energ% is associated "it t e ref!ected signa!. Suppose t at bot ends of t e !ine are terminated so t at t e% absorb no energ% and t at energ% !osses in t e !ine are sma!!: an% signa! on t e !ine must t en be tota!!% ref!ected bac) and fort bet"een t e t"o ends. *ecause t ere is a finite time of trave! bet"een t e t"o ends' "e ma% expect t at a c%c!e of ref!ection bet"een t e t"o ends "i!! ave a particu!ar fre+uenc%. , re!ated p enomenon in t is is ca!!ed t e -resonance..

III. REQUIRED MATERIALS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 $ 1 # # # # # # # # # # T/D011 1Transmission !ine demonstrator2 3eedbac) 4P5678 13unction 5enerator2 17) Terminator 1)8 Terminator 07R Terminator 677R Terminator $77R Terminator 1179 Terminator /in)s $ or : ; anne! <sci!!oscope

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IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Part A L!n" O#"n$%!r%&!t '(t) "n*+ 1. ;onnect t e apparatus as in figure 1

F!,&r" $. Set t e fre+uenc% to 1AB and its output to 84 p)#to#p). 3. Set t e T/D011 contro!s as fo!!o"s: i. o!d>run ii. !ine !engt iii. distributed attenuation set to .r&n. set to .L. set to C/!n.

:. Turn on t e generator and T/D011 and observe t e be avior of t e !ine. Dnder t ese conditions %ou ma% Eust see a sma!! signa! near t e -*. end of t e !ine' but t e 17) input resistance is c!ear!% cutting do"n t e generator signa! considerab!%. 0. Raise t e fre+uenc% about 7.$AB at a time unti! it approac $AB and observe t e disp!a% at eac step. Ta)e particu!ar care' and rat er sma!!er steps as %ou approac $AB: near t is fre+uenc% %ou "i!! a!so need to "ait severa! seconds after eac adEustment before its fu!! effect can be seen. *% fine adEustment of t e fre+uenc% %ou s ou!d be ab!e to obtain disp!a% osci!!ating. S)etc t e out!ine of t e "ave pattern.

Tab!e 1

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6. Disconnect t e 17) resistor and observe t e osci!!ation dies a"a% on!% gradua!!%. F. Return t e 17) resistor. Note t at t e osci!!ation ta)es a !itt!e " i!e to bui!d up again. 8. Raise t e fre+uenc% furt er. 3ind t e resonant fre+uencies. S)etc t e s ape of t e "ave in eac case t at %ou get t e resonant fre+uencies. 3re+uenc%: 0 12

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3re+uenc%: 3 12

3re+uenc%: 4 12

Ta'5" 2

Part II L!n" 6!t) S)(rt$%!r%&!t "n*+ Properties of n=>$ ?Experiment No.3@ Page :

1. Dse t e 07R resistor and a !in)' connected as in figure $

F!,&r" 2 $. ,gain' adEust t e generator to find t e resonant fre+uencies' and s)etc t e "aveform in Tab!e 3. 3re+uenc%: -.2 12

3re+uenc%: -.3 12

3re+uenc%: -.4 12 Properties of n=>$ ?Experiment No.3@ Page 0

Ta'5" 0 Part III Att"n&at!(n an* Da/#!n, 1. ;onnect t e apparatus as in figure 3

F!,&r" 0 $. ,dEust t e generator to a fre+uenc% of $AB' and amp!itude Eust fi!!ing t e eig t of t e disp!a% co!umn.

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3. Turn t e distributed attenuation contro! to -maxC and note t e signa! at t e end -*. end of t e !ine. Ga)e an estimate of t e reduction factor b% var%ing t e attenuation contro!. :. Set t e distributed attenuation contro! bac) to -min. and t e !ine !engt to -/.. 0. Reconnect t e apparatus as in F!,&r" 6. ,dEust t e generator amp!itude unti! t e vo!tage at t e -,. end !ig ts about four#fift s of t e !eft# and co!umn' and c ec) t at t e generator is accurate!% tuned for maximum vo!tage. T en adEust t e amp!itude so t at t e !eft# and co!umn is Eust !it to its fu!! !engt . F. Turn t e distributed attenuator contro! to -max.. & at appened to t e signa! as it propagates a!ong t e !ineH S)etc t e output "aveform in Tab!e :.

Ta'5" 3 & at appened to t e resonant fre+uenc% as t e attenuation and propagation ve!ocit% c angeH The Resonant Frequency decreases as the attenuation and propagation velocity changes.

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Part IV 1a57$8a9"5"n,t) a+ a - - Tran+7(r/"r 1. ;onnect t e apparatus as s o"n in figure :' omitting I $ and ma)ing I1 J 677R.

F!,&r" 3 $. Set t e distributed attenuation contro! to :/!n;. 3. Set t e fre+uenc% of t e generator to 212' and its amp!itude to max 1not exceeding $74 p)#to#p)2.

T e impedance presented b% t e -,. end of t e !ine is no" 677R resistive' and connected in t e position indicated b% I in figure 0. T us t e K c anne! of t e osci!!oscope is driven at $74p)#p) and t e L c anne! is driven b% $7m4 " ere m is I>117)M N I2. T e osci!!oscope "i!! trace out a !ine representing t e e+uation % Jmx. (f t e K sensitivit% is set to 04>div and t e L sensitivit% to 7.$4>div %ou s ou!d obtain a !ine across t e screen. ,dEust t e s ift contro!s unti! it passes t roug t e center.

FIGURE <

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3ind t e va!ue of m: 0/2 :. 4ar% t e fre+uenc% a !itt!e up and do"n. <bserve and s)etc t e trace in Tab!e 0.

Tab!e 0 0. Transfer t e 677R terminator from I1 to t e I$ position. 4ar% t e fre+uenc% up and do"n. <bserve t e fre+uenc% t at "i!! ma)e a sing!e trace and s)etc t e trace in Tab!e 6.

Tab!e 6 6. Tr% t e same test "it t e $77R' and 1.8O terminators. Lou ma% need to adEust t e L sensitivit% of t e osci!!oscope for eac one to get a usefu! trace. S)etc t e trace in Tab!e F and 8.

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2==R Tab!e F

-.>K T"r/!nat(r Tab!e 8

F. Tr% t e same procedure "it t e capacitive terminator 1117Q32. S)etc t e grap in Tab!e 8.

Ca#a%!t!9" T"r/!nat(r ?--=&F@ Tab!e P

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V. QUESTION AND ANS8ER 1. (n Tab!e $' a!! %our s)etc es s ou!d s o" a common feature concerning t e positions of vo!tage maxima. & at is itH ,ns"ers: ,t t e points of vo!tage maxima and minima on a s ort#circuited or open circuited !ine' t e !ine impedance is resistive. <n a s ort#circuited !ine' eac point at an odd number of +uarter#"ave!engt s from t e receiving end as ig impedance. (f t e fre+uenc% of t e app!ied vo!tage to t e !ine is varied' t is impedance decreases as t e effective !engt of t e !ine c anges. T is variation is exact!% t e same as t e c anges in t e impedances of a para!!e!#resonant circuit " en t e app!ied fre+uenc% is varied. $. 3or eac resonant fre+uenc% of %our data in Tab!e $' note t e number of "ave!engt s in t e !ine. & at common statement app!ies to ever% caseH ,ns"ers: 3or transmission !ine at s ort circuit' t e resonant fre+uencies correspond to R "ave!engt s in t e !ine. 3. (n Tab!e 3' " at genera! statement can %ou ma)e about t e s ape of t e vo!tage "ave in t is caseH ,ns"ers: T e "ave is osci!!ator% or becomes damped since t ere is no terminator or opposite force acting on t e circuit. :. (n Tab!e 3' " at genera! statement can %ou ma)e about t e resonant fre+uencies in t is caseH ,ns"ers: T e !o"er t e damping ratio t e more osci!!ator% t e response "i!! be' t e ig er t e pea) response in fre+uenc% response " i!e a damping ratio greater t an 1 "i!! ave no osci!!ations in t e step response' and no pea) in t e fre+uenc% response. Signa! attenuation reduces t e signa! amp!itude 1t e signa! attenuation and damping ratio are used to reduce t e amp!itude of t e s%stem.2 0. (n Part (4 procedure 0' if t e fre+uenc% is not rig t it broadens out into a !oop' " %H ,ns"ers: Les' since t e !ine is unmatc ed t erefore it "i!! resu!t to a broader !ine !oop. 6. (n Part (4 procedure F' " % is t e trace near!% a circ!eH ,ns"ers: T e trace is near!% a circ!e t e impedance curve is off to"ards t e negative x#axis and t e impedance transformation circ!e a!ong a transmission !ine " ose c aracteristic impedance Io is sma!!er t an t at of t e input cab!e.

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VI. CONLUSION ,t t e end of t e experiment' ( am capab!e to discover t e resonance of a !ine for " ic t e !ine is an integra! number of a!f#"ave!engt !ong. *eing competent to "itness t e effect of attenuation on a resonance. ,nd !ast!% to observe t e 1:1 impedance#transforming propert% of a !oss!ess a!f# "ave!engt !ine. , resonant !ine as a finite !engt and is not terminated in its c aracteristics impedance t erefore ref!ections of energ% do occur. T e !oad impedance is different from t e Io of t e !ine t erefore t e input impedance ma% not be pure!% resistive but ma% ave reactive components. Tuning devices are used to e!iminate t e reactance and to bring about maximum po"er transfer from t e source to t e !ine. VII. OBSERVATION T e Resonant 3re+uenc% decreases as t e attenuation and propagation ve!ocit% c anges. T e !o"er t e damping ratio t e more osci!!ator% t e response "i!! be' t e ig er t e pea) response in fre+uenc% response " i!e a damping ratio greater t an 1 "i!! ave no osci!!ations in t e step response' and no pea) in t e fre+uenc% response. Signa! attenuation reduces t e signa! amp!itude 1t e signa! attenuation and damping ratio are used to reduce t e amp!itude of t e s%stem.2 , s orted a!f#"ave!engt !ine acts !i)e a series resonant circuit " i!e a s orted +uarter# "ave!engt !ine acts !i)e a para!!e! circuit. , !oss!ess a!f#"ave acts as 1:1transformer' enab!ing t e impedance terminating t e !ine at one end to be presented at t e termina!s of t e ot er end. VIII.CAUSES OF ERRORS &rong construction of circuit. T e student did not appre end t e procedure. T e e+uipment is not proper!% functioned Some of t e directions sta% not c!arified "e!!.

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