Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Title Pages
Content 1
Reflection 8
Bibliography 9
Appendices 10
1
LITERARY ELEMENTS / KEY FEATURES
THEMES:
• A broad idea, message or lesson that is conveyed by a work
• It is may be about life, society or human nature
• It’s often explore timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather than
stated explicitly
( Obstfeld, Raymond :2002 )
• The central or dominant idea of a work of fiction
( Dr Kristi Siegel, http://www.kristisiegel.com )
• Traditionally means a recurrent element of subject matter
• Modern insistence on simultaneous references to form and content emphasizes
the formal dimension of the terms
• Themes always a subject, but a subject is not always a themes
Peter Childs and Roger Fowler, The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms
PLOT:
• The sequence of interrelated events arranged to form a logical and achieve an
intended effect
( Polking, K :1990 )
• Exposition - the explanation of the story's premise and background material
necessary for the reader to understand the story
• Crisis - the peak in the story's action. The moment of highest dramatic tension
• Climax - the scene which presents the story's decisive action
• Resolution or denouement - the outcome of the story--the information that ties
up all (or many) of the story's loose ends
( Dr Kristi Siegel, http://www.kristisiegel.com )
• A term of highly varied status
• It can mean just the paraphrasable story of a work
2
• Simple narrative line which we can then flesh out b considering character and
description, tone and texture, pattern and myth
• Plot is a compositional whole
Seymour Chatman, Story and Discourse (1978);
Tzvetan Todorov, The Poetics of Prose (1977)
SETTING:
• Setting includes the times, location, circumstances, and characters
• Everything in which a story takes places , and provided the main backdrop and
mood for a story
• Setting has been referred to as story world or milieu to include a context
( especially society ) beyond the immediate surroundings of the story
• Element of setting may include culture, historical period, geography, and hour
( Rozelle, Ron : 2005 )
• The historical, physical, geographical, and psychological location where a
fictional work takes place
( Dr Kristi Siegel, http://www.kristisiegel.com )
• The physical backdrop of the tale
• The historical background and cultural attitudes of a given places and time, the
mood of a time, and how the story people talk
Jack M. Bickham, The Element Of Fiction Writing
CHARACTER:
• Representation of a person in a narrative or dramatic work of art
• Derived from ancient Greek word kharakter through its Latin transciption
character
• A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of
people is known as a type
Braiman J ( 2007 ), http://www.mrbraiman.com
• Round characters are usually main characters and are fully developed so that
the reader can understand their personality and motivations.
• Flat characters are usually minor characters who are barely developed or may
be stereotypes
3
• A foil is a character who serves to contrast with another character. A hypocritical
character, for example, may help emphasize the hero/heroine's honesty
( Dr Kristi Siegel, http://www.kristisiegel.com )
• The frictional representation of a person, which is likely to change
• Ideas of the place of the human in the social order, of human individuality and
self-determination
• Characters are not simply represented verbally but inpersonated by actors
• A situation often used to explore the paradoxes of being or identity themselves
Leo Lowenthal, Literature and the Image of Man (1957)
4
A FLOOD AND ITS AFTERMATH
I was swinging in the park when my friend told me to go home. He said the
dark clouds that had been gathering all morning is going to give way to thunderous
roars of rain.
We ran back into our houses and waited for the rain to stop. We thought it was
just a thunderstorm that would stop in an hour or so. It was a thunderstorm all right but
we never guessed it would continue way beyond one hour. In fact, it rained and rained
with undiminished intensity all that afternoon. By dusk, we knew that if the rain did not
stop we were going to face the possibility of flood.
Just after dusk, our fears became reality. The swollen river 100 meters from
my house overflowed its banks and the water swept quickly through the neighborhood.
My mother was so nervous because the water came faster than before. Actually my
neighborhood always floods stricken but this time, it is more extreme than usual.
Frantically we worked to put our precious belongings onto higher safer place.
However ten minutes was not exactly enough time to do anything effective. My father
asked me and my brothers to help him to raise the electronics equipment onto the
cupboard. My sisters help my mother packed all the clothes and important documents
into a big bag.
Soon it became obvious that we had to leave the houses. The police arrived
urging everyone to evacuate to higher ground. Reluctantly but quickly my parents,
brothers, sisters, and I waded out of our house empty-handed into some lorries
provided by the police. My neighbors did the same.
As the lorries made their way to a flood-relief center, I glanced back at my
house to see that the flood waters had already risen up to the windows. This was the
most terrible flood I think. My family agreed with me. My father said this was the most
terrible food since he first came here twenty years ago.
5
We spent the night at the flood-relief center. There were about a hundred of us
gloomy-faced and teary-eyed about what had happened. Fortunately no lives were lost.
The news said the flood was cause by unpredictable rained that afternoon.
Late night the rain stopped. When morning came we were able to return to our
houses. What awaited us was far worse than the dreadful night at the flood-relief center.
What were once cozy homes were covered with slimy mud. A good half meter of wet
slush was on the floor. The walls, cupboards, beds, furniture – everything was covered
with mud!
The flood has wrecked the gate and some windows. Piles of rubbish were
stuck to the fence. My father’s once shiny red car was now a dirty muddy mess. My
bicycle was half buried in mud. It was mud, mud everywhere! It drove everybody crazy
cleaning up the huge mess the flood had left behind.
We spent a good week cleaning up our house. Our neighbors were all busy
too bringing their houses back to reasonable condition. Things are back to normal now;
well almost normal anyway. Every time it rains, we are reminded of the flood. We pray
silently that it will not happen again. It was a really bad, terrible experience to me.
6
7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITE AND INTERNET
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/portals:arts/literature_devices
• Dr Kristi Siegel
Professor of English, Chair-Language, Literature and Communication
Division, Director, English Graduate Program, Acting Chair, world
Language, Mount-Mary College
http://www.mrbraiman.com
• Braiman J (2007)
BOOKS
8
9
Basic Literary Terms
(Adapted from Literature: Reacting, Writing)
10
the angle from which a story is told; i.e., the type of
narrator the author chooses to use
11
the attitude of the speaker or author of a work toward the
Tone
subject matter
a person, object, action, place, or event that in addition to
Symbol its literal or denotative meanings suggests a more
complex meaning or range of meanings
Allegory a story with two parallel and consistent levels of meaning,
on literal and one figurative
Poetry terms
Drama terms
Theme:
A broad idea, message, or lesson that is conveyed by a work. The message may be
about life, society, or human nature. Themes often explore timeless and universal
ideas and may be implied rather than stated explicitly. Along with plot, character,
setting, and style, theme is considered one of the fundamental components of
fiction.( Obstfeld, Raymond (2002))
Plot:
12
in fiction, the plot is a sequence of interrelated events arranged to form a logical
pattern and achieve an intended effect.[1] Along with character, setting, theme, and
style, plot is considered one of the fundamental components of fiction.[2] Aristotle
wrote in Poetics that mythos is the most important element of storytelling.( Polking,
K (1990).)
Character:
13
14
Plot (narrative)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In fiction, the plot is a sequence of interrelated events
arranged to form a logical pattern and achieve an intended
effect.[1] Along with character, setting, theme, and style, plot
is considered one of the fundamental components of
fiction.[2] Aristotle wrote in Poetics that mythos is the most
important element of storytelling.
Contents
[hide] [hide]
• 1 Plot structure
○ 1.1 Exposition
○ 1.2 Conflict
○ 1.3 Rising action
○ 1.4 Climax
○ 1.5 Falling action
○ 1.6 Dénouement
(Resolution)
• 2 Plot devices
• 3 Plot outlines
• 4 Notes
• 5 References
• 6 See also
• 7 External links
[edit]Plot structure
15
Freytag's pyramid
17
A plot outline is a prose telling of a story to be turned into
a screenplay. Sometimes called a one page (one page
synopsis, about 1 - 3 pages). It is generally longer and more
detailed than a standard synopsis (1 - 2 paragraphs), but
shorter and less detailed than a treatment or a step outline.
There are different ways to do these outlines and they vary in
length.
In comics, an outline—often pluralised as outlines--refers to a
stage in the development where the story has been broken
down very loosely in a style similar to storyboarding in film
development.
The pencils will be very loose (i.e., the sketch rough), the
main aim being to lay out the flow of panels across a page,
ensure the story successfully builds suspense and to work out
points of view, camera angles and character positions within
panels. This can also be referred to as a plot outline or
a layout.
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
Obstfeld, Raymond (2002). Fiction First Aid: Instant
Remedies for Novels, Stories and Scripts. Cincinnati, OH:
Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 158297117x.
Polking, K (1990). Writing A to Z. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's
Digest Books. ISBN 0898794358.
18
Character (arts)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article or section has multiple
issues. Please help improve the
article or discuss these issues on
the talk page.
It contains too much jargon and
may need simplification or further
explanation. Tagged since August 2009.
Its neutrality is disputed. Tagged
since August 2009.
Its factual
accuracy is disputed. Tagged since
August 2009.
• 1 Classical analysis of
character
• 2 See also
• 3 References
• 4 Sources
“
The most important of these is the arrangement of
the incidents, for tragedy is not a representation of
men but of a piece of action, of life, of happiness
and unhappiness, which come under the head of
action, and the end aimed at is the representation
not of qualities of character but of some action;
and while character makes men what they are, it's
their actions and experiences that make them
happy or the opposite. They do not therefore act to
represent character, but character-study is
included for the sake of the action." [17] ”
21
In the Tractatus coislinianus (which may or may not be by
Aristotle), comedy is defined as involving three types of
characters: the buffoon (bômolochus), the ironist (eirôn) and
the imposteror boaster (alazôn).[18] All three are central
to Aristophanes' "Old comedy."[19]
Character was used to define dramatic genre; this is attested
in the works of the Roman playwright Plautus,[20] who was
almost certainly working from Greek sources.
His Amphitryonbegins with a prologue that discusses the
play's genre—since the play contains kings and gods, the
speaker Mercury claims, it can't be a comedy and must be
a tragicomedy.[21] Like much Roman comedy, it is probably
translated from an earlier Greek original, most commonly
held to be Philemon's Long Night, or Rhinthon's Amphitryon,
both now lost.[22].
22
Setting (literature)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Setting (fiction))
• 1 Role of
setting
• 2 Types of
setting
• 3 See also
• 4 Footnotes
• 5 Reference
s
[edit]Role of setting
Setting may take a key role in plot, as in man vs. nature or
man vs. society stories. In some stories the setting
23
becomes a character itself. [3] In such roles setting may be
considered aplot device or literary device.
[edit]Types of setting
Settings may take various forms:
Alternate history
Campaign setting
Constructed world
Dystopia
Fantasy world
Fictional country
Fictional location
Fictional universe
Future history
Imaginary world
Mythical place
Parallel universe
Planets in science fiction
Simulated reality
Virtual reality
Utopia
[edit]See also
Index of fictional places
List of fictional universes
[edit]Footnotes
3. ^ Rozelle, 2005, p. 2.
24
[edit]References
Obstfeld, Raymond (2002). Fiction First Aid: Instant
Remedies for Novels, Stories and Scripts. Cincinnati,
OH: Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 158297117x.
Rozelle, Ron (2005). Write Great Fiction: Description &
Setting. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. ISBN
158297327x.
Truby, John (2007). Anatomy of a Story: 22 Steps to
Becoming a Master Storyteller. New York, NY: Faber and
Faber, Inc. ISBN 9780865479517
Theme (literature)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A broad idea, message, or lesson that is conveyed by a work.
The message may be about life, society, or human nature.
Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and may
be implied rather than stated explicitly. Along
with plot, character, setting, and style, theme is considered
one of the fundamental components of fiction.[1]
Contents
[hide] [hide]
• 1 Classic themes
• 2 Techniques
○ 2.1 Leitwortst
il
○ 2.2 Thematic
patterning
• 3 See also
• 4 External links
25
• 5 Footnotes
• 6 References
[edit]Classic themes
Themes differ from culture to culture, but some themes
appear in many cultures, sometimes arising from their roots
in the oral traditions, including mythology.
[edit]Techniques
Various techniques may be used to express themes.
[edit]Leitwortstil
Leitwortstil is the purposeful repetition of words in a literary
piece that usually expresses a motif or theme important to
the story. This device dates back to the One Thousand and
One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, which
connects several tales together in a story cycle. The
storytellers of the tales relied on this technique "to shape the
constituent members of their story cycles into a coherent
whole."[2]
This technique is also used frequently in classical Hebrew
narratives.[3]
[edit]Thematic patterning
Thematic patterning is "the distribution of recurrent thematic
concepts and moralistic motifs among the various incidents
and frames of a story. Thematic patterning may be arranged
so as to emphasize the unifying argument or salient idea
which disparate events and disparate frames have in
common". This technique also dates back to the One
Thousand and One Nights.[4]
26
27