Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

A RELIABILITY BASED APPROACH FOR OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION USAGE AND LOSS ALLOCATION
Baseem Khan1, Ganga Agnihotri2, Anuprita Mishra3, Gaurav Gupta4
1, 2, 4

Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal, India 3 TIT, Bhopal, India.

ABSTRACT
Restructuring of Electricity supply industry introduced many concerns such as transmission pricing, transmission loss allocation and congestion management. Several methodologies and algorithms were proposed for addressing these issues. In this paper, a power flow tracing based method is proposed, which involves Matrices methodology for the transmission usage and loss allocation for generators and demands. After usage and loss allocation, its cost is allocated to generators and loads. This method provides loss allocation in a direct way because all the computation was previously done for usage allocation. Further transmission reliability margin allocation is done under normal and contingency condition. An N-1 reliability criterion is considered for contingency analysis. After usage and loss allocation, cooperative game theory is applied for finding efficient economic signals. Nucleolus and Shapely value approach is used for optimal allocation of results. Results are shown for the sample 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus system. A comparison is also done with other existing methods.

KEYWORDS
Modified Kirchhoff Matrix, Transmission usage allocation, Transmission Loss Allocation, Transmission reliability margin.

pf = Elements of Power Flow Matrix p = Active Power in Branch i j from Bus i to Bus j p = Net Flows on the Nodes K = Modified Kirchhoff Matrix k = Elements of Modified Kirchhoff Matrix kl = Elements of Kirchhoff Loss Matrix p = Transmission Loss in Line i-j in Actual Direction p = Transmission Loss in Line i-j in Counter Direction I= Identity Matrix P = Active Load Power P = Active Generation P = Number of Generators in Diagonal Matrix SFM= Supply Factor Matrix t = Elements of Supply Factor Matrix P = Number of Loads in Diagonal Matrix EFM= Extraction Factor Matrix

NOMENCLATURE

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

c = Transmission Loss Cost Allocated to Generator i for Line s-b P= Share of Generator i in the Transmission Loss of Line s-b p= Power Loss in Transmission Line s-b C = Usage Cost of the Line in Rs./MW () p , = Power flow on line g, after the outage in line h at load levelll

p = Loss in s-b Line r = Elements of Extraction Factor Matrix

p () = Original power flow on line g at load levelll

1. INTRODUCTION
Reformation of Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) has taken place around the world. The motive behind this restructuring is to introduce competition in the electricity supply industry. This restructuring consists of various new challenges such as transmission embedded cost allocation, transmission loss allocation, congestion management, etc. However, it is quite hard to introduce competition in the transmission sector due to its monopolistic nature i.e. it is impossible to build a separate transmission line for every generation and demand facility. Due to deregulation, the capacity margins of transmission lines is reduced because the number of participates on electric grid is increased. Hence grid ability to transfer power from generation to load within permissible voltage and frequency limits is also greatly decreased. So the transmission embedded cost allocation methodologies should consider all these factors [15]. For this purpose a factor related to transmission reliability margin should be added in transmission pricing mechanism to address issues related to transmission network reliability. There are various transmission pricing methodologies, which are used across the world for allocation of transmission charges to users. These are mainly classified into the embedded cost, and market based pricing methodologies. Embedded Cost Pricing methods are based upon determining a utilitys total cost of providing the transmission services. It includes service, asset, and operation & maintenance costs. While the market based pricing methodologies are driven by a competitive bidding process which results in prices that are influenced by the demand of services. Power flow tracing methods of cost allocation are comes under the embedded cost pricing. These provide us a complete view of the usage allocation problem which is very important for transmission cost allocation. When usage allocation is known it is straightforward to allocate the transmission cost to generators and loads. The first attempt to trace power flows was done by Bialek et al. when topological generation distribution factors based power flow tracing were proposed in March 1996 [1], which explained the method for tracing generator's output. In Feb 1997, Kirschen et al. [2] explained a power flow tracing method based on the proportional sharing assumption which introduces the concept of domains, Commons, and links. In Nov 2000, Gubina et al. [3] described the method to determine the generators contribution to a particular load by using the nodal generation distribution factors. In Aug 2000, Wu et al. [4] explained the use of graph theory to calculate the contributions of individual generators and loads to line flows and the real power transfer between distinctive generators and loads. In 2009, Xie et al.[5] proposed power flow tracing algorithm founded in the extended incidence matrix considering loop flows. In Feb 2007, Conejo et al. [6] explained a method of network cost allocation based on Z-bus matrix. Further, the existing loss allocation methods may be classified into prorata, marginal, power flow tracing, and circuit theory based methods. Prorata method is characterized by the allocation of
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

electric losses proportionally to the power delivered by each generator and each load. It is also assumed an equal allocation 50% to generator and 50% of the loads [7]. In marginal procedure, incremental transmission coefficients are used for allocation of transmission losses to demands and generators [8]. The use of power flow tracing methods for allocation of transmission losses is proposed in [9]. In circuit theory based method, A. J. Conejo et al. proposed a Z- bus matrix for transmission loss allocation. This method presents a new procedure for allocating transmission losses to generators and loads in the context of pools operated under a single marginal price derived from a merit-order approach [10]. The main difficulty in allocating losses to load or generator to bilateral contracts by circuit theory is that, despite approximations, the final allocations always contain a certain degree of arbitrariness. Recently several new algorithms and methods have been also proposed such as in [11] a method based on complex power flow tracing is proposed. In [12] author decomposed transmission losses into three components and characterizes them. A method based on a combination of cooperative game theory and circuit theory is presented in [13]. Due to deregulation, the number of interaction entitles on the electric grid increases dramatically. At the same time capacity margin reduced. Hence this rapid growth threatened reliability of transmission network greatly. Thats why transmission reliability margin allocation should be addressed in a fair way. Many researchers proposed methodology which incorporate reliability cost element in total transmission cost. For this first usage and TRM allocation is done. In [14] Silva et al. considered the transmission network operation under normal as well as contingency condition for allocation reliability cost to users. In [15-16] D. Hur et al. proposed various variants of procedures to allocate reliability contribution to market participants. In [17] V. Vijay et al. proposed a novel probabilistic transmission pricing methodology with consideration to transmission reliability margin. In 2008 H. Monsef et al. [18] presented the transmission cost allocation based on use of reliability margin under contingency condition. For this purpose a probability index is defined. This paper presents a model of transmission usage and loss allocation based on the concept of the graph theory. In the proposed method modified Kirchhoff matrix is developed for usage allocation. After that loss allocation matrix is formed for transmission loss allocation to loads and generators. Also transmission reliability margin is allocated to loads and generators under contingency condition. For optimal allocation cooperative game theory is applied to the results. The paper is organized as follows: section two presented the proposed methodology. The procedure of usage and loss allocation is presented in section three. Section four gives an overview of cooperative game theory. Results and discussion are presented on sample 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus system in section five followed by a conclusion.

2. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Let consider a simple diagraph G showed in figure 2 [21].

Fig. 2: A Simple Diagraph G 15

Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

Hence from the above example for a simple digraph of vertices, an Kirchhoff matrix K(G) or K = [k ] is defined as [21], d (v ) for i = j K= (1) x for i j

The Kirchhoff matrix of above diagraph is given by Eq. 1. 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 K(G) = 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 2

by

matrix called the

Where

This matrix is the basis of the proposed methodology.

Firstly, authors construct a power flow matrix from the Newton Raphson load flow. This matrix gives a complete overview of power flows in the system. It is formed between nodes of the system. Diagonal elements give net flows at nodes and off diagonal elements give the actual flows and counter flows in the system. The proposed matrix is defined as follows: p for i j and p > 0 pf = p for i j and p > 0 p for i = j

x = (i, j) th entry in the adjacency matrix

d (v ) = in-degree of the ith vertex

(2)

Where

Denoting Modified Kirchhoff matrix of a Power Network as K = (k ) , the authors define the following expression for elements of the Modified Kirchhoff matrix: p for i j and p > 0 k = (3) p for i = j 0 otherwise Now from the above Modified Kirchhoff matrix, Kirchhoff loss matrix can be formed as follows: p for i j and p > p and p < 0 < p kl = p for i j and p > p and p < 0 < p (4) Where p = p + p , and p = p + p 0 otherwise

From the above matrix and using eq.1 the Modified Kirchhoff matrix is constructed as follows:

p (> 0)= active power in branch i j from bus to bus

2.1 Properties of Modified Kirchhoff matrix

Property.1: The sum of all elements in the row of a Modified Kirchhoff matrix equals the active load power at bus j i.e [5]. K I = P (5)
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

Property.2: The sum of all elements in the column j of a Modified Kirchhoff matrix equals the total active power of generators at bus j i.e. I K = (P ) (6) The above equation can be rewritten as follows K I = P (7)

From equations (5) and (7) we have I = K P (8) I = (K ) P (9) eq. (9) can be rewritten as

From the above matrix, inverse of Modified Kirchhoff matrix (K ) is obtained which is used for power flow tracing and transmission loss allocation. In the next section procedure of power flow tracing and transmission loss allocation is described.

I = (K ) P (10)

3.PROCEDURE FOR TRACING POWER FLOW AND LOSS ALLOCATION

3.1Model for Power flow Tracing
Let ln = 1........e represents the total number of lines in the system. Gn = 1........g is the total number of generators and = 1. . . . . . is the total number of loads in the system. I P = (P ) or P = P I P = P K P

Again let P = diag (P , P , . , P ) represents the number of generators in diagonal matrix. Thus (11)

combining eqs. (11) and (8)

Matrix P K is named supply factor matrix. The supply factor matrix is denoted by SFM = t , i. e., SFM = P K (13) and from eq. (9) P = (14) t P Where t P denotes the active power distribution of generation output at bus to the load situated at bus j [5]. (15) P = t P Thus eq. (15) gives the generators share to loads in the system.

(12)

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

On the same line for calculating the generators shares to lines flow eq. (15) is modified by replacing load power from the lines flow as shown in eq. (16). It is assumed that a a : a (23:77) split in the transmission usage occurs between generators and demand [19]. For example the generator share situated as bus s to the line s-b is given by (16) P = t P a

Hence eqs. (15) and (16) gives the generators share in loads and lines flows. Similarly, the usage allocated to a load for the use of all lines can be defined by using a instead of a . For calculating the loads shares in line flows and generated power same procedure is followed: Considering dual of eq. (9) P = P (K ) P (17)

Where the diagonal matrix P = diag (P, P , . . , P ) and EFM= P (K ) is the extraction factor matrix of loads from generators [5]. By using an EFM, loads share in generating power and line flows is calculated.

3.2.Model for Transmission Loss and Cost Allocation

For transmission loss allocation to generator considers eq. (16). In this equation line flows P is replaced by the transmission Loss in lines which is coming from the elements of the Kirchhoff loss matrix p and p . Hence transmission losses of line s-b allocated to generator located at bus i is given by: P = t p (18)

Similarly transmission losses of line s-b allocated to load situated at bus j is given by: P = r p (19)

From the equations (18) and (19) losses are allocated to generators and loads respectively. This method of loss allocation is said to be direct because all the calculation is already done for usage allocation.

4.TRANSMISSION RELIABILITY MARGIN ALLOCATION

For reliability margin allocation to each user authors explores Line outage impact factor which can be defined as follows [15]:
() LOIF,

For finding the relative impacts of outage of each line on a particular line g normalization of LOIF is done:
NLOIF, = ,

for p , > p () = () () 0 for p , p

()

()

()

()

(24)

()

()

(25)
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

Calculation of reliability contribution is done by the eq. 26.

() ()

load level ll, and P is the usage contribution of the generator j to the base-case flow on the line m at load level ll.
()

Where, P, is the reliability contribution of the generator j to the reliability capacity of line g at
()

P, = NLOIF, P
()

(26)

5.COST ALLOCATION USING COOPERATIVE GAME THEORY

Game theory is used for fair allocation of transmission charges among the users. In particular cooperative game theory arises as a most convenient tool to solve the cost allocation problem in deregulated markets [22].

5.1.Cooperative Game Theory

A cooperative game consists of two elements: (i) a set of players and (ii) a characteristic function specifying the value created by different subsets of the players in the game. Formally let N = {1,2,3 . n} be the finite set of the players and let i where i sums from 1 through n, index the different members of N. The characteristic function is a function denoted by v(S) that associate with every subset S of N a number denoted v(S). The number v(S) is interpreted as the value created when the member of S come together and interact. In sum, a cooperative game is a pair (N, v) where N is a finite set and v is a function mapping subset of N of members [23]. The application of cooperative game theory is to suggest an optimal division of the resources among its different players. The resource allocation is represented in terms of a pay-off vector denoted as {x , x , x x }. If the allocation needs to be optimal and fair for all the players, three conditions, as given below, namely, individual, group and global rationalities need to be satisfied [22]. Individual Rationality Group Rationality Global Rationality x{i} v{i}; i N x{S} v{S}; S N x{N} = v{N}; (24) (25) (26)

Any payoff vector satisfying the above conditions is called an imputation. There are various methods which are based on the game theory such as Core, Nucleolus, Shapley value, Solidarity value, Owen value etc. In this paper Shapley value [22] and Nucleolus approach [25] has been used to allocate the usage and loss allocation to various participants.

5.2.The Fixed Cost Allocation Game

The characteristic value specifies the minimal value that will be incurred by each coalition of players [24]. In the cooperative game-theoretic framework, there is no unique way of characterizing the value of coalition, i.e. characteristic value v(S). In every approach of the cooperative game v(S) is defined as per the choice of the user either on the basis of unit cost or on the basis of transmission usage. In this work, authors has chosen the basis of transmission network usage using tracing flow to evaluate the characteristic value to support the design of a fixed cost allocation system.
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

5.3.Result and Discussion

The proposed matrices methodology is applied to the sample 6 bus system presented in [26] and IEEE 14 bus power system to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the methodology. A computer program coded in MATLAB is developed. 5.3.1.Sample 6 Bus System The sample 6 bus power system is used to illustrate the proposed methodology. First of all Power flow matrix of 6 Bus system is constructed by using eq.2 as follows:
1.09 -0.28 0 pf = -0.43 -0.35 0

Now the Modified Kirchhoff Matrix for this system can be formed by eq.3.

0.78 -0.03 -0.32 -0.15 -0.26

0.29

0 0.03 0.33 0.16 0.26 0.63 0 0.19 0.44 0 0.74 0.04 0 -0.18 -0.04 0.71 0.02 -0.43 0 -0.02 0.70

0.44

0.36

Now the inverse of proposed Modified Kirchhoff Matrix is as follows:

0 -0.44 -0.36 0 1.09 -0.29 0.78 -0.03 -0.33 -0.16 -0.26 0 0 0 0.63 0 -0.19 -0.44 Km = 0 0 0 0.74 -0.04 0 0 0 0 0.71 -0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.70 0
0.92 0.34 0.02 0.70 0.58 0.15 1.28 0.06 0.57 0.33 0.53 0 0 0 1.59 0 0.43 1.00 K m -1 = 0 0 0 1.35 0.08 0.002 0 0 0 1.40 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 1.43 0

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

The number of generators in diagonal matrix is given as:

PGG

Now, the Supply Factor Matrix from the eq.13 can be formulating as follows:
1.00 0.37 0.02 0.76 0.63 0.17 0 0.64 0.03 0.29 0.16 0.26 0 0 0.95 0 0.26 0.60 SFM = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.60 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

After calculating SFM, a generator share to loads is calculated by using eq.15. By using eq.16 generator shares to line flows is calculated. Table 1 presents the transmission line usage allocated to generators. Table 1 gives the generators contributions to line flows. These tables also provide the transmission charge allocation to generators.

Table.1: Transferred Power and Charge Allocated to Generators for 6 Bus System

Similarly, the Extraction factor matrix (EFM) is formulated for calculating the power extracted by the loads from the generator bus and line flows. For this purpose eq.17 is used.

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

Table 2 provides the transmission line flows allocated to loads.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EFM = 0.49 0.40 0 0.94 0 0 0.40 0.23 0.30 0.06 0.98 0 0.11 0.37 0.70 0.001 0.02 1.00

Table.2: Extracted Power and Charge Allocated to Loads for 6 Bus System

The 6 bus system has been considered as pool market place for realizing Shapley value and Nucleolus approach of cooperative game theory. The whole power is traded in a mandatory pool with the pool operator having a wide knowledge of the generators data. In this attempt gaming has been allowed among loads and they are the players in the pool market. The work follows the ratio for global usage allocation between generators and loads as 23%:77% [19], in examples of pool market. According to this trend of usage allocation, transmission usage has been split in two parts: one for the gaming among generators to allocate 23% of transmission usage and another for the gaming among loads to allocate 77%. If all the three loads are going to cooperate with each other than the possible coalitions are 7, including the single player coalition. The evaluated characteristic values using tracing flow for different seven coalitions are presented in Table 3. Furthermore Table 4 presents the allocated Shapley and Nucleolus value to loads of the 6 bus system. Tracing Flow Based Coalition Sr. Characteristic Value No. (S) [Rs.] 1 L4 94.56 2 L5 187.43 3 L6 132.51 4 L4L5 286.62 5 L4L6 229.09 6 L5L6 325.03 7 L4L5L6 409.50
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013 Table.3: Characteristic Value of Coalition in the Pool Market for 6 Bus System

Sr. No. 1 2 3

Load

Shapley value allocation for Loads [Rs.] 92.33 186.71 130.49

Nucleolus value [Rs.] 92.89 185.76 130.85

L4 L5 L6

Table.4: Shapley Value and Nucleolus value Allocation for Loads

Motivation for the participants to cooperate is the existence of counter flows. Results obtained satisfy all the three conditions of gaming, individual rationality, group rationality and the global rationality of game theory, depicted below. Thus the accomplishment of group rationality proves that the solution lies in the core. As allocated payoff vector is part of the core hence more likely to be accepted by the players. Table 5 gives a transmission loss allocation to loads and generators. Total system losses occurred in the system is 0.0847 pu from which 23% is allocated to generators and 77% is allocated to demands.

Table.5: Transmission Loss Allocation

5.3.2.Transmission reliability margin (TRM) allocation

In this work authors allocated transmission reliability margin to loads and generators by using algorithm proposed in [15]. A 6 bus system presented in [26] is used for TRM allocation. In this process usage allocation is done with proposed graph theory based method. Also 23% of total TRM is allocated to generators and 77% is allocated to demands. Table 6 presents the normalized line outage distribution factors (NLOIFs) of 6 bus system calculated by using eq. 25 at base case power flow.

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

Table 6: Normalized Line Outage Distribution Factor

After calculating NLOIFs, TRM is allocated to demand and generation by using eq. 26. Table 7 presents TRM allocated to load and generation in 6 bus system.

Table 7: TRM Allocated to Loads and Generators

5.4.IEEE 14 Bus System

5.4.1.Transmission usage allocation
The proposed method is also applied on IEEE 14 bus system [20]. Authors assume that cost of the line is proportional to the length of the line. Table 8 and 9 gives generators and loads shares to various line flows respectively. Line 1-2 1-5 2-3 2-4 2-5 4-3 4-7 Flow 141.27 71.83 73.85 58.71 44.53 23.77 27.73 Supplied by Gen.1 141.30 71.80 67.90 54.00 41.00 23.50 27.50 Supplied by Gen.2 0.00 0.00 8.10 6.50 4.90 1.70 1.90
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

4-9 5-4 5-6 6-11 6-12 6-13 7-8 7-9 9-10 9-14 11-10 12-13 13-14

16.06 59.44 44.71 7.58 7.93 18.00 0.00 27.73 5.07 9.22 3.97 1.73 5.92

15.90 60.00 45.20 7.70 8.00 18.20 0.00 27.50 5.00 9.10 4.10 1.80 6.10

1.10 2.40 1.80 0.30 0.30 0.70 0.00 1.90 0.40 0.60 0.20 0.10 0.20

Table.8: Transferred Power Allocated to Generators (in MW)

Table.9: Extracted power Allocated to loads (in MW)

5.4.2.Transmission Loss allocation and pricing

Table 10 and 11 presents the transmission loss allocation between generators and Loads respectively. Total system losses occur in IEEE 14 Bus system is 15.87016 MW. 23% of total losses i.e. 3.70114478 MW is allocated to generators and 77% i.e. 12.16902 is allocated to loads. Line 1-2 1-5 2-3 2-4 2-5 Losses 4.176 3.298 2.984 2.255 1.314 Gen.1 0.960 0.758 0.549 0.415 0.242 Gen.2 0.000 0.000 0.158 0.119 0.070
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4-3 4-7 4-9 5-4 5-6 6-11 6-12 6-13 7-8 7-9 9-10 9-14 11-10 12-13 13-14 Total

0.435 0.000 0.000 0.539 0.000 0.106 0.100 0.302 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.137 0.034 0.011 0.097 15.870

0.090 0.000 0.000 0.119 0.000 0.023 0.022 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.028 0.008 0.002 0.022 3.308

0.016 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.393

Table.10: Transmission Loss Allocation to Generators (in MW)

Table.11: Transmission Loss Allocation to Loads (in MW)

5.4.3.Comparison between proposed method and others existing methods

A comparison between proposed methodology and existing methodologies is presented in Table 12. The IEEE 14 bus system is taken for this comparison. From the table authors' presents that result of the proposed methodology are similar as prorata method, but it overcomes various demerits of prorata such as cross subsidy, ignore network topology etc.

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013

Load Bus Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 9 Bus 10 Bus 11 Bus 12 Bus 13 Bus 14 Total

Prorata 1.12 4.87 2.47 0.39 0.58 1.53 0.47 0.18 0.32 0.70 0.77 13.39

Losses (MW) Proportional Sharing 5.69 5.41 0.27 0.72 0.14 0.05 0.16 0.58 0.36 13.39

Proposed Method 4.91 2.45 0.28 0.52 1.59 0.47 0.18 0.29 0.69 0.80 12.16

Table.12: Comparison between proposed methodology and existing methodologies

6.CONCLUSION
In the proposed work authors presents a combined methodology for the transmission usage and loss allocation which is based on the graph theory modified Kirchhoff matrix is used for usage and loss allocation. Transmission loss allocation by this method is direct because all the calculation previously done for usage allocation. Transmission reliability margin allocation is also done. Hence transmission embedded cost allocation is done considering effect of reliability. For optimal allocation of cost cooperative game theory is applied. Shapley value approach of cooperative game theory is used for this purpose. Results are shown for the sample 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus system.

REFERENCES
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[5] [6] [7]

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Authors
Baseem Khan was born in Gwalior, India in 1987. He received BE degree (2008) from Maharana Pratap College of Technology Gwalior and received an M.Tech. degree (2010) in Power System from MANIT Bhopal. At the moment he is a research scholar at MANIT Bhopal, India. Ganga Agnihotri received BE degree in Electrical engineering from MACT, Bhopal (1972), the ME degree (1974) and PhD degree (1989) from University of Roorkee, India. Since 1976 she is with Maulana Azad College of Technology, Bhopal in various positions. Currently she is professor. Her research interest includes Power System Analysis, Power System Optimization and Distribution Operation.

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 4, November 2013 Anuprita Sandeep Mishra was born in Indore, India, in 1972. She received BE degree (1995) from the SGSITS, Indore, and received an MTech. degree (2005) in Heavy Electrical Equipments from MANIT, Bhopal, India. She had been working with Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal, since 2002. At the moment she is a research scholar at MANIT, Bhopal, India. Gaurav Gupta was born in chhatarpur, India in 1985. He has received degree in 2006 from MITS Gwalior and received ME degree 2009 in power electronics from SGSITS indore. At present he is a research scholar in MANIT Bhopal, India.

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