4/6/2009

Generation of polyphase voltages

Balanced Polyphase System

Rate of change of magnetic flux linkage produces an induced emf. If the rotor is thought ot be moving in a clock wise direction, then maximum output voltage will be when N pole is aligned with a, or b or c. In this case, at those respective points, maximum emf will be induced in coil aa or bb or cc. Note that, maximum voltage of b occurs when N-S is aligned with bb. This means that voltage at bb lags that of aa by 120 degrees and that of cc lags bb by 120 degrees. Thus, it can be seen that any phase difference can be made by changing the angular displacement or the number of coils. Generally 3 phase systems are used.

Advantages of 3-phase systems 1. 2. 3. 4. 3-phase equipment are more efficient They require less material for qa given capacity Costs less than single-phase equipment For transmission of power, three-phase is more economical than any other configuration of phases

Double-subscript notation

Eab indicates voltage from a to b If it is said that voltage for a to b is 60 degrees out of phase with that of voltage for c to d, then the vector diagram is shown on the left.

When clockwise rotation is considered, c lags b by 120 degrees and b lags a by 120 degrees, c lagged a by 240 degrees Therefore, phase sequence is abc If anticlockwise rotation is considerered, b lags c by 120 degrees and c lags a by 120 degrees, b lags a by 240 degrees Therefore, phase sequence is acb Phase sequence is determined by sequence of maximum values. If it is said that Eab and Ecd are in additive series then the vector diagram is as shown on the left

Note that, A vector diagram must always be drawn together with a circuit. A circuit vector diagram only represents voltage relation in time phase and not in space phase. As such, the space configuration of a circuit is not indicative of its time phase relationship.

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Three phase 4-wire system Ena, Enc, Enb are line-to-neutral or phase voltages Eba, Eac, Ecb are line-to-line voltages

If a, b and c of the three phase generator shown earlier was connected in common then there would be 4 wires emanating from the system. abc (as 1 common wire) and a, b, c as three separate wires. When such a configuration is used we end up with a 3-phase 4-wire system a.k.a. Wye (Y) system.

Phase voltages are 120 degrees apart, so by starting with respect to Ena, we get a vector representation as shown in the left.

Thus, the full vector relation ship is as shown here: In order to find Eba, Eba = Ebn + Ena = -Enb + Ena From R2=a2+b2+2abcosa

Here IL=Ip since in balanced systems, the currents are equal in magnitude but differs by a phase of 120 electrical degrees. From the connection of wye circuits it is apparent that Inc Inb therefore Icb is also the same (KCL) Now Ina + Inb + Inc = Inn but Ina /_ 0 and Inb/_ 120 and Inc/_240 added will give Ina + Inb + Inc = 0 Therefore, Inn = 0 Hence there is no current in the neutral line.

Three phase three wire systems It is made of delta connection. Neutral wire is not used.

It is apparent that phase and line voltages are same, so VL=VP Iba, Iac and Icb are phase currents

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Iaa, Icc and Ibb are line currents Ena + Enb + Enc = 0

Vector Diagram for Delta connection

No current of fundamental frequency will flow around the series circuit of the three coils. Line and phase currents are different. Iaa = Iba + Ica