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Facultatea de litere
Catedra de limbi strine specializate
str. Horea nr. 7, cab. 10
e-mail: Rodica.Medan@gmail.com
Study requirements
Grades
This term your final grade will reflect your individual progress as follows:
UNIT I
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
Tessa Saunders works for Knight and Day. Knight and Day is an advertising agency
with offices in London and New York. Tessa lives in Wimbledon, a suburb of
London. She usually gets up at six thirty. She goes to work on the Underground. It
usually takes her about fifty minutes to get to her office. It's near Piccadilly Circus about five minutes away on foot.
Tessa earns a good salary, but her job isn't easy. She usually starts work before nine
in the morning and never finishes before seven or eight o'clock in the evening.
Sometimes she leaves the office after nine or even ten o'clock. She often goes to bed
after midnight and doesn't get very much sleep - perhaps five or six hours.
Tessa has a friend called Roger Mitchum. She doesn't see him very often. He lives in
San Francisco. He works for a company that makes computer software.
Present Simple
Form
Positive and negative
I
We
live
You
dont live
They
He
lives
She
doesnt live
It
Question
I
we
Where do
you
they
he
Where does
she
it
near here
live?
Short answers
Do you like Peter?
Yes, I do.
Does she speak French?
No, she doesnt.
Use
The Present Simple is used:
1. To express a habit.
I get up at 7:30.
Dutch people travel a lot.
2. To express a fact which is always true.
Vegetarians dont eat meat.
We come from Spain.
3. To express a fact which is true for a long time.
I live in Oxford.
She works in a bank.
Have/have got
Form
Positive
I
We
You
They
He
She
have
ve got
has
s got
two sisters.
Negative
I
We
You
They
He
She
dont have
havent got
any money.
doesnt have
hasnt got
Question
Do
Does
I
we
you
they
he
she
Have
have a car?
Has
I
we
you
they
he
she
got a car?
Short answer
Have you got a camera?
Yes, I have./No, I havent.
Do you have a camera?
Yes, I do./No, I dont.
NOTE!
We can use the contractions (ve and s) with have got, but not with have.
Ive got a sister.
I have a sister.
Wrong: Ive a sister.
Use
1. Have and have got mean the same. Have got is informal. We use it a lot when we
speak, but not when we write.
Have you got a light?
The Prime Minister has a meeting with the President today.
2. Have and have got express possession.
Ive got a car.
I have a car.
Hes got blond hair.
He has blond hair.
When have + noun means an activity or a habit, have and the
do/does/dont/doesnt forms are used. Have got is not used.
I have lunch at 1:00.
Look at the wrong sentences and compare them with the right sentences.
X
Note
In the past tense, the got forms are
unusual. Had with did and didnt is
much more common.
I had a bicycle when I was young.
Did you have a nice weekend?
I didnt have any money when I was a
student.
Love doesnt only mean romantic love. There are many different kinds of love,
different levels of feeling towards people, places and things. Number these words
from 1 to 9 in the order you think is the best (1 = positive feelings, 9 = negative
feelings).
Be fond of
Adore
Dislike
Worship
Like
1 Idolise
Choose five of these words and tell your partner about people, places and things you
know, using those five words.
Talk about your feelings
Write the answers in the first two columns below, and then ask your partner about
the people, places and things on his/her list and write his/her answers in the
second two columns. Tell each other something about the likes and dislikes that
youve written down.
My partner
really likes
(perhaps love):
My partner
isnt very
fond of :
Love is
sharing an umbrella in a storm.
giving him your last chocolate.
telling her shes more beautiful than yesterday.
Think of some more endings for Love is (you neednt be too serious about this!)
Here are some English proverbs which have the word love in them. They are
general comments on love. Work in groups of three or four to make suggestions
about their meaning.
a) One cannot love and be wise.
c) Love me, love my dog.
b) Love is blind.
d) Love will find a way.
Here are some comments made by young children about love. What experiences
or observations do you think are behind these comments?
Fiona, 6 years old I love my friends because they play with me. I love my Mummy.
I cuddle her. The bad thing about love is that you always have to get married.
Alex, 6 years old People who love each other rub noses. I say hello and wave my
hand. If I wanted to show a boy I loved him I would give him a game. Id give a girl a
dolly.
Harriet, 5 years old Love is care. I love my granny and granddad, but older people
dont love each other. Ive got an older sister but I dont love her because shes
always being nasty.
Martin, 6 years old I love Anna but I havent told her. And I love my mummy. She
shows she loves me by doing things for me, like washing up.
Anna, 6 years old Love is very nice, it makes my feel happy. I love Ben because hes
good looking. I dont think Ill get married. I wont love anyone when Im older.
Peter, 5 years old I love Abigail. Sometimes I hug her and kiss her. Ive already
asked her to marry me and I went down on one knee. Ill marry her when Im 31.
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8
UNIT II
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
It's half past six on Monday morning. Tessa Saunders works in an advertising agency.
She's having breakfast and reading a newspaper. The radio is on. She's listening to
some music.
Richard Knight is Tessa's boss. He's having a shower.
It's half past seven and James Chen is putting on a new suit. James comes from Hong
Kong, but he doesn't live there any more. He lives in London now and he has an
interview for a job at ten o'clock this morning.
It's half past eight now. Richard Knight is driving to work. He isn't going very fast
because the traffic is very heavy this morning.
It's half past nine now. Tessa is talking to Richard Knight. They're in his office. He's
smoking a cigar.
James is talking to a policewoman. He's asking the way to Blake Street.
It's ten fifteen now. James Chen is in Tessa's office in Blake Street. She's interviewing
him.
It's eleven o'clock now. James is waiting for a bus. It's cold and it's raining, but he's
happy because he's got a job with Knight and Day.
Question forms
1. Questions with question words
Questions can begin with a question word: what, where, which, how,
who, when, why, whose
Wheres the station?
In Backer Street.
Why are you laughing?
Because you look funny.
Whose is this coat?
Mine.
How does she go to work?
By train.
NOTE!
1. What, which, and whose can be followed by a noun.
What size do you take?
Which coat is yours?
Whose book is this?
2. Which is generally used when there is a limited choice.
Which is your husband?
This rule is not always true!
What/Which newspaper do you read?
3. How can be followed by an adjective or an adverb.
How big is his new car?
How fast does it go?
Positive
10
Present continuous
Form
am
is
+ verb + -ing (present participle)
are
Question
What
am
What
is
What
are
I
wearing?
he
she wearing?
it
we
you wearing?
they
Short answer
Are you going?
Yes, I am./No, Im not.
Is Anna working?
Yes, she is./No, she isnt.
NOTE!
We cannot use Im, were, shes, etc. in short answers.
Wrong Yes, Im.
Yes, shes.
Right
Yes, I am.
Yes, she is.
Use
The Present Continuous is used:
1. To express an activity happened now.
Theyre playing football in the garden.
She cant answer the phone because shes washing her hair.
2. To express an activity happened around now, but perhaps not at the moment of
speaking:
Shes studying Maths at university.
Im reading a good book by Henry James.
3. To express a planned future arrangement:
Im meeting Miss Boyd at ten oclock tomorrow.
Hes starting French lessons next week.
What are you doing at the weekend?
11
COMMUNICATING
12
UNIT III
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
Tessa got up at six thirty yesterday morning. She didn't feel very well, but she went to
work all the same. She went to work on the Underground and got to her office at eight
o'clock.
At half past nine she had a meeting with her boss, Richard Knight, and at ten o'clock
she interviewed a young man, James Chen, for a job. Tessa liked him very much and
he got the job. She didn't have very much time for lunch. She was too busy, and she
wasn't very hungry anyway, so she had a sandwich and a cup of coffee in a small cafe
near the office.
At two o'clock she had a meeting with a photographer. She didn't like one of his
photographs at all. She thought it was all wrong for the advertisement they were
planning. They argued about it, but finally he agreed with her.
She left the office around eight yesterday evening. She got home about nine and had
dinner alone. Then she watched television for a few minutes, but she didn't like the
programme, so she turned it off. She went to bed at half past ten. That's very early for
her. She usually goes to bed much later.
Past Simple
Form
The form of the Past Simple is the same for all persons.
Positive
The positive of regular verbs ends in ed. There are many common irregular verbs.
I
He/She/It finished
We
arrived yesterday.
You
went
They
Negative
The negative of Present Simple is formed with didnt.
He walked.
He didnt walk .
I
She didnt
arrive yesterday.
You (did not)
etc.
13
Question
The question in the Past Simple is formed with did.
She finished.
When did she finish ?
she
you
When did
arrive?
they
etc.
Short answer
Did you go to work yesterday?
Yes, I did.
Did it rain last night?
No, it didnt.
Use
The Past Simple is used:
1. To express a finished action in the past.
We played tennis last Sunday.
John left two minutes ago.
Note: The Past Simple is often used with past time expressions: last year, last month,
five years ago, yesterday morning, in 1945.
2. To express actions which follow each other in a story.
James came into the room. He took off his coat and sat down on the bed.
Suddenly, he noticed somebody behind the curtain. He stood up and walked
slowly across the room.
Past Continuous
Form
was/were (past tense of to be) + verb + -ing (present participle)
Positive and negative
Question
I
I
She was
he
was
He
wasnt (was not)
she
It
it
doing?
working. what
we
We
were
were you
You
werent (were not)
they
They
Short answer
Were you working yesterday?
Yes, I was.
Was she studying when you arrived?
No, she wasnt.
Use
The Past Continuous is used to express a past activity happening over a period of
time.
14
When people are angry, they cannot be in the right. (Chinese proverb)
A hungry person is an angry person.
Anger is a short madness.
People who get angry slowly stay angry longer.
Let not the sun go down upon your anger. (Ephesians 4:26)
When angry, count to a hundred.
Remember a past event when you felt angry. Then write your answers in the
chart below.
YOU
YOUR PARTNER
Now talk to your partner. Ask her/him the same questions, and fill in the
chart.
Talk to the rest of the class. Tell them about your partner. Listen to all the
answers.
What makes people angry most often?
How do most people show their anger?
15
16
b) Tell the other groups what your advice would be to Mary S. Have any groups
thought of similar advice? Which piece of advice do you think is the best?
Class talk
Talk about these points with the others in your class.
Is anger a good emotion? Is it better to be angry and
express your feelings? Or is it better to try to stay calm
and hide your feelings?
Do you get angry easily? Or rarely?
Do you try to stay calm or do you show your anger?
Have you ever been angry and regretted it? Or not been angry and regretted it
afterwards?
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17
UNIT IV
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
Yes, that's very interesting, Tessa. Now what do you know about their financial
situation?
Well, they didn't do too well last year. They lost a lot of money in the first half. But
the second half was better.
I'd like exact figures.
I'll get them if I can.
Are they going to make a profit this year?
It's difficult to ...
I know what you're going to say. It's difficult to know because the year isn't over yet.
Just get as much information as possible.
I'll do my best.
Are they going to bring out any new products this year? Find out about that, too.
All right. Anything else?
No, not for the moment. Oh ... uh ... by the way, what are your plans for tomorrow
evening?
Well, I'm going to do an interview at Metro Radio early in the evening. Why?
My partner from New York is going to be here. There's something very important
we'd like to discuss with you.
Oh! In the evening?
Yes. Will you have dinner with us?
Will
Form
will + infinitive (without to)
Will is a modal auxiliary verb. The forms of will are the same for all persons.
Question
he
you
When will
help me?
they
etc.
Short answer
Will you help me?
Yes, I will.
18
NOTE!
No, I wont. is not common because it is impolite. It means I dont want to help
you.
A polite way of saying no here would be: Im afraid I cant.
Use
Will is used:
1. To express a future decision or intention made at the moment of speaking.
Its Janes birthday.
Is it? Ill buy her some flowers.
Goodbye. Ill see you tomorrow.
Ill take the red. Thank you.
2. To express an offer.
Ill carry your suitcase.
Well do the washing-up.
Going to
Form
am/is/are + going + to + infinitive
He
She
It
We
You
They
s (is)
isnt
going to work.
re (are)
arent
Question
am I
he
is she
When
it
going to arrive?
we
are you
they
Short answer
Are they going to get married?
Yes, they are./No, they arent.
Use
Going to is used:
1. To express a future decision, intention, or plan made before the moment of
speaking.
Were going to move to London.
How long are they going to stay in Rome?
She isnt going to have a birthday party.
2. Where we can see or feel now that something is certain to happen in the future.
Look at those clouds! Its going to rain.
Watch out! That box is going to fall.
You work so hard. Youre going to be rich and successful.
19
Now compare what you have written with the others in your group. If there are other
suggestions that you like too, you can add to your list (if you agree with them).
20
UNIT V A
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
Question
I
we
Have
you
been to the
they
United States?
he
Has she
it
22
Short answer
Have you been to Egypt?
Yes, I have./No, I havent
Has she ever written poetry?
Yes, she has./No, she hasnt.
NOTE!
We cannot use Ive, theyve, hes etc. in short answers.
Wrong: Yes, Ive.
Yes, weve.
Right: Yes, I have.
Yes, we have.
Use
The Present Perfect relates past actions and states to the present. The Present Perfect
is in a sense a present tense. It looks back from the present into the past, and expresses
what has happened before now.
Weve met a lot of famous people. (before now)
Shes lived here all her life. (up to the present, and probably into the future)
Here are two main use of the Present Perfect:
1. To express an action in the past. We are interested in the experience as part of
someones life.
Ive travelled a lot in Africa.
Theyve lived all over the world.
Ever and never are common with this use.
Have you ever been in a car crash?
My mother has never flown in a plan.
2. To express an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present.
Ive known Alice for six years.
How long have you worked as a teacher?
For and since are common with this use.
Ive lived here for two years.
Ive had a beard since I left the army.
NOTE!
In many languages, this use is expressed by a present tense. In a way, this is logical.
Peter is a teacher. Peter is a teacher for ten years. But English has a tense which
looks back from the present to the past, the Present Perfect. So we say: Peter has
been .
Wrong: Peter is a teacher for ten years.
Right: Peter has been a teacher for ten years.
23
2. Look at the wrong sentences and compare them with the right sentences.
X
24
UNIT V B
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
NOTE!
Notice the use of certain adverbs with the use of the Present Perfect.
Shes just passed her driving test. (a very short time before)
Thanks, but Ive already had a lunch. (some time before)
Has the postman been yet? (any time before now)
He hasnt got up yet, and its 11:00! (yet is used in questions and negative sentences)
25
ve (have)
havent
been working.
s (has)
hasnt
Question
I
we
have
you
they been working?
How long
he
has she
it
Short answer
Have you been running?
Yes, I have./No, I havent.
Use
The Present Perfect Continuous is used:
1.
To express an activity which continues to the present.
Weve been waiting here for hours!
Its been raining for days.
2.
NOTE!
1.
2.
Think of the verbs that have the idea of a long time, for example, wait, work,
learn, travel, play. These verbs can be found in the Present Perfect Continuous.
Ive been playing tennis since I was a boy.
Think of the verbs that dont have the idea of a long time, for example, find,
start, buy, dye, lose, stop. It is unusual to find these verbs in the Present Perfect
Continuous.
Ive bought a new dress.
My cat has died.
3.
Verbs that express a state (for example: like, love, hate, know) are not found in
the d. My radios broken.
Present Perfect Continuous.
Weve known each other for a long time.
26
I was 15 years old and my brother Tim was 10 when we learnt my father only had
weeks to live. We were told there had been a number of heart operations for this sort
of complaint but no one over the age of 30 had survived. Nothing was ever going to
be the same again.
Rosie Barnes, Member of Parliament
Experience has taught me to behave like an adult when its necessary, which is quite
a lot of time. Therefore I work, pay bills, answer letters from lawyers and accountants,
and consider how what I do today will affect tomorrow. But I dont think its wise to
give up childhood so as much as possible Ive held onto mine. Im 41 and 14
concurrently
Marsha Hunt, singer
I have been pretending to be grown up for some 25 years now. I know precisely the
moment it happened: lying in hospital, I turned my head to the side to meet a pair of
piercing blue, two-minute-old eyes, totally dependent on me. A slow realisation
My God, she thinks I know what Im doing! Ive been playing Mummies and
Daddies ever since.
Jane Asher, actress
27
Read what each person says about growing up. Then talk about what they say, and
write down your answer to the questions in the chart below.
Willis Hall Jane Asher Marsha Hunt Rosie Barnes
Does he/she feel
grown up?
When did he/she feel
they grew up?
Do they think its a
good thing to feel?
What do they say
about it?
How many people in the class feel grown up? How many dont? (Do not
forget to ask the teacher!)
What are the main landmarks people think about when growing up?
How many people think its a good thing to feel grown up? How many think
its better to feel young?
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28
UNIT VI
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
The passive
Form
am/is/are
+ verb + -ed
was/were
(past participle)
has/have been
The past participle of regular verbs end in ed.
Present
Positive and negative
English is spoken all over the world.
Renault cars are made in France.
My children arent helped with their homework.
Coffee isnt grown in England.
Question
Where is rice grown?
Are cars made in your country?
Past
Positive and negative
My car was stolen last night.
The animals were frightened by a loud noise.
He wasnt injured in the accident.
The thieves werent seen by anyone.
Question
How was the window broken?
Were the plants watered last night?
29
Present perfect
Positive and negative
Ive been robbed!
Diet Coke has been made since 1982.
Question
How many times have you been hurt playing football?
Has my car been repaired?
Short answer
Are cars made in your country?
Yes, they are./No, they arent.
Were the plants watered last night?
Yes, they were./No, they werent.
Has my car been repaired?
Yes, it has./No, it hasnt.
NOTE!
1. The rules for tense usage in the passive are the same as in the active.
Present Simple to express habit: My car is serviced regularly.
Past Simple to express a finished action in the past: America was discovered by
Columbus.
Present Perfect to express an action which began in the past and continues to the
present: Diet Coke has been made since 1982.
2. The passive infinitive (to be + verb + -ed) is used after modal auxiliary verbs and
other verbs, which are followed by an infinitive.
Driving should be banned in city centres.
The house is going to be knocked down.
Use
1. The object of an active verb becomes the subject of a passive verb.
Active: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
Passive: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
2. The passive is not another way of expressing the same sentence in the active. We
choose the active or the passive depending in what we are more interested in.
Hamlet was written in 1600. (We are more interested in Hamlet.)
Shakespeare wrote comedies, histories and tragedies. (We are more interested in
Shakespeare.)
NOTE!
Some verbs, for example, give, have two objects, a person and a thing.
She gave me a book for my birthday.
In the passive, we often make the person the subject, not the thing.
I was given a book for my birthday.
30
EAT
KEEP AS
PET
TREAT AS
WILD
USE AS A
WORKING
ANIMAL
Cat
Dog
Horse
Deer
Rabbit
Squirrel
Fox
Duck
Goat
Camel
Frog
Mouse
Pros and cons
a) Read this article.
Pupils Watch Pets Killed
Horrified pupils at the George Land School in Hertfordshire have seen their
favourite farm animals killed and sold for meat.
Parents are worried that their children will be permanently upset by
this.
One mother said that her 13-year old daughter had been looking after
rabbits at the school farm, and had been shocked to find three of them dead. I
think its terrible, she said. My daughter was extremely upset when she came
home from school.
Another mother said that many parents were opposed to the killing, but
were frightened to say anything in case their children were expelled from the
school.
But the headmistress, Mrs. Jill Johnson, defended the farm. She said it
was one of several in the area, and that it is supported by local veterinary
surgeons. Where town and country meet, there is bound to be a clash of views
on life, she added. But its an approved policy in rural schools, and only the
children who want to take part in the scheme do so. Theyre not forced to.
31
She agreed that some children become very fond of the animals and are upset
when they are killed. However, she hoped those children would speak out and
start a discussion about it. The school has an active animal rights group, and
many of the girls are vegetarian, she added.
Children are told when the animals are to be killed, and can choose
whether to watch or not. Children who want to skin the animals can do so. The
larger animals are sent to a slaughterhouse, and sold as meat.
One mother spoke in favour of the scheme. Mrs. Janette Salter said her
13-year old daughter, Dominique, had a responsible attitude towards animals
as a result of working on the farm. She has no fear, and if she had to she could
kill her own pet rabbit, she said.
b) When you have finished reading the article, decide whether you agree or disagree
with what the school is doing. Form two groups: those who agree with the school and
those who disagree with it.
Make a list of the points in the article which support your view. Add any
more points you can think of.
Now make a list of all the points for the opposite point of view. Add any
more points you can think of.
Form small groups of six to eight. Discuss the points you have thought of,
for and against what the school is doing. What do you think?
Class talk
Talk about these points with the others in your class
People often say that in Britain, animals are treated better than children. Is
this true in your country?
Do you think animals are a substitute for children for some people?
How do you think animals should be treated? Do you think some people
make too much fuss of them?
Do you think we should eat them? Use their fur? Keep them as pets? Take
care of them? Use them for work? Put them in zoos? Let them go free?
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32
UNIT VII
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
What are the most important things we can say about the new video camera?
Frau Fischer. Would you like to answer that question?
First of all, it will be one of the best cameras on the market. But it won't be the most
expensive.
Just a moment please. I'd like to make some notes.
Where's my pen? Here it is. Yes, go on, please.
You see, we are using some completely new materials. This means that the camera
will also be one of the lightest and smallest on the market. But the quality of the
pictures and also the sound is excellent.
Oh, no!
What's the matter?
My pen! I bought it only two days ago. It cost a lot, but it doesn't work!
Can I lend you my pen?
No, that's all right. I've got another one with me. Thanks all the same.
What like?
Form
what + verb to be + subject + like?
s (is) your teacher
are his parents
What
like?
was your holiday
were the beaches
Note
We dont use like in the answer.
Wrong : Shes like patient.
Right: Shes patient.
Use
What like? means Describe somebody or something. Tell me about them?
Like in this question is preposition, not a verb:
What is Jim like?
Hes intelligent and kind, and hes got a lovely blue eyes.
In the following sentences like is a verb:
What does Jim like?
He likes motorbikes and playing tennis.
33
NOTE!
Hows your mother?
Shes very well, thank you.
Hows your mother? asks about health. It doesnt ask for a description.
Comparative
cheaper
smaller
bigger
funnier
earlier
heavier
more careful
more boring
more expensive
more interesting
better
worse
further/farther
Superlative
cheapest
smallest
biggest
funniest
earliest
heaviest
most careful
most boring
most expensive
most interesting
best
worst
furthest/farthest
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boat
bus
lorry
hovercraft
bicycle
air balloon
motorbike
aeroplane
Concorde
helicopter
a) Which form of transport is the fastest? Which is the slowest? With your
partner, put them in order of speed by writing numbers 1-12 in the boxes
above (1 = fastest; 12 = slowest).
b) Which form of transport do you like best? Which would you not enjoy? Why
or why not?
Talk to your partner. Do you agree? Write down your answers.
FAVOURITE
FORM OF
TRANSPORT
WHY?
LEAST FAVOURITE
FORM OF
TRANSPORT
WHY?
Me
Partner
Work in groups of four. Decide which is the best way for you to travel (for
example, the fastest, the cheapest, the most comfortable or most interesting) for
the following:
a) from your home to school/collage/work
b) from London to Paris
c) from Europe to Australia
d) from the East Coast to the West Coast of America
e) from your home to your favourite place for a holiday
f) around the world
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People often say that life is getting faster every year. But does faster mean better?
Talk to your partner. Do you think FAST or SLOW is better for each of these
things?
COOKING (What about fast food?)
ART (Think about painting and photographs.)
COMMUNICATIONS (Think about writing letters and telephoning.)
LEARNING A LANGUAGE (What about intensive language courses?)
GETTING FIT (Think about crash diets and exercise programmes.)
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UNIT VIII
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
Can
go home, please?
I
Could
have some stamps, please?
37
NOTE!
1. In many languages, this use of will is sometimes expressed by a present tense.
English use will to express an offer made now about a future action.
Wrong: I give you my phone number.
I open the door for you.
Right:
Ill give you my phone number.
Ill open the door for you.
2. In this use, the contraction ll is always used.
Wrong: I will help you with your homework.
Right:
Ill help you with your homework.
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THE ALCOHOLIC
Giving advice
Heres a letter that was received by the organisation LIBRA. Work in groups of three
or four, and make a list of points of advice you would give the writer.
Useful expressions
for giving advice:
It may help you to
If I were you Id
Well, one solution
may be to
In your situation I
think Id
It might be a good
idea to
39
When we think about addiction we nearly always-think first of smoking, alcohol and
drugs.
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UNIT IX
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
Should
Form
should + infinitive (without to)
The forms of should are the same for all persons.
Positive and negative
I
He
should do more exercise.
We
shouldnt tell lies.
They
etc.
Question
I
Should she see a doctor?
they
see a doctor?
I
Do you
he
should
think
we
Short answer
Should I phone home?
Yes, you should.
Should I buy a Mercedes Benz?
No, you shouldnt.
Use
Should is used to express what the speaker thinks is right or the best thong to do. It
expresses mild obligation, or advice.
I should do more work. (This is my option.)
You should do more work. (Im telling you what I think.)
Do you think we should stop here? (Im asking you for your opinion.)
NOTE!
Should expresses the opinion of the speaker, and it is
often introduced by I think or I dont think.
I think politicians should listen more.
I dont think people should get married until theyre 21.
__
__
__
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__
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__
One day this STOP PRESS report was in the evening newspaper:
STOP PRESS
RAZ marketing chief kills
four.
He was arrested a couple of weeks later in a hotel
The head of the marketing
a few hundred miles away. When his trial took
department at RAZ, Kurt
place months later, lots of comments were made
Hofmann, shot five
about him.
employees, killing four and
seriously injuring one, this
morning. He escaped from the
Im
analyst.
RAZa handwriting
head office and,
at theSamples of his handwriting over the years show definite
signs
timeofofinstability.
going to press, had not
Ibeen
workfound.
at RAZ.
shouldand
be put in prison for the rest of his life every day of it.
HeHe
is armed
Mr.
Hofmann
lived
in
the
flat
upstairs. He seemed such a nice man. I cant
may be dangerous.
understand it at all. I feel very sorry for him.
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Im a psychiatrist. Ive examined Mr. Hofmann and I can definitely say that he is
unable to cope with stress. He is not a leader and probably never was.
The consequence of that fateful day were:
for Mr. Hofmann seventeen years in prison
for his immediate superior early retirement with a good pension
for four employees death, leaving three widows and seven orphans
for one employee unable to work for the rest of his life
Work in groups of four to decide:
a) if you think seventeen years was a fair sentence.
b) if you think any other people were also partly responsible for what Mr. Hofmann
did.
Give reasons for your decisions.
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UNIT X
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
The software's very good. Our customers like the new software. Sales are increasing.
I'm glad to hear that.
But there are some problems.
Oh, what kind of problems?
I'd like to explain them later.
Perhaps we can discuss them at dinner this evening?
Yes, of course.
By the way, where would you like to go this evening? I mean, what kind of food
would you like to eat?
Well, I'm not sure. What do you suggest?
What about sashimi? Would you like that?
Sashimi? What's that? I'm afraid I don't know very much about Japanese food.
It's raw fish or raw seafood. It's very good!
Uh huh. I'd like to try that some other time perhaps. Can you suggest something else?
Yes, of course.
Verb Patterns
Here are three possible verb patterns.
1. Verb + infinitive (+ to)
They want to buy a new car.
He promised to come early.
I decide to go by taxi.
She forgot to post the letter.
2. Verb + -ing
She enjoys playing tennis.
I like cooking, but I dont like washing up.
He finished reading his book.
44
NOTE!
No, I wouldnt. is not common because it is impolite.
45
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UNIT XI
LISTENING
Listen to the following passage trying to understand the meaning
of the grammar structures in italics:
A. First Conditional
Form
if + Present Simple, will + infinitive (without to)
Positive and negative
I work hard, I
she has enough money, she
we dont hurry up, we
If youre late
If
ll
(will)
wont
pass my exams.
buy a new car.
be late.
wait for you.
Question
What
you do
you dont go to university?
will
if
Where
she go
she cant find a job?
Short answer
Will you go to university if you pass your exams?
Yes, I will./No, I wont.
If we look after the planet, will we survive?
Yes, we will./No, we wont.
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NOTE!
The condition clause (if) can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end.
Ill pass my exams, if I work hard.
If I work hard, Ill pass my exams.
Use
The First Conditional is used to express a possible condition and a probable result in
the future.
If my cheque comes, Ill buy us all a meal.
Youll get wet if you dont take an umbrella.
Whatll happen to the environment if we dont look after it?
NOTE!
English uses a present tense in the conditions clauses, not a future form.
Wrong: If it will rain
If Ill work hard
Right: If it rains
If I work hard
Time clauses
Form
Conjunction + Present Simple, will + infinitive (without to)
Conjunctions of time (e.g. when, as soon as, before, until) are not usually followed
by will. The clause refers to the future, but English uses the Present Simple, not will.
When your guests arrived, well eat.
As soon as I have some news, Ill phone you.
Ill do my work after I have a bath.
Ill speak to you again before I leave.
Well stay here until the rain stops.
NOTE!
If expresses a possibility that something will happen; when expresses what the
speaker sees as certain to happen.
If I find my book, Ill send it to you.
When I get home, Ill have a bath.
B. Second Conditional
Form
if + Past Simple; would + infinitive (without to)
Would is a modal auxiliary verb. The forms of would is the same for all persons.
Positive and negative
I had more money, I
buy a CD player.
If she knew the answer, she d (would) tell us.
we lived in Russia, we
soon learn Russian.
If I didnt have so many debts, I wouldnt have to work so hard.
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Question
What
you do
you had a year off?
would
if
Which countries
you go to
you travelled round the world?
Short answer
Would you travel round the world?
Yes, I would./No, I wouldnt.
If they had money, would they buy a new car?
Yes, they would./No, they wouldnt.
NOTE!
1.
The condition clause can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end.
Id help if I had more time.
If I had more time, Id help.
2.
Were is often used instead of was in the condition clause.
If I were you, Id go to bed.
If he were cleverer, hed know he was making a mistake.
Use
The Second Conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable condition and its
probable result in the present or future. The condition in unreal because it is different
from the facts that we know. We can always say: But .
If I were Prime Minister, Id increase tax for rich people. (But Im not Prime
Minister.)
If I lived in a big house, Id have a party. (But I live in a small house.)
What would you do if you saw a ghost? (But I dont expect you will see a ghost.)
OPTIMIST
PESIMIST
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you retire?
What did you read in the
newspaper yesterday?
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Class talk
Talk about these points with the others in your class.
What things (such as birds singing, for example) make you feel
optimistic?
What things make you feel pessimistic?
What do you sometimes do to cheer yourself up if youre feeling
down?
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