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Table of Contents
Context and Millennium Development Goal Achievements ............................................................ 2 Millennium Goal Challenges ............................................................................................................ 3 Research Questions .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Case Study Readings and Media ...................................................................................................... 9 Targeted Readings by Theme .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Additional References .................................................................................................................... 10
Efforts to stem malnutrition, remove barriers to school enrollment, curtail unsanitary conditions leading to child mortality, combat malaria and tuberculosis, and provide access to water have been impressive. Public-private partnerships have flourished. Unprecedented advances in technology have led to greater levels of access to vital resources and information exchange. As coordinated efforts have unfolded, research continues to strengthen the case that the education of girls serves as a catalyst for overall development. Educated mothers are 50% more women are likely to immunize their children than mothers with no schooling (Lewis & Lockheed, 2007). With an extra year of education, a girl can earn up to 20% more as an adult and often reinvest 90% of her income into her family. A child born to a literate mother is 50% more likely to survive past the age of 5 (UNESCO, 2012). Over the past 40 years (particularly from 2000 to the present), womens education has prevented more than 4 million child deaths. (UNGEI, 2012). The Millennium Development Goals also include a 2015 expiration date. With fewer than 850 days to go, a vigorous and contentious post-2015 debate is well underway.
Photo Credit: UNDP
approach undermines case-by-case capacity-building efforts in favor of global aid. The blogosphere is filled with questions about the accuracy of data from monitoring, evaluation, transparency, and accountability tools. Watchdog groups harbor deep suspicions toward the allure of privatization and influence peddling. Others decry the lack of a framework for the protection of human rights beyond a fleeting, tokenistic, or rhetorical embrace (Alston, 2004). The Millennium Development Goals have also faced criticism from claims that it reflects a negotiated, donor-driven agenda (2) MDG data design, collection methods, and reliability have been viewed as flawed (3) MDGs have been criticized for not having considered dependent variables enough most notably the meteoric rise in population, climate change, and the dominance of India and Chinas data thus skewing the results (4) MDGs have been called to task for its omissions. Girls education may have received a great deal of media attention. However, the progress report toward the realization of MDGs in these areas is mixed, particularly in the areas of education quality and equity, education and public health, and education in emergencies.
Issues of gender equity have been central to the development of a gender sensitive lens designed to link social justice and gender equality with education for sustainable development (Enarson, 2000). Researchers and NGO leaders have demanded publicly viewable data and accountability measures designed to ensure that policies governing and protecting gender equity and womens empowerment are enforced. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals 2013 Report states: persisting genderbased inequalities in decision-making continue to deny women a say in the decisions that affect their lives (UNMDG Report, 2013). According to the Global Campaign for Education, the existing MDG doesn't really do enough to provide a strong incentive to worry about the hard-toreach groups." (Williams, 2013) While evidence can substantiate significant global development progress through the education of girls, progress toward those MDGs focusing explicitly on health, equity, and economic opportunities for girls and women has consistently fallen short. In several countries rated at the bottom of the United Nations Development Index, the pace of progress toward equity and human rights has not only slowed, but also gone backward. The issues are rarely understood from a single perspective. Sociological, psychological, and anthropological perspectives tend to focus on regional contexts and cultural memory. Girls may not attend school in a region of Pakistan because families may fear retribution by authorities, a human trafficking network, or sexual violence. They may have been told that religious doctrine forbids it. From an economic standpoint, those same families may not comprehend the longerterm financial benefits of removing girls from the task of carrying water, especially when required to pay school fees for uniforms or supplies. As the world becomes increasingly aware of educational and equity disparities, the momentum to build more schools has met with resistance from those who seek assurances that those schools are staffed with qualified teachers capable of promoting inclusion and fairness. In short, Malala has a right to attend a good school and learn from well-trained educators. Global watchdog groups have exposed those governments that manipulate their dependence upon foreign aid to abdicate their primary responsibility of educating their citizens (Dambisa, 2009). Governments have been accused of deferring any national measures toward achieving MDGs until after World Bank loans have been approved or fabricating statistics in order to curry favor with lending agencies or the international donor community.
The connection between education and public health is dramatic and cuts across all areas of development. Issues include female genital cutting, child marriage, poor maternal care, HIVAIDS transmission, human trafficking, gender-based attacks, limited access to health services, protection, or mechanisms to make their voices heard. Women in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be more likely than men to live in poverty (UN Women, 2012). Reducing maternal mortality is unfortunately a goal thats far away from being achieved and, of course, that fundamentally requires that women achieve their rights and are able to make choices about when they have children (UN Women, 2012). The report of the Secretary General of the United Nations in 2012 identifies a majority of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, where women, especially those between the ages of 15 and 24, are at higher risk of living with HIV and 30 per cent more likely to be infected with HIV than men (UN Secretary General 2010). Nevertheless, Public Health initiatives have made remarkable success. In Malawi, voucher programmes for fertilizers and seeds have addressed decades-old famine, and have transformed the country into a net food importer. Immunization programs, particularly measles campaigns, have surpassed expectations. Providing mosquito nets in the Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Mali, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe has resulted in 44 per cent fewer deaths from malaria than among children not protected from them. (MDG Resources).
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Photo Credit: Human Rights Watch
Public and private partnerships have made substantial inroads to provide mobile maternal health units, initiate campaigns to end Fistula, provide free access to antiretroviral treatments, slow HIV infections amongst youth, control and treat tuberculosis, distribute vitamin A supplements and parasite medication, and install water purification systems. The remarkable success of these health initiatives, however, has evaporated in those regions where public health education campaigns are insufficient and where women are not empowered.
Education in Emergencies
Targeted reading for teams working on this theme:
Kirk, Jackie. 2006. UNESCO Bangkok. Education in Emergencies: The Gender Implications Advocacy Brief. Retrieved from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001489/148908e.pdf
In 2000, when the Millennium Development Goals were formalized, the Inter-Agency Network for Education (INEE) was founded in order to create education clusters of NGOs and global agencies that coordinate interventions and establish standards based upon the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Dakar 2000 Education for All goals.
Some rogue states have kept their borders porous in order to ensure a steady stream of profits from the drug or arms trade. Human Rights Watch and UNESCO report numerous cases of education under attack, and schools as battlegrounds where teachers are attacked, girls and
Case Study: Girls Education
women are raped, and the school itself used as a storehouse of weapons (Human Rights Watch, 2010-11). The recent financial downturn and both large-scale natural and national disasters have disenfranchised millions, resulting in the largest number of refugees in history. In turn, crises expected to last months become protracted, seemingly intractable crises lasting years, compounded by the issues that emerge in overcrowded, unsanitary, refugee communities. In Syria alone, 4 million people are fighting for survival, and there is no end in sight. Over just a few months earlier this year, states bordering Syria faced the herculean, humanitarian task of absorbing 2.5 million displaced people into makeshift camps. In those same camps, polio once eradicated has returned and incidents of gender violence have soared. Often responsible for basic livelihoods, the carrying of water, and care for children, women suffer the most. Relegated to a lower rung on food, power, and housing hierarchies, women are subject to higher rates of infectious and water-borne diseases (IUCN). In natural and national disasters, girls are particularly at risk. During the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami in 2004, two-thirds of the casualties were women. Disasters reinforce, perpetuate and increase gender inequality, making bad situations worse for women (UNDRR, 2009). Natural and national emergencies have magnified existing social, political, and economic disparities. Sexual and domestic abuse increases. Care for displaced families falls squarely on womens shoulders, yet traditional power structures have not effectively mainstreamed a gender perspective (UNDRR, 2009). The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction has expressed concern that: existing approaches in disaster risk reduction are not only unable to address gender-based vulnerabilities, but also mask the skills and capabilities of women as individuals and as a group. (UNDRR) The InterAgency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) has drawn a considerable amount of attention to the instrumental role women have played in mitigating the effects of hazards in rescue and recovery, relief, and reconstruction (INEE, 2010). The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters resolved to ensure that knowledge, prevention, and planning would be taken seriously in schools (UNISDR, 2005). In 2009, The International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction and the United Nations Development Programme published Making Disaster Reduction Gender-Sensitive: Policy and Practical Guidelines, to ensure that gender mainstreaming is incorporated into disaster management initiatives; the science and technology of safety; communications, training and education; and disaster preparedness and planning, intervention, post-disaster relief, and reconstruction efforts (UNDP, 2009).
How do we build the capacity necessary to evaluate our work and demonstrate impacts? What successful methodologies and best practices should we use to negotiate power relationships and stakeholder pressures? What are the processes by which successful gender mainstreaming practices in one region might be of valuable to, and take root in, in our region? Considering our environmental, political-economic, social, and cultural context, how do we address threats to our work in girls education? What tools and resources have been successful in measuring the effects of girls education on a given community? How can our girls education efforts be sustained, replicated, communicated, and measured? How might we address the opportunities and challenges of communicating these impacts to policy makers, planners, field workers, and community organizations? How do we manage change? How do we cultivate leadership? How do we ensure community support?
UN Report Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW): http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx The formal document itself (about 10 pages, 30 Articles) Interactive Worldwide Inequality Database on Education (2013). Education for All Database Global Monitoring Report http://www.education-inequalities.org/. Interactive database based upon Education for All monitoring data Global Case Study Exclusion, Gender and Education: Case studies from the developing world. Analysis Center for Global Development, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/9781933286228-Lewis-Lockheedexclusion.pdf
Preface, ix-xi; Social Exclusion, pgs. 1-27. These case studies by the authors of Inexcusable Absence: Why 60 Million Girls Still Arent In School and What to Do About It, examine the correlation between the lack of school attendance and social marginalization and how NGOs have achieved parity
Theory of Change
Theory of Change. Retrieved from: Center for Civic Partnerships. http://www.civicpartnerships.org/ - !theory-of-change/c6i2
Definitions for theories of change, along with an annotated list of references.
The Spark Initiatives Theory of Change. Retrieved from: http://www.smartstartga.org/_downloads/30924_Berkley_Spark_TheoryOfCh ange.pdf A two-page overview based upon change factors, transition strategies, outcomes and impact demonstrations, and scaling mechanisms developed by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Recommended Readings
Alston, Philip (2004). A human rights perspective on the millennium development goals. Special adviser to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the MDGs, for the millennium project task force on poverty and economic development. Retrieved from: www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Claiming_MDGs_en.pdf Education from a Gender Equality Perspective. USAID. Retrieved from: http://www.ungei.org/resources/files/Education_from_a_Gender_Equality_Perspective.pdf Fast Tracking Girls Education: A Progress Report by the Education for All Initiative: http://www.globalpartnership.org/media/library/girls-report/1-FastTrackEd-Girls-educationreport-full.pdf Enarson, Elaine (2000, May 3-5). Gender issues in natural disasters: Talking points and research needs. ILO inFocus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction.
Case Study: Girls Education
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Human Rights Watch (2010). Schools as battlegrounds. Retrieved from: http://www.hrw.org/features/schools-as-battlegrounds; Education Under Attack (UNESCO), retrieved from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001868/186809e.PDF Interagency Network for Education in Emergencies. Gender Task Team. Pocket guide to gender:. http://toolkit.ineesite.org/toolkit/Toolkit.php?PostID=1009; Pocket guide to gender Implementation tools. http://toolkit.ineesite.org/toolkit/Toolkit.php?PostID=1113 Interagency Network for Education in Emergencies. IUCN. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Disaster and Gender Statistics Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/1aZpVgi Lewis, M. & Lockheed, M. (2007). Rich world poor world: A guide to global development. Center for Global Development. Education and the developing world: Why is education essential for development? Retrieved from: http://www.cgdev.org/files/2844_file_EDUCATON1.pdf Mayo, Dambisa. (2009, Mar 21). Why foreign aid is hurting Africa, retrieved from: Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB123758895999200083 Milanovic, Branko. (2012). "Global income inequality by the numbers: in history and now --an overview--," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6259, The World Bank. Pogge, T. Interview. ASAP: Academics stand against poverty. Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/1eB04gb Shapiro, Ilana (2005). Theories of Change. Retrieved from: Beyond Intractability. Retrieved from: http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/theories-of-change Spark Initiatives Theory of Change. Buck Institute for Education. Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/ITS9QJ Temin, M. & Levine, R. (2009). Start with a girl: A new agenda for global health. Center for Global Development. Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/fEEcv United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. World Atlas of Gender Equality in Education. Retrieved from: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/unesco-world-atlasgender-education-2012.pdf and corresponding interactive database: http://www.app.collinsindicate.com/atlas-gender-education/en-us United Nations Development Program (2009). Making disaster risk reduction gender-sensitive: Policy and practical guidelines. ISDR (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, UNDP). 2009. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women). Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/17Y0az4 United Nations General Assembly (2012, Aug 6) accelerating progress towards the millennium development goals: options for sustained and inclusive growth and issues for advancing the UN development agenda beyond 2015. Annual Report of the Secretary-General, 65th session. Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/1bKH7Hx United Nations Girls Education Initiative (UNGEI). Millennium Development Goals. Retrieved from http://www.ungei.org/whatisungei/index_2581.html United Nations Girls Education Initiative (2002). Engendering empowerment report, 2012: Global partnership for education. Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/1fQ2ojM United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2005). Hyogo framework for action: 2005-2015. Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/187RwZn
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United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Resources for speakers on global issues. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/briefingpapers/mdgs/stories.shtml United Nations Millennium Development Goals Report (2013). Retrieved from http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdg-report-2013-english.pdf United Nations Secretary Generals Report (See Footnote 3), and UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (Geneva, 2010). United Nations Women. (2012). How women and girls are faring: Charting progress on the millennium development goals. Retrieved from: http://bit.ly/1bKHgLd Williams, R. (Mar 11 2013). Why girls in India are still missing out on the education they need. Retrieved from: The Guardian online: http://bit.ly/17FEBO5
Notes
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