24

Unit 10 Grammar 1. Articles Articles are a kind of adjective; they show how particular or how general a noun is. There are three kinds of article: the, a/an, and having no article, zero article. 2. A/An - Indefinite Article A is used for indefinite things. For example: I have a book. ! don"t have a specific #ook, just any #ook in general. She lives in a house. Again, the house is just a general house, not a particular house. A is also used only for singular counta#le nouns. For example: A #ook, a chair, a person, a #uilding, etc. An has the same meanng as a. A is used in front of words starting with a consonant sound, such as #, c, d, g, p. An is used in front of words that start with a vowel sound such as a, e, i, o, or u. For example: a #ear, a fox, a newspaper. an apple, an egg, an um#rella. An can also #e used #efore words starting with $h$. %ometimes this is optional, for example: a hotel, or $an hotel$. &ere the $h$ sound in hotel is pronounced. 'ccasionally this is not optional, for example: an honor, not a honor. The $h$ sound in honor is not pronounced, so this word actually starts with the vowel sound $o$. As a result, we need to use an. 2. The - Definite Article The is used for particular, definite things. For example: The is used for something already mentioned.particular, definite thing. For example: The is used for a particular, definite thing. For example: 3. Zero Article (ero article is generally for when something is seen as neither definite or indefinite, it simply exists. Zero article is used in front of plural counta#le nouns. For example: ! like eggs. ! like an eggs. Flowers are #eautiful. A flowers are #eautiful. Zero article is used in front of singular uncounta#le nouns. For example: ! like milk. ! like a milk. %occer is fun. The soccer is fun. Zero article is used in front of proper nouns. For example: )y name is *eremy. )y name is a *eremy. ! live in +ondon. ! live in a +ondon.

25
Grammar E ercises ,se the correct article: $a$, $the$, or $ $ -.ero article/. E am!le" ! like 00000 oranges. -.ero article/ E am!le" ! want an orange. 1. ! have #ook. #ook is really interesting. 2. )y pen is on 3. ! am #. $. 1hat is it2 !t"s %. 1e live in &. ! have '. A chick is Grammar E ercises 2 ,se the correct article: $a$, $the$, or $ $ -.ero article/. E am!le" ! like 00000 oranges. -.ero article/ E am!le" ! want an orange. 1. 4o you want 2. 3. #. 4o you like $. +et"s go to %. ! like to listen to &. ! like to listen to '. &e studies (. !"m sick, ! need to see Unit 11 drink2 writer writes #ooks. artist paints pictures. soccer2 department store. music. radio. art and doctor. math. ta#le. teacher. teacher at my school is really nice. elephant. 3ortugal. rice and #a#y chicken. chicken for lunch

26
Grammar 1. Demonstrati)es - this* that* these* those. This/that/these/those show the relative distance #etween the speaker and a noun. This refers to something near to the speaker, that to something further away. These is the plural of this, and those is the plural of that.

%ometimes demonstratives are pronouns, for example: $This is my )om.$ )om is near to the speaker $These are my #ooks.$ The #ooks are near the speaker. $! don"t like that.$ &e doesn"t like something that is further away. %ometimes demonstratives can also #e adjectives, for example: That man is a doctor. ! like those jackets. ! don"t like that movie.

Grammar E ercises 5omplete the sentences using this, that, these or those. E am!le" ! like this picture. -this, these/

1.

is a red #ox.

2.

is a #lue #ox.

3.

are #oxes.

#. $.

are #oxes is a red #ox and is a #lue #ox.

Grammar E ercises 2 5omplete the sentences using this, that, these or those.

27
E am!le" ! like this picture. -this, these/ 1. -That, Those/ 2. +ook at -this, that/ 3. -That, This/ #. 4o you like -that, those/ $. 1hat are the answers to -this, these/ %. ! love -these, that/, -those, that/ &. +et"s watch a movie. a good idea. -This is, That"s/ '. 1hose house is -those, that/ (. This #ook isn"t very good , #ut -that, this/ 2 shirt looks great.

man over there.

is a #eautiful day today.

flowers2

6uestions2

shoes #ut ! don"t like

shirt.

#ook"s great.

Unit 12 Dialo+,es - -ossessi)es 1.

1hose watch is this2 'h, it"s mine. And whose pen is this2 !t"s Tim"s, ! think.

2. 1hose 54s are these2 They"re mine. 4o you like them2 %ure, !"ve got the same 54s at home.

3. 1ho lives in that house2 'h, that"s the *ones" house. This is our house. 7our house is really nice.

28
Thanks. !s this your car2 8o that"s not mine, it"s my neigh#or"s. This is mine.

.e/ 0oca1,lar/ whose watch mine these 54 mine Grammar 1. -ossessi)es 3ossessives show who or what something #elongs to they show possession. same *ones a common family name our nice neigh#or

)ost nouns can #e made possessive simply #y adding 2s. For example: The restaurant2s food is very good. 4avid 9eckham2s right foot is excellent. 7ou can eat an apple2s skin. !f the noun is plural and ends in $s$, you add just 2. For example: girls is plural and ends in $s$ so:" The girls" #ooks are interesting. -The girls"s #ooks are interesting/ children is plural #ut doesn"t end in $s$ so we just add 2s as normal: The children"s #oks are interesting. boss ends in $s$ #ut is not plural, so again just add 2s. The #oss"s office is very #ig. This can however look and sound awkward, so you can sometimes just use 2 instead. For example with names: Thomas's book, Tess's house can also #e Thomas' book, Tess' house. The #asic rule is; if the noun is plural and ends in $s$ add 2 2. -ossessi)e Ad3ecti)es &ere are the possessive adjectives with example sentences. 8otice that possessive adjectives come #efore the noun. -ossessi)e Ad3ecti)e )y 7our -singular/ &er &is 'ur 7our -plural/ Their !ts Unco,nta1le This is m/ #ook 4o,r car looks great. 5er watch is expensive. 5is house is on 5ham#er %treet. 6,r dog is cute. 4o,r friends are nice. This is their #all. The cat likes its food. otherwise just add 2s.

29
3. -ossessi)e -rono,ns &ere are the possessive pronouns with example sentences. 8otice they never come #efore nouns. -ossessi)e -rono,n )y 7our -singular/ &er &is 'ur 7our -plural/ Their !ts Unco,nta1le This #ook is mine. That car is /o,rs. Theexpensive watch is hers. The house on 5ham#er %treet is his. The cute dog is o,rs. Those friends are /o,rs. This #all is theirs.

There is no possessive pronoun for its, so you cannot say "The book is its". Also possessive pronouns often come at the end of sentences and are usually stressed. $This is my #ook$ can #e have a fairly factual meaning, #ut $This #ook is mine$ stresses more strongly whose #ook it is. Grammar E ercises )ake the possessive form of the nouns given. E am!le" )y 1rother2s house is in +ondon. -#rother/ 1. )y 2. The 3. !t"s #. 4o you have $. The %. )y &. 7our uncle is your '. 7our aunt is your (. )y 10. A Grammar E ercises 2 Add the correct possessive adjective or pronoun. E am!le" ! have a pencil, it"s m/ pencil. !t"s mine. 1. %he has a #ook, it"s 2. 7ou have an um#rella, it"s #ook. !t"s um#rella. !t"s . . shirt is purple. -friend/ #ooks are on the desk. -girls/ #irthday on )onday. -*ohn/ newspaper2 -today/ #ags are in the #edroom. -children/ office is next to mine. -#oss/ #rother. -father/ sister. -mother/ #irthdays are next month. -friends/ tail is long. -monkey/

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3. They have some maga.ines, they"re . #. &ere is 9o#"s house. !t"s $. These are Tom and *ackie"s #ags. They"re %. ! have a puppy. !t"s &. Tyler"s #rother has a new apartment. !t"s Unit 13 Dialo+,es - 7om!arati)es / 8,!erlati)es 1. &ow"s the weather in your country2 The summer is much hotter than here, and the winter is also much colder. The #est time is spring, it"s #eautiful: . . house. #ags. maga.ines. They"re

2. 1hich restaurant do you like2 9ella ;osa is good, they"ve got good food #ut it"s expensive. )c4onalds is cheaper, #ut it"s really unhealthy. ! think the <ietnamese restaurant is the #est, it"s the cheapest, the healthiest, and the most delicious:

3. &ow"s your =nglish going2 'h, it"s much #etter these days. !t"s easier than #efore, and ! know more words and ! can speak more confidently. !t"s great. !"m really glad to hear it. >eep up the great work:

.e/ 0oca1,lar/ weather country summer hotter colder #est expensive cheaper unhealthy <ietnamese Grammar 7om!arati)es and 8,!erlati)es cheapest healthiest most delicious #etter these days easier #efore know words more confidently

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5omparatives show more or less of a particular attri#ute, they compare things. 5omparatives are generally used for comparing two things, and superlatives are used for comparing three or more things. !f it"s clear what we are comparing to, then we can just use the comparative form on its own. For example: ! am faster. %he is older. 'therwise we use than #efore the thing we are comparing to. For example: ! am faster than *ohn. %he is taller than me. %uperlative forms don"t use than and are always preceded #y the definite article the. For example: ! am the tallest student in my school. 7om!arati)es ----6ne-8/lla1le Ad3ecti)es To make a comparative from an adjective with one sylla#le, we add er to the adjective, for example: slow slower fast faster tall taller short shorter To make a comparative from a one sylla#le adjective ending in e, we just add r. For example: nice nicer large larger !f the one sylla#le adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we dou#le the consonant. For example: #ig #igger hot hotter thin thinner T9o-8/lla1le Ad3ecti)es !f the adjective has two or more sylla#les, we add more #efore the adjective. For example: This #ook is more expensive than that #ook. This picture is more #eautiful. &owever there are many exceptions to this one?two syllla#le rule. %ome two sylla#le words #ehave like one sylla#le ones: For example: This is easier 5orrect This is more easy !ncorrect. This is simpler 5orrect This is more simple !ncorrect And some adjectives can use #oth comparatives forms: For example clever cleverer more clever: These are all correct. 6uiet 6uieter more 6uiet: These are all correct. =xceptions cannot #e learnt through rules, the #est way to learn them is simply to pick them up case #y case.

32
8,!erlati)es ----6ne-8/lla1le Ad3ecti)es To make a superlative from an adjective with one sylla#le, we add est to the adjective, for example: slow slowest fast fastest tall tallestr short shortest To make a superlative from a one sylla#le adjective ending in e, we just add st. For example: nice nicest large largest !f the one sylla#le adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we dou#le the consonant. For example: #ig #iggest hot hottest thin thinnest T9o-8/lla1le Ad3ecti)es !f the adjective has two or more sylla#les, we add most #efore the adjective. For example: This #ook is the most expensive #ook. This picture is the most #eautiful picture in the museum. Irre+,lar :orms There are a few irregular forms. 9elow gives the adjective, comparative, and superlative forms. good #etter #est #ad worse worst far farther farthest far further furthest little less least much?many more most For example: 7ou are the #est student in the world: ! am far from home, he is further from home, #ut he is the furthest from home. Grammar E ercises 1rite the comparative form of the adjectives given. E am!le" An elephant is 1i++er than a lion. -#ig/ 1. The 8ile river is 2. !"m 3. They"re smart/ #. This #ook #ag is then the Ama.on. -long/ than 7uri #ut than us, #ut we"re than )iko. -tall, short/ than them. -handsome,

than that #ag. -expensive/

33
$. This newspaper is %. %oda juice tastes &. Today is '. This T< program is Grammar E ercises 2 1rite the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives given. E am!le" )ount =verest is the hi+hest mountain in the world. -high/ 1. The 8ile river is 2. Tyler is 3. The #lue team got -good, #ad/ #. This is $. )in1oo is %. This is &. )y sister is and river in the world. -long/ person ! know. -happy, kind/ score and the red team got than that newspaper. -good/ than fruit juice. -#ad/ than yesterday. -warm/ . -interesting/

ticket to France. -cheap/ student in our class. -hard working/ movie in the world. -#oring/ person in my family. -young/

'. The word in =nglish is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. -long/

Unit 1# -ast 8im!le - 0er1 ;to 1e; The 3ast %imple is used for facts and events that existed in the past. For example: ! was with my grandmother yesterday. They were at home last week. The ver# $to #e$ is irregular, it"s past form is as follows: 8in+,lar ! was 7ou were &e was %he was !t was -l,ral 1e were 7ou were They were

34
%ome examples of past simple sentences with the ver# $to #e$ are: ! was happy yesterday. 1e were teachers for @A years. There was a lot of rain yesterday. 3ast %imple sentences are always associated with a certain time which is either stated or implied. For example: ! was really #usy yesterday. -The time is stated/ ! was really #usy. -The time isn"t stated, #ut in a conversation the time would #e understood./ <e+ati)es 3ast %imple negative sentences are made #y adding not after the ver# $to #e$. For example: !t was not sunny yesterday. They were not in the li#rary. 1e often contract negatives, especially in spoken =nglish: %he 9as not hungry. B %he 9asn2t hungry. They 9ere not a#road last year. B They 9eren2t a#road last year. =,estions Cuestions are made #y inverting the su#ject and ver#. For example: 5e 9as a teacher. >as he a teacher2 >e 9ere happy to see your family. >ere /o, happy to see my family2 D. 1hen 00000 the news first #roadcast2 a/ was #/ were

@. 9oth the #oy and the kitten 00000 asleep. a/ was #/ were

E. 1ho 00000 your #est friends in high school2 a/ was #/ were

F. !t was a really long day, so we 00000 exhausted. a/ was #/ were

G. 1hat 00000 the name of the 9eatlesH first movie2 a/ was #/ were

I. The houses in my neigh#orhood 00000 #uilt in the DJKAs. a/ was #/ were

L. %ue 00000 only twenty when she graduated from university. a/ was #/ were

J. 1hy00000 the ,nited %tates a#le to grow from a few colonies2 a/ was #/ were

K. 'ne mother 00000 surprised to learn that her kids were always late. a/ was #/ were

DA. 9ecause 3at and ! 00000 underage, we didnHt vote in last yearHs election. a/ was #/ were

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Unit 1$ -ast 8im!le The 3ast %imple is used for facts and events that existed in the past. For example: ! !la/ed tennis with some guys from work yesterday. 1e sta/ed in %hanghai for five days. ;egular past simple ver#s are formed #y adding $ ed$ to the ver#. For example: jump B jumped: The dog jumped over the fence. walk B walked: ! walked @@ kilometers yesterday. work B worked: 1e worked together as lawyers for DG years. Usa+e The past simple is used for a completed action. For example: 1e watched a movie at the weekend. %he arrived on Thursday. A specific time must #e given or implied. For example: ! walked to work this morning. A specific time is given. ! walked to work. A specific time is not given, #ut in context we would understand what time is #eing referred to. <e+ati)es 3ast simple negatives are made with did and not. Did is the past form of the ver# to do. Did and not are often contracted to didn't. For example: ! arrived in +ondon on )onday. ! didn2t arrive on %unday. They stayed at the <ivaldi &otel. They didn2t stay at the 5arlton &otel. 9ecause $did$ is a past form, the main ver# doesn"t change. For example: 1e didn2t live in !taly. Did is a past form so live is unchanged. 1e didn2t lived in !taly. !ncorrect =,estions Cuestions are made #y putting did #efore the su#ject. For example: They stayed at the <ivaldi &otel. Did they stay at the <ivaldi &otel2 Again the main ver# doesn"t change, for example: 7ou lived in *apan. Did you lived in *apan2 !ncorrect 7ou lived in *apan. Did you live in *apan2 5orrect Irre+,lar 0er1s There are many irregular past simple ver#s in =nglish, these do not add -ed. 9elow are some of the most common ones #ut there are many more.

#e was?were #ecome #ecame #egin #egan #reak #roke #ring #rought #uild #uilt #uy #ought catch caught choose chose come came do did draw drea eat ate feel felt fight fought find found fly flew forget forgot get got

make made meet met pay paid read read ride rode run run say said sell sold send sent shut shut sing sang sit sat sleep slept smell smelt?smelled speak spoke stand stood swim swam take took teach taught

36
give gave go went have had hear heard hit hit know knew learn learnt?learned leave left lose lost tell told think thought understand understood wear wore win won write wrote

,se the past tense forms of the ver#s in the #ox to complete the sentences. )ake sure there are no extra spaces or misspell words in your answers. wish #athe catch rain teach put #ecome

forget #uy work

put

E am!le" The waiter 1. ! 2. )rs. %taten 3. !t #. 1e $. )ickey %. )r. Fisher

the plates on the ta#le.

the groceries on the kitchen counter. at the same school for @A years. so much that the river flooded into the town. that it was my youngest nephew"s #irthday. a cold, so heHs going to #ed early tonight. an expensive new automo#ile for his wife. in a #ank.

&. 1hen he was younger, my father '. After the ducks

in the pond, they flapped their wings to dry off. for a pony.

(. %ally #lew out the candles on her #irthday cake and 10. )s. Ali ended the war.

president after an election in DKKL that formally

Unit 1% -ast 7ontin,o,s The 3ast 5ontinuous is used for actions or situations that happened over a period of time. The 3ast 5ontinuous is made with the past form of to be and the -ing form. 8in+,lar ! was walking 7ou were walking &e was walking -l,ral 1e were walking 7ou were walking They were walking

37
%he was walking !t was walking Usa+e The 3ast 5ontinuous is used for actions which are taking progress in the past. 1e are in the middle of these actions, they have started #ut not yet finished. For example: 1e were playing tennis yesterday afternoon. 1hat were you doing2 ! was having lunch with my sister. The 3ast 5ontinuous and 3ast %imple are often used together to show that one situation happened during another one. The 3ast 5ontinuous is used for a #ackground event that has already started, and the 3ast %imple is used to introduce a new event. For example: ! was walking in the park when it started to rain. $1alking in the park$ is a #ackground situation, and $it started to rain$ is the new event of interest. !t was raining so ! ran #ack home. 1hile ! was running, the rain stopped. !t wasn"t raining, so ! walked in the park again. 8ote that if we want to show that one situation happened after another one, we usually use the 3ast %imple. For example: 7esterday ! walked in the park, it started to rain, ! ran #ack home, and the rain stopped. M ,se the past continuous tense forms of the ver#s in parentheses to complete the sentences. )ost of the sentences #elow also need past simple forms of the ?e ver#. E am!le" The soccer team E am!le" %he 1. &e 2. 1hile ! 3. A stranded motorist -stand/ #. !t was a cold day #ut she $. *ohn, what J pm2 -do/ %. +ast summer when ! morning. -not?work/ &. )y daughters yesterday. -talk/ '. As we started to fall. -wash/ you
w asn't w as playing practicing

-practice/.

tennis last night. -not?play/.

up

T< all last night. -watch/ a shower, the phone rang. -take/ on the side of the highway.

her coat. -not?wear/ yesterday evening #etween L and

, ! went to the gym every

on the phone for hours and hours

the car, storm clouds rolled in and rain

(. After on hold for twenty five minutes, ! finally get through to someone. -wait/ 10. *ust as the %mith family down for dinner, there

38
was a knock on the door. -sit/

Unit 1& :,t,re - >ill/8hall Will is a modal ver# used to indicate future time. For example: !t 9ill #e sunny tomorrow. The new restaurant 9ill open next week. Will comes after the su#ject and #efore the main ver#, and in 6uestions the su#ject and ill invert. Will often contracts to 'll, for example he'll, they'll, and in negatives ill not often contracts to on't. Affirmati)e &e 9ill ? &e"ll stay at home tomorrow. They 9ill ? They"ll #e very #usy. <e+ati)e ! 9ill not ? 9on2t stay at home tomorrow. They 9ill not ? 9on2t #e very #usy.

Usa+e Will is used for future predictions and facts. For example: 1e"ll finish it #y tonight. 1e have a lot of time. 1e won"t #e late. $1here will you go next year2$ $!"ll go to America.$ Will is also used to make a spontaneous response. For example: 'ffer: $The telephone"s ringing.$ $!"ll answer it.$ 3romise: $!"ll never leave you$ $!"ll give it to you tomorrow morning.$ ;e6uest: $1ill you wait for me this evening2$ 1ill for re6uests is 6uite strong and often used when the expected answer is $7es$. 'therwise can is more polite: $5an you wait for me this evening2$ Threat: $7ou"ll #e sorry:$ 'rder: $7ou will not eat my chocolate chip cookies:$ 8hall Shall is used with only I and $8hall ! open the window2$ e to make 6uestions. For example:

!t can also #e used to make statements, #ut this is formal and old fashioned. $1e shall arrive at I.AA.$ 5omplete the 6uestions using 9ill or shall. <ote" %hall is generally used in American =nglish with ! and we to make offers and suggestions. D. 00000 ! #e a#le to see my house from the plane2 a/ 1ill #/ %hall

@. 00000 ! carry that suitcase for you2 !t looks heavy: a/ 1ill #/ %hall

E. 00000 we have enough money to support ourselves2

39
a/ 1ill #/ %hall

F. 00000 +i. and 5arol have 5hristmas dinner with their parents2 a/ 1ill #/ %hall

G. 00000 we call it a day and continue working on the project tomorrow2 a/ 1ill #/ %hall

I. 00000 ! have any pro#lems accessing my account information over the !nternet2 a/ 1ill #/ %hall

L. 00000 )r. %mith #e here soon2 ! need to talk to him a#out the 3eterson contract. a/ 1ill #/ %hall

J. 00000 we just tell )s. *ohnson the truth2 %omeone is #ound to tell her if we donHt. a/ 1ill #/ %hall

K. 00000 ! get you something warm to drink, like a cup of tea or a #owl of chicken soup2 a/ 1ill #/ %hall

DA. 00000 we need to #uy any additional software if we link our server with other servers on the !nternet2 a/ 1ill Unit 1' :,t,re - Goin+ to !oing to is used to show a future intention. For example: !"m +oin+ to go on vacation next summer. 1e"re +oin+ to start our own #usiness. !oing to future sentences are made as follows: %u#ject ver# $to #e$ going to infinitive ver#. For example: They are going to have dinner. Usa+e !oing to is used for future plans. For example: !"m going to see my friends this evening. &e"s going to write a #ook. 1hat are you going to do2 !oing to is also used to make a prediction #ased on present evidence. For example: &e"s going to fall over: -! can see he"s in danger now./ %he"s going to win. -! can see she"s winning now./ Will and going to are #oth used for predictions and sometimes there is little difference in meaning. 5ompare: !t will #e sunny this afternoon. -A general prediction/ !t"s going to #e sunny this afternoon. -#ecause it"s getting warmer now/ !oing to with the 3ast %imple of $to #e$ is often used for an intention or plan that wasn"t actually done. For example: ! was going to meet my friends #ut ! didn"t have time. 1e were going to take a vacation #ut it was too expensive. !oing to is often contracted to gonna in spoken =nglish. For example: #/ %hall

40
$!"m +onna #uy a new computer.$ ,nscram#le these sentences and 6uestions. E am!le" going ask ! to am %ue. 1. 5harles see to going are 1e. 2. going 9eth you Are to meet2 3. 8ew 7ork fly to ! to am going. #. the ,nited %tates going !s visit !an to2 $. )ary is ;onald going secret to his tell. %. herself to car a )om going new #uy is. &. 4on #ase#all play going with they to Are2 '. Tom and <eronica get married are to going (. *ohn 9elushi going !s to visit 5hicago2 10. *ack going %herri and Ann lunch eat to are with. Unit 1( Ad3ecti)e 6rder 1hen we use more than one adjective they should #e used in the correct order. Adjective order is not entirely fixed #ut the general se6uence is: 4eterminer 'pinion %i.e Age %hape 5olor 'rigin )aterial B 8oun 4eterminers are words such as a, an , the, this, that. These words are also kinds of adjectives. For example: a famous, old painting a #ig, round ta#le an American, cotton shirt Adjectives of opinion come #efore adjectives of fact, for example: a #eautiful, white flower. $A white, #eautiful flower$ sounds unusual. 1ith two or more adjectives commas are optional. For example: $A long, dark tunnel$ or $A long dark tunnel$ are #oth accepta#le. 1ith two or more color adjectives use and. For example: %he"s got a #lack and white kitten. Adjectives other than colors don"t use and. For example: %he"s got a little, #lack kitten. $%he"s got a little and #lack kitten$ is incorrect. 3ut the adjectives in the correct order. Determiner " #$inion " Si%e " Age " Sha$e " &olor " #rigin " 'aterial " (oun E am!le" )ary has denim a jacket #lue
I am going to

41
Mary has a blue denim jacket.

1. )ike drives car orange old an. )ike drives 2. 3atty #ought house a white #ig. 3atty #ought 3. %heila gave 4on silk tie a #eautiful. %heila gave 4on #. <eronica will wear red long dress the. <eronica will wear $. ! will order milkshake a chocolate large. ! will order . . . . .

%. 9o# and *ill sold rocking anti6ue chair their. 9o# and *ill sold .

&. The high school held useful a meeting neigh#orhood. The high school held .

'. motorcycle off road @A year old )y doesn"t start any more. doesn"t start any more. (. #lack 7our hand#ag cute leather must have cost you a fortune: must have cost you a fortune: 10. pre war *apanese floats %ome glass adorn my wifeHs rose garden. adorn my wifeHs rose garden. Unit 20 Ger,nds and Infiniti)es" 0er1@Ger,nd / 0er1@ Infiniti)e A gerund is a ver# that functions as noun. For example: ! enjoy !la/in+ tennis. ! enjoy play tennis$ is incorrect. 1e practice s!eaAin+ =nglish every day. They just #ought a new s9immin+ !ool. !n =nglish the infinitive is made of to and the ver#. For example: ! want to learn a new language. 7ou forgot to close the door. <er#s are often followed #y infinitives or gerunds and choosing which to use has few fixed rules, it depends mainly on the individual ver#. 0er1 @ Ger,nd &ere are some common ver#s that can #e followed #y gerunds, #ut not infinitives. admit &e admitted taking the money. cele#rate 1e cele#rated winning the competition. deny The government denied spending too little on education. dislike ! dislike complaining. enjoy %he enjoys meeting her friends. finish ! finished working there last month. imagine ! imagine #eing a waitress is a difficult jo#. keep 1here are my keys2 ! keep losing them.

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mind ! don"t mind waiting, we"ve got time. miss ! miss talking with my sisters. remem#er 4o you remem#er going to !taly2 risk *eff"s always late. &e risks losing his jo#. stop 4on"t stop singing, it"s really nice. suggest ! suggest having lunch first. Nerunds are also used after some phrasal ver#s. For example: !f you Aee! on doin+ the same thing, you"ll get the same results. %he wants to +i)e ,! drinAin+ coffee. 0er1 @ Infiniti)e 9elow are some common ver#s that can #e followed #y infinitives, #ut not usually gerunds. aim !"m aiming to finish this #ook #y the end of )arch. afford ! can"t afford to #uy new clothes. agree )y #oss agreed to give me a reference. decide 1e decided to have a #a#y. deserve 7ou deserve to have a #etter score. forget 4on"t forget to lock the door. hope ! hope to go to &arvard 9usiness %chool. learn ! learnt to read when ! was E years old. mean !"m sorry, ! didn"t mean to make you angry. need 7ou don"t need to study a lot, you need to study a little for a long time. offer &e offered to help me carry these #ags. plan They plan to go a#road next year. pretend &e"s pretending to #e sick. promise %he promised to #e here on time. refuse 1hy do they always refuse to listen2 seem %he seems to #e really intelligent. Complete the sentences using a gerund or an infinitive.

Example: I strongly suggest _____ an attorney on hand before signing a contract to buy a home a! ha"ing b! to ha"e # $he ans%er is& a! ha"ing

D. 4o all of us need 000002 a/ going #/ to go

@. 9eth promised 00000. a/ writing #/ to write

E. *oe doesn"t mind 00000 #y himself. a/ working #/ to work

F. 5arol and her hus#and seem 00000 the perfect life. a/ having #/ to have

G. 4o you really enjoy 00000 to work on )onday morning2 a/ going #/ to go

I. After eating its fill, the monkey decided 00000 home some food. a/ carrying #/ to carry

L. The higher return you hope to achieve, the more you must risk 00000. a/ losing #/ to lose

J. 1hen 8ick lived in Asia, he missed 00000 5hristmas with his family.

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a/ cele#rating #/ to cele#rate

K. ! vehemently dislike 00000 with morons, screw ups, dead#eats, crooks, and liars. a/ dealing #/ to deal

10 'lthough (usan has a good )ob* she can+t afford _____ out of her ,arents+ house a! mo"ing b! to mo"e