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I, Abhijit Kuvar have neither given nor received unauthorized aid for this project.
- 12/7/2013
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INDEX
Executive Summary
1. Circuit Design
1.1 Design Results
1.2 Design Approach
1.3 Gain-boosting amplifiers
1.4 Common Mode Feedback Circuit
1.5 Compensation
1.6 Supply Independent Biasing
1.6.1 Current Generator with start-up circuit
1.6.2 Voltage Bias Generator
2. Simulation Results
2.1 Frequency Response (Gain, Phase Margin)
2.2 CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio)
2.3 PSRR (Power Supply Rejection Ratio)
2.4 Input Common Mode Range
2.5 Output Swing
2.5.1 Peak-to-peak Differential Swing
2.5.2 Single-Ended Output Swing
2.5.1.1 Positive Output (Outp)
2.5.1.2 Negative Output (Outn)
2.6 Noise
2.7 Slew Rate and Settling Time
2.8 Power Dissipation
Conclusion
References
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Executive Summary
Design for the fully-differential operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) was implemented
using a folded cascode operational amplifier with PMOS differential pair input. The required gain
was achieved by implementing the gain-boosting amplifiers with OTA. The common mode
feedback circuit (CMFB) was implemented using series-shunt topology. The design specifications
were met except for output swing. The overall design was aimed for wider GBW product, higher
phase margin and low power design (almost half of 6mW)
1. Circuit Design:
1.1 Design Results:
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The sizing of PMOS and NMOS was determined by gain requirements. The sizing of the gain
boosting amplifiers was also determined in the same fashion. The OTA uses PMOS differential
pair to provide for higher slew rate. The OTA is sized in such a way that magnitude of currents in
lower NMOS pair is greater than PMOS tail current provided. This kind of design takes care of
the worst case situation i.e. if all the current is drawn from one leg of input rails to one side.
After implementing OTA with gain-boosting amplifiers and determining the sizes, all the
MOSFETs were sized proportionately i.e. their width and length were sized in proportion with
each other just for the sake of convenience that FET sizing, if required to be changed, can be done
through ADL window. For all the schematics below, w = 40µm and l = 240nm
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Fig. 2 - Schematic: Basic Op-Amp
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Fig.3 - DC Operating Points: Basic Op-Amp
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sure to be stable. Input common mode range of gain-boosting amplifiers is ensured to be in the
range of basic OTA.
Gain-boosting amplifier circuit increases capacitance between gate and source of the PM2 and
PM3 due to Miller effect. Capacitance increases by a factor of (1+A), where A is the gain of gain-
boosting amplifier leading to reduction in frequency of secondary pole which makes worsens the
phase margin of the circuit. For compensating this, the gain-boosting amplifiers are provided with
compensation, which is discussed in more detailed way in section 1.5
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Fig.6 - Schematic: NMOS Gain-boosting amplifier
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1.4 Common Mode Feedback Circuit (CMFB)
Any fully-differential circuit driving the active loads requires common mode feedback circuit.
CMFB circuit senses the common-mode voltage and compares it with a reference value via
differential pair. The topology implemented in series-shunt topology for CMFB (topology 4). This
topology only implements active loads thus reducing the power consumption required for CMFB
circuit.
The tail NMOSes of differential pair are biased by the gate voltages of lower NMOS pair. The
differential pair converts difference to a current which is fed to diode connected load. The diode
connected load is then used to bias the pair of top PMOSes in basic OTA, which actually is output
of CMFB circuit.
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Fig.9 - DC Operating Points: Common Mode Feedback Circuit.
1.5 Compensation
The circuit implements four gain-boosting amplifiers and one CMFB circuit, all of them are
feedback networks. Addition of feedback network deteriorates the stability of the network and
hence is needed to be compensated for getting adequate phase margin. As discussed in section 1.3,
miller effect worsens phase margin in main OTA and thus compensation has to be provided at the
output of the basic OTA. It is made sure that cross-over frequency of the gain-boosting amplifier
lies between 3dB frequency and crossover frequency of the basic OTA.
Gain-boosting amplifiers are compensated with 300fF capacitors and main OTA with 150fF
capacitors at both the outputs. Common mode feedback network is also compensated by
compensation capacitor of main OTA.
1.6 Supply Independent Biasing
1.6.1 Current Generator with start-up circuit.
The simulation was initiated with an ideal current source and the current was mirrored through the
circuit to achieve required specifications. After many specifications were met, the current source
was replaced with current generator. Constant-gm biasing technique is used for generating
reference current. This current is generated by adjusting gate-to-source voltages and value of
resistance and implementing bootstrapping technique. It is made sure that dc-biasing points of
OTA, gain-boosting amplifiers and CMFB remain almost the same after introduction of current
generator in the circuit. A start-up circuit is implemented with PMOS and NMOS tied.
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Fig.10 - Schematic: Current Generator
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Fig.11 - DC Operating Points: Current Generator
1.6.2 Voltage Bias Generator
Gain-boosting amplifiers and common mode feedback network require range of biasing voltages
in order to keep them in saturation and function properly. During initial design steps, external
supply voltages were provided for the biasing. Voltage bias generators are employed to generate
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voltages as close possible by changing sizing of the diode connected NMOSes and PMOSes.
Voltage bias generator only uses supply voltage Vdd to generate these voltages.
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2. Simulation results
The low frequency gain as seen from the graph is 86.475 dB and unity gain frequency is 602.56
MHz. The phase margin as observed is 79.06 degrees.
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Fig.15 – Frequency response of CMFB
As seen from the diagram, phase margin of CMFB is 131.14 degrees thus, ensuring that feedback
loop is stable.
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2.2 CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio)
Fig.15 – CMRR
As seen from the graph, M8 shows CMRR which shows that low frequency CMRR is 134.01 dB
which is above 120 dB.
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2.3 PSRR (Power Supply Rejection Ratio)
Fig. 16 – PSRR
As seen from graph, it can be seen that PSRR of the OTA for the low frequency is 282.76 dB
which sits comfortably above required specification of 120 dB.
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2.4 Input Common Mode Range:
For plotting the input common mode range we sweep the Vcm and obtain the frequency response.
From the simulation and graph it was seen that the range for which the gain remains within 6dB
of the maximum gain is 0 to 1.12 V.
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2.5 Output Swing
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2.5.2 Single-Ended output swing
2.5.2.1 Positive output (Outp)
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2.5.2.2 Negative output (Outn)
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2.6 Noise
Fig.21 - Noise
The noise response of the OTA is done by calculating the equivalent input noise and plotting it on
log scale. The noise floor comes out to be 14.98 nV/√𝐻𝑧.
1/f corner frequency comes out to be about 102.8 MHz.
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2.7 Slew Rate and Settling Time
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Conclusion
Design of an operational transconductance amplifier was successfully implemented meeting all
design specifications except output swing. The main aim of the design was for higher GBW
product, low power consumption and high phase margin. The conclusion that could be drawn from
this is OTA and CMFB could have been designed better to improve output swing.
The project gave great insights into second order effects on circuit operation by using superior
simulation package of Cadence Virtuoso.
References
ECE 511 Fall 2013 Analog Integrated Circuits course material by Dr. Brian Floyd
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