Aashto LRFD 2012 Del 423-453

Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
12 by the American Association of

S
Officials.
Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO
No reproduction or networing permitted without license from IHS
!icensee"#ept of Transportation$%&%''()''*
All rights reserved. Duplication Not for +esale, '&$')$-'*- *./%&/-' 0#T w.
f
1
c
" especificada resistencia a la compresi2n
a los -( d3as del hormig2n m4s d5bil a
6si7
K
* " fracci2n de la resistencia del hormig2n
disponible para resistir
K
- " Interfa8 de corte, tal como se especifica
en el Art3culo %9(9:9;9
LRFDUS-6-E1: Junio 2012 Errata a diseo LRFD, Sexta Edicin
5-80 AASHTO LRFD PUENTE
ESPECIFICACIONES DE DISEO
donde/
Acv " 4rea del concreto consideran <ue
se dedican a la transferencia de
cortante interfa8 6mm-7
Avf " 4rea de la interfa8 de ci8alla refuer8o
de cru8ar el plano de corte en el 4rea
de Acv 6mm-7
bvi " Ancho de la interfa8 considera <ue se
dedican a la transferencia de corte
6mm7
!vi " longitud interfa8 considera <ue se
dedican a la transferencia de
ci8allamiento 6pulgadas7
c " factor de cohesi2n previsto en el
art3culo %9(9:9; 60Pa7
= "coeficiente de ro8amiento
especificado en el Art3culo %9(9:9;
6medida7
fy " esfuer8o de fluencia del refuer8o,
pero el valor de dise>o <ue no
e?ceda de .' 60Pa7
P
c
" fuer8a de compresi2n neta
permanente normal al plano de corte,
si la fuer8a es la tracci2n, Pc " ',' 6N7
The interface shear strength @<s9
%9(9:9*A;,
%9(9:9*A:, and %9(9:9*A% are based on
e?perimental data for normal weight,
nonmonolithic concrete strengths ranging from
-9% si to *.9% siB normal weight, monolithic
concrete strengths from ;9% si to *(9' siB
sandAlightweight concrete strengths from -9'
si to .9' siB and allAlightweight concrete
strengths from :9' si to %9- si9
Composite section design utili8ing fullA
depth precast dec panels is not addressed by
these provisions9 #esign specifications for
such systems should be established by, or
coordinated with, the Owner9
A
vf
used in @<9 %9(9:9*A; is the interface
shear reinforcement within the interface area
A
cv
9 Cor a girder$slab interface, the area of the
interface shear reinforcement per foot of girder
length is calculated by replacing A
cv
in @<9
%9(9:9*A; with *-b
vi
and P
c
corresponding to
the same one foot of girder length9
In consideration of the use of stayAinA
place dec panels, or any other interface
details, the #esigner shall determine the width
of interface, b
vi
, effectively acting to resist
interface shear9
The interface reinforcement is
assumed to be stressed to its design yield
stress, f
y
9 However, f
y
used in determining the
interface shear resistance is limited to
.' si because interface shear resistance
computed using
higher values have overestimated the interface
shear resistance e?perimentally determined
in a limited number of tests of preAcraced
specimens9
It is conservative to neglect P
c
if it is
compressive, however, if included, the value
of P
c
shall be computed as the force acting
over the area, A
cv
9 If P
c
is tensile, additional
reinforcement is re<uired to resist the net
tensile force as specified in Article %9(9:9-9
S
Officials.
20
tate ighway and !ransportation
is a violation of applicable la
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5.8.4.2Computato! o" t#$ Fa%to&$'
I!t$&"a%$
S#$a& Fo&%$( V
ui
( "o& )&'$&*S+a,
-&'.$/
Dased on consideration of a free body
diagram and utili8ing the conservative
envelope value of V
u*
, the factored interface
shear stress for a concrete girder$slab bridge
may be determined as/
C5.8.4.2
The following illustrates a free body
diagram approach to computation of interface
shear in a girder$slab bridge9 In reinforced
concrete, or prestressed concrete, girder
bridges, with a castAinAplace slab,
hori8ontal shear forces develop along the
interface
V
ui
V
"
u *

b
vi
d
v
6%9(9:9-A
*7
between the girders and the slab9 The
classical strength of materials approach,
which is based on elastic behavior of the
section, has been used successfully in
wher
e/
the past to determine the design interface shear
force9 As
1
LRFDUS-6-E1: June 2012 Errata to LRFD Desin, Sixt! Edition
SECTION 50 CONCRETE STRUCTURES
5-81
d
v
" the distance between the centroid of
the tension steel and the midAthicness
of the slab to compute a factored
interface shear stress
The factored interface shear force in
ips$ft for a concrete girder$slab bridge may
be determined as/
an alternative to the classical elastic
strength of materials approach, a reasonable
appro?imation of the factored interface shear
force at the strength or e?treme event limit
state for either elastic or inelastic behavior
and craced or uncraced sections, can be
derived with the defined notation and the free
body diagram shown in Cigure C%9(9:9-A* as
follows/
V
ui
" v
ui
A
cv
"
v
ui
*-b
vi
6%9(9:9-A
-7
M
u-
" ma?imum factored moment at section
-
V
*
" the factored vertical shear at section *
concurrent
with M
u-
If the net force, P
c
, across the interface
shear plane
is tensile, additional reinforcement, A
vpc
,
shall be
provided as/
M
*
" the factored moment at section *
concurrent with M
u-
El " unit length segment of girder
C
*
" compression force above the
shear plane
A
vpc

P
"
c

Ff
y
6%9(9:9-A
;7
associated with M
*
C
u-
" compression force above the
shear plane
associated with M
u-
Cor beams and girders, the longitudinal
spacing of the rows of interface shear transfer
reinforcing bars shall not e?ceed -:9' in9
M
u-
" M
*
G V
*
El
6C%9(9:9-A*7
M
C
u -
C
u -
"
u -
d
v
M V
E*
"
*
G
*
6C%9(9:9-A
-7
6C%9(9:9-A
;7
d
v
d
v
M
C "
*
d
v
6C%9(9:9-A
:7
20
h
F.u&$ C5.8.4.2-1F&$$ -o'2 Da.&am/
V
h
" C
u-
H C
*
6C%9(9:9-A%7
V E*
V "
*
d
v
6C%9(9:9-A
.7
AAI,III,I,II,I,III,,I,,IIIII,AIAI,,I,,I,I,,IAAA
S
Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication Not for +esale, '&$')$-'*- *./%&/-' 0#T w. is a violation of applicable la
c " 0.2# $si
% " 1.0
K
1
K
2
"
"
"
0.&
1.# $si for normal'weight concrete
1.& $si for lightweight concrete
c " 0.(0 $si
% " 1.(
K
1
K
2
"
"
0.2)
1.) $si
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5-82 AASHTO LRFD
-RID)E DESI)N SPECIFICATIONS
Such that for a unit length segment/
V
hi
V
"
*
d
v
6C%9(9:9-A
)7
where
/
V
hi
" factored interface shear force per
unit length
6ips$length7
The variation of V
*
over the length of any
girder segment reflects the shear flow
embodied in the classical strength of materials
approach9 Cor simplicity of design, V
*
can be
conservatively taen as V
u*
6since V
u*
, the
ma?imum factored vertical shear at section
*, is not liely to act concurrently with the
factored moment at section -7B and further, the
depth, d
v
, can be taen as the distance
between the centroid of the tension steel and
the midAthicness of the slab to compute a
factored interface shear stress9
Cor design purposes, the computed
factored interface shear stress of @<9 %9(9:9-A*
is converted to a resultant interface shear
force computed with @<9 %9(9:9-A* acting
over an area, A
cv
, within which the computed
area of reinforcement, A
vf
, shall be located9
The resulting area of reinforcement, A
vf
, then
defines the area of interface reinforcement
re<uired per foot of girder for direct
comparison with vertical shear reinforcement
re<uirements9
5.8.4.3Co#$/o! a!' F&%to! Fa%to&/
The following values shall be taen for
cohesion, c, and friction factor, =/
J Cor a castAinAplace concrete slab on clean
concrete girder surfaces, free of laitance
with surface roughened to an amplitude of
'9-% in9
C5.8.4.3
The values presented provide a lower
bound of the substantial body of e?perimental
data available in the literature 6!oov and
Patnai, *&&:B Patnai, *&&&B 0attoc, -''*B
Slapus and Kahn, -'':79 Curthermore, the
inherent redundancy of girder$slab bridges
distinguishes this system from other
structural interfaces9
J Cor normalAweight concrete placed
monolithically/
The values presented apply strictly to
monolithic concrete9 These values are not
S
Officials.
20
applicable for situations where a crac may be
anticipated to occur at a Service !imit State9
The factors presented provide a lower bound of
the e?perimental data available in the literature
6Hofbec, Ibrahim, and 0attoc, *&.&B 0attoc, !i,
and Lang,
*&).B 0itchell and Kahn, -''*79
S
Officials.
c " 0.2( $si
% " 1.0
K
1
K
2
"
"
0.2)
1.) $si
5-83
J Cor lightweight concrete placed
monolithically, or nonmonolithically,
against a clean concrete surface, free of
laitance with surface intentionally
roughened to an amplitude of '9-% in9/
c " '9-:
= " *9'
K
*
K
-
"
"
'9-%
*9' si
J Cor normalAweight concrete placed
against a clean concrete surface, free of
laitance, with surface intentionally
roughened to an amplitude of '9-% in9/
Available e?perimental data demonstrates
that only one modification factor is necessary,
when coupled with the resistance factors of
Article %9%9:9-, to accommodate both allA
lightweight and sandAlightweight concrete9
Note this deviates from earlier specifications
that distinguished between allAlightweight and
sandA lightweight concrete9
#ue to the absence of e?isting data, the
prescribed cohesion and friction factors for
nonmonolithic lightweight concrete are
accepted as conservative for application to
monolithic lightweight concrete9
Tighter constraints have been adopted
for roughened interfaces, other than castAinA
place slabs on roughened girders, even though
available test data does not indicate more
severe restrictions are necessary9 This is to
account for variability in the geometry, loading
and lac of redundancy at other interfaces9
J Cor concrete placed against a clean
concrete surface, free of laitance, but not
intentionally roughened/
c " '9')%
= " '9.
K
*
K
-
"
"
'9-
'9( si
J Cor concrete anchored to asArolled
structural steel by headed studs or by
reinforcing bars where all steel in contact
with concrete is clean and free of paint/
c " '9'-%
= " '9)
K
*
K
-
"
"
'9-
'9( si
Cor bracets, corbels, and ledges, the
cohesion factor, c, shall be taen as '9'9
Since the effectiveness of cohesion and
aggregate interloc along a vertical crac
interface is unreliable the cohesion component
in @<9 %9(9:9*A; is set to '9' for bracets,
corbels, and ledges9
5.8.4.44!mum A&$a o" I!t$&"a%$
S#$a&
R$!"o&%$m$!t
@?cept as provided herein, the crossA
sectional area of the interface shear
reinforcement, A
vf
, crossing the interface area,
A
cv
, shall satisfy/
C5.8.4.4
Cor a girder$slab interface, the minimum
area of interface shear reinforcement per foot
of girder length is calculated by replacing A
cv
in @<9 %9(9:9:A* with *-b
vi
9
'9'% A Avf M
cv
S
Officials.
20
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f
y
6%9(9:9:A*7
Cor a castAinAplace concrete slab on clean
concrete girder surfaces free of laitance, the
following provisions shall apply/
Previous editions of these specifications
and of the AASHTO Standard Specifications
have re<uired a minimum area of
reinforcement based on the full
S
Officials.
20
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5-84 AASHTO LRFD
J The minimum interface shear
reinforcement, A
vf
, need not e?ceed
the lesser of the amount determined
using @<9 %9(9:9:A* and the amount
needed to resist *9;;V
ui
$F as
determined using @<9 %9(9:9*A;9
J The minimum reinforcement provisions
specified herein shall be waived for
girder$slab interfaces with surface
roughened to an amplitude of '9-% in9
where the factored interface shear
stress, v
ui
of @<9 %9(9:9-A*, is less than
'9-*' si, and all vertical 6transverse7
shear reinforcement re<uired by the
provisions of Article %9(9-9% is e?tended
across the interface and ade<uately
anchored in the slab9
interface areaB similar to @<9 %9(9:9:A*,
irrespective of the need to mobili8e the
strength of the full interface area to resist
the applied factored interface shear9 In
-''., the additional minimum area
provisions, applicable only to girder$slab
interfaces, were introduced9 The intent of
these provisions was to
eliminate the need for additional
interface shear
reinforcement due simply to a beam with a
wider top flange being utili8ed in place of a
narrower flanged beam9
The additional provision establishes a
rational upper bound for the area of interface
shear reinforcement re<uired based on the
interface shear demand rather than the
interface area as stipulated by @<9 %9(9:9:A*9
This treatment is analogous to minimum
reinforcement provisions for fle?ural capacity
where a minimum additional overstrength
factor of *9;; is re<uired beyond the factored
demand9
Lith respect to a girder$slab interface, the
intent is that the portion of the reinforcement
re<uired to resist
vertical shear which is e?tended into the slab
also serves
as interface shear
reinforcement9
5.8.5P&!%pa+ St&$//$/ ! 5$,/ o"
S$.m$!ta+
Co!%&$t$ -&'.$/
The provisions specified herein shall apply
to all types of segmental bridges with internal
and$or e?ternal tendons9
The principal tensile stress resulting from
the longA term residual a?ial stress and
ma?imum shear and$or ma?imum shear
combined with shear from torsion stress at the
neutral a?is of the critical web shall not e?ceed
the tensile stress limit of Table %9&9:9-9-A* at
the Service III limit state of Article ;9:9* at all
stages during the life of the structure,
e?cluding those during construction9 Lhen
investigating principal stresses during
construction, the tensile stress limits of Table
%9*:9-9;9;A* shall apply9
The principal stress shall be determined
using classical beam theory and the
principles of 0ohrNs Circle9 The width of the
web for these calculations shall be measured
perpendicular to the plane of the web9
Compressive stress due to vertical
tendons provided in the web shall be
considered in the calculation of the
principal stress9 The vertical force
component of draped
longitudinal tendons shall be
considered as a reduction
in the shear force due to the applied
loads9
!ocal tensions produced in webs
resulting from anchorage of tendons
as discussed in Article %9*'9&9- shall
be included in the principal tension
chec9
!ocal transverse fle?ural stress
due to outAofAplane fle?ure of the web
itself at the critical section may be
neglected in computing the principal
tension in webs9
S
Officials.
C5.8.5
This principal stress chec is introduced to verify
the ade<uacy of webs of segmental concrete bridges
for longitudinal shear and torsion9
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5-85
5.8.6S#$a& a!' To&/o! "o& S$.m$!ta+ -o7 )&'$&
-&'.$/
5.8.6.1)$!$&a+
Lhere it is reasonable to assume that
plane sections remain plane after loading, the
provisions presented herein shall be used for
the design of segmental postA tensioned
concrete bo? girder bridges for shear and
torsion in lieu of the provisions of Article %9(9;9
The applicable provisions of Articles
%9(9*, %9(9-,
%9(9:, and %9(9% may apply, as modified
by the provisions herein9
#iscontinuity regions 6where the plane
sections assumption of fle?ural theory is not
applicable7 shall be
designed using the provisions of Article
%9(9.9- and the
strutAandAtie model approach of Article %9.9;9
The provisions of Article %9*;9- shall apply to
special discontinuity regions such as deep
beams, bracets and corbels, as appropriate9
The effects of any openings or ducts in
members shall be considered9 In determining
the effective web or flange thicness, b
e
, the
diameters of ungrouted ducts or oneAhalf the
diameters of grouted ducts shall be subtracted
from the web or flange thicness at the
location of these ducts9
The values of Of P
c
used in any part of
Article %9(9. shall not e?ceed ;9*.9
The design yield strength of transverse
shear or torsion reinforcement shall be in
accordance with
Article
%9(9-9(9
C5.8.6.1
Cor types of construction other than
segmental bo? girders, the provisions of Article
%9(9; may be applied in lieu of the provisions of
Article %9(9.9
#iscontinuity regions where the plane
sections assumption of fle?ural theory is not
applicable include regions adQacent to abrupt
changes in crossAsections, openings, dapped
ends, regions where large concentrated
loads, reactions, or postAtensioning forces are
applied or deviated, diaphragms, deep
beams, corbels or Qoints9
The effects of using concrete with Of 1
c
R
;9*. on the allowable stress limits is not well
nown9
5.8.6.2Loa'!.
#esign for shear and torsion shall be
performed at the strength limit state load
combinations as defined in Article ;9:9*9
The shear component of the primary
effective longitudinal prestress force acting in
the direction of the applied shear being
e?amined, V
p
, shall be added to the load
effect, with a load factor of *9'9
The secondary shear effects from
prestressing shall be included in the PS load
defined in Article ;9;9-9
The vertical component of inclined tendons
shall only be considered to reduce the applied
shear on the webs for tendons
which are anchored or fully
developed by anchorages,
deviators, or internal ducts
located in the top or bottom *$;
of the webs9
The effects of factored
torsional moments, T
u
, shall be
considered in the design
when their magnitude
e?ceeds the value specified in
Article %9(9.9;9
C5.8.6.2
#esign of prestressed concrete segmental bridges for
shear and torsion is based on the strength limit state
conditions because little information is available concerning
actual shear stress distributions at the service limit state9
This load effect should only be added to the bo? girder
analysis and not transferred into the substructure9 Some
designers prefer to add this primary prestress force shear
component to the resistance side of the e<uation9
Cor members subQected to combined shear and torsion,
the torsional moments produce shear forces in different
elements of the structure that, depending on the direction of
torsion, may add to or subtract from the shear force in the
element due to vertical shear9 Lhere it is re<uired to consider
the effects of torsional moments, the shear forces from torsion
need to be added to those from the vertical shear when
determining the design shear force acting on a specific
element9 The possibility
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c
5-86 AASHTO LRFD
In a statically indeterminate structure
where significant reduction of torsional
moment in a member can occur due to
redistribution of internal forces upon cracing,
the applied factored torsion moment at a
section, T
u
, may be reduced to FT
cr
, provided
that moments and forces in the member
and in adQoining members are adQusted to
account for the redistribution9
where/
T
u
" factored torsional moment 6ipAin97
T
cr
" torsional cracing moment
calculated using
@<9 %9(9.9;A- 6ipAin97
F " resistance factor for shear
specified in
Article %9%9:9-
In lieu of a more refined analysis, the
torsional loading from a slab may be assumed
as linearly distributed along the member9
The effects of a?ial tension due to creep,
shrinage, and thermal effects in restrained
members shall be
considered wherever applicable9
The component of inclined fle?ural
compression or tension, in the direction of the
applied shear, in variable depth members
shall be considered when determining the
design factored shear force9
5.8.6.3R$.o!/ R$8u&!.
Co!/'$&ato! o"
To&/o!a+ E""$%t/
Cor normal weight concrete, torsional
effects shall be investigated where/
T
u
R *$; FT
cr
6%9(9.9;A*7
in which/
of the torsional moment reversing direction
should be investigated9
T
cr
"
'9 ' .;- K f
c
1 -
A
o
b
e
6%9(9.9;A-7
f
K " * G
pc S
-9'
6%9(9.9;A;7
'9'.;-
P
20
where/
T
u
" factored torsional moment 6ipAin97
T
cr
" torsional cracing moment 6ipAin97
K " stress variable K shall not be taen greater than
*9' for any section where the stress in
the e?treme tension fiber, calculated on
the basis of gross section properties,
due to factored load and effective
prestress force after losses
e?ceeds '9*&Of 1
c
in tension9
A
o
" area enclosed by the shear flow
path of a closed bo? section, including
any holes therein 6in9
-
7

2* A f
+).#.,.('&-
5-89
b
e
" effective width of the shear flow path,
but not e?ceeding the minimum
or flanges comprising the closed bo? section
6in979 b
e
shall be adQusted to
account for the presence of ducts as
p
c
" the length of the outside perimeter of the
concrete section 6in97
f
p
c
" unfactored compressive stress in concrete after
prestress losses have occurred either at the
centroid of the crossAsection resisting transient
loads or at the Qunction of the web and flange
where the centroid lies in the flange 6si7
F " resistance factor for shear specified in
Article %9%9:9-
In lieu of a more refined analysis, b
e
may
be taen as A
cp
$P
e
, where A
cp
is the area
enclosed by the outside perimeter of the
concrete crossAsection and P
c
is the outside
perimeter of the concrete crossAsection9
Lhen calculating K for a section subQect to
factored a?ial force, N
u
, f
pc
shall be replaced
with f
pc
H N
u
$A
g
9 N
u
shall be taen as a
positive value when the a?ial force is tensile
and negative when it is compressive9
5.8.6.4To&/o!a+ R$!"o&%$m$!t
Lhere consideration of torsional effects is
re<uired by Article %9(9.9;, torsion
reinforcement shall be provided, as specified
herein9 This reinforcement shall be in addition
to the reinforcement re<uired to resist the
factored shear, as specified in Article
%9(9.9%, fle?ure and a?ial forces that may act
concurrently with the torsion9
The longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement re<uired for torsion shall satisfy/
C5.8.6.4
T
u
S FT
n 6%9(9.9:A*7
The nominal torsional resistance from
transverse reinforcement shall be based on
a truss model wit
:%Adegree diagonals and shall be computed as/
- A
o
A
v
f
y
T
n
" 6%9(9.9:A-7
s
The minimum additional longitudinal
reinforcement for torsion, A
T
, shall satisfy/
A M
T
u
p

h
o

y
where/
20
A
v
" area of transverse shear
reinforcement 6in9
-
7
A
T
" total area of longitudinal torsion
reinforcement in the e?terior web of the
bo? girder 6in9
-
7
In determining the re<uired amount of
longitudinal reinforcement, the beneficial effect
of longitudinal prestressing is taen into
account by considering it e<uivalent to an area
of reinforcing steel with a yield force e<ual to
the effective prestressing force9
5-88 AASHTO LRFD
T
u
" applied factored torsional moment 6ipAin97
p
h
= perimeter of the polygon defined by the
centroids of the longitudinal chords
of the
space truss resisting torsion9 p
h
may
be taen as the perimeter of the
centerline of the outermost closed
stirrups 6in97
A
o
" area enclosed by shear flow
path, including area of holes, if any
6in9
-
7
f
y
" yield strength of additional
longitudinal reinforcement 6si7
F " resistance factor for shear specified in
Article
%9%9:9-
A
T
shall be distributed around the
perimeter of the closed stirrups in accordance
with Article %9(9.9.9
SubQect to the minimum reinforcement
re<uirements of Article %9(9.9., the area of
additional longitudinal
torsion reinforcement in the fle?ural
compression 8one may be reduced by an
amount e<ual to/
M
u
6'9&d
e
f
y
7
6%9(9.9:A:7
where/
M
u
" the factored moment acting at that
section concurrent with T
u
6ipAin97
d
e
" effective depth from e?treme
compression fiber to the centroid of the
tensile force in the tensile
reinforcement 6in97
f
y
" specified minimum yield
strength of reinforcing bars 6si7
5.8.6.5Nom!a+ S#$a& R$//ta!%$
In lieu of the provisions of Article %9(9;, the
provisions herein shall be used to determine
the nominal shear resistance of postA
tensioned concrete bo? girders in regions
where it is reasonable to assume that plane
sections remain plane after loading9
Transverse reinforcement shall be
provided when
V
u
R '9%FV
c
, where V
c
is computed by @<9
%9(9.9%A:9
The nominal shear resistance, V
n
,
shall be
determined as the lesser of/
20
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-
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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-
-
-
C5.8.6.5 The e?pression for V
c
has been checed
against a wide range of test data and has
been found to be a conservative e?pression9
V
n
" V
c
G V
s
6%9(9.9%A*7
V
n
"
'9;)&
f
c
1 b
v
d
v
6%9(9.9%A-7
and, where the effects of torsion are re<uired
to be considered by Article %9(9.9-, the crossA
sectional dimensions shall be such that/
V
c
"
'.'.;-
K
f
c
1
b
v
d
v
6%9(9.9%A;7
in which/
5-8:
A
v
f
y
d
v
V
s
"
6%9(9.9%A:7
s
@<9 %9(9.9%A: is based on an assumed
:%Adegree truss model9
_ V
u
_
G
_ T
u
_
S '9:): f 1
@<9 %9(9.9:A% is only used to establish
appropriate
6%9(9.9%A%7
_
b d
_
- A b

c
concrete section dimensions9
_ v
v ' _
o e '
where/
b
v
" effective web width taen as the
minimum web width within the depth d
v
as determined in Article %9(9.9* 6in97
d
v
" '9(h or the distance from the
e?treme
compression fiber to the centroid prestressing reinforcement, whichever is
greater 6in97
s
K
A
"
"
"
spacing of stirrups 6in97
stress variable computed in
accordance with
Article %9(9.9;9
6in9
-
7
V
u
" factored design shear including any
normal component from the primary
prestressing force 6ip7
T
u
" applied factored torsional moment 6ipA
in97 A
o
"
area enclosed by shear flow path,
including area of holes, if any 6in9
-
7
b
e
" the effective thicness of the shear flow
path of the elements maing up the space
truss model resisting torsion calculated in
accordance with Article %9(9.9; 6in97
F " resistance factor for shear
specified in Article %9%9:9-
The factored nominal shear resistance,
FV
n
, shall be greater than or e<ual to V
u
9
The applied factored shear, V
u
, in regions
near supports may be computed at a distance
h$- from the support when the support
reaction, in the direction of the applied shear,
introduces compression into the support region
of the member and no concentrated load
occurs within a distance, h, from the face of
the support9
5.8.6.6R$!"o&%$m$!t D$ta+/
In addition to the provisions herein, the
provisions of Article %9*' and %9** shall also
apply to segmental postAtensioned bo? girders,
as applicable9
At any place on the crossAsection where
the a?ial tension due to torsion and bending
e?ceeds the a?ial compression due to
20
prestressing and bending, either
supplementary tendons to counter the tension or local
longitudinal reinforcement, which is
continuous across the Qoints between
segments, shall be re<uired9
Lhere supplementary tendons are added,
they shall be located to provide compression
around the perimeter of the closed bo? section9
20
5-:0 AASHTO LRFD
Lhere local longitudinal reinforcement is
added, the bars shall be distributed around the
perimeter formed by the closed stirrups9
Perimeter bar spacing shall not e?ceed *(9' in9
At least one longitudinal bar shall be placed in
each corner of the stirrups9 The minimum
diameter of the corner bars shall be *$-: of the
stirrup spacing but no less than that of a U%
bar9
The spacing of the transverse
reinforcement shall not e?ceed the ma?imum
permitted spacing, s
max
, determined as/
J If v
u
V '9*&Of 1
c
, then/
s
max
" '9(d S ;.9' in9 6%9(9.9.A*7
J If v
u
M '9*& Of 1
c
, then/
s
max
" '9:d S *(9' in9 6%9(9.9.A-7
where/
v
u
" the shear stress calculated in
d
v
"
@<9 %9(9.9%A% 6si7
effective shear depth as
defined in Article %9(9.9% 6in97
Transverse reinforcement for shear and
torsion shall be provided for a distance at least
h$- beyond the point they are theoretically
re<uired9
Interface shear transfer reinforcement shall
be provided as specified in Article %9(9:9
5.:PRESTRESSIN)
5.:.1)$!$&a+ D$/.! Co!/'$&ato!/
5.:.1.1)$!$&a+
The provisions herein specified shall apply
to structural concrete members reinforced with
any combination of prestressing tendons and
conventional reinforcing bars acting together to
resist common force effects9 Prestressed
structural components shall be designed for
both initial and final prestressing forces9 They
shall satisfy the re<uirements at service,
fatigue, strength, and e?treme event limit
states, as specified in Article %9%, and in
accordance with the assumptions provided in
Articles %9., %9), and %9(9
Wnstressed prestressing tendons or
reinforcing bars may be used in combination
with stressed tendons, provided it is shown
that performance of the structure satisfies all
limit states and the re<uirements
of Articles %9: and %9.9
Compressive stress limits,
specified in Article %9&9:, shall be used
with any applicable service load
combination in Table ;9:9*A*, e?cept
Service !oad Combination III, which
shall not apply to the investigation of
compression9
Tensile stress limits, specified in
Article %9&9:, shall be used with any
applicable service load combination in
C5.:.1.1
The bacground material in this Article is based on
previous editions of the Standard Specifications and on
ACI ;:;, ACI ;*(, and the n!ario "igh#ay $ridge
%esign Code9
Prestressing tendons of highAstrength steel bars or
strands are generally used but other materials
satisfying desired strength, stiffness, and ductility
re<uirements could also be used, provided that they
meet the intent of Article %9:9*9
A unified theory of concrete structures recogni8es
conventional reinforced concrete and fully prestressed
concrete as limiting cases encompassing
levels of precompression ranging from none to
that necessary to satisfy the Service III limit
state specified in Table
%9&9:9-9-A*9 Prior to -'**, these
Specifications identified intermediate cases
between these two e?tremes as partially
prestressed concrete including/
J A concrete member designed with a
combination of prestressed and
nonprestressed reinforcement that act
together to resist common force effects at
the strength limit state and
AA
I,III,I,II,I,III,,I,,IIII
I,AIAI,,I,,I,I,,IAAA
20
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,
5-:1
Table ;9:9*A*9 Service !oad Combination III
shall apply when investigating tension under
live load9
J A prestressed concrete member designed
to crac in tension under the combination
of effective prestress and full service load
at the Service III limit state while satisfying
the re<uirements for the fatigue limit
states9
5.:.1.2Sp$%"$' Co!%&$t$ St&$!.t#/
The specified strengths, f 1
c
and f
1
ci
, shall be identified in the contract
documents for each component9 Stress limits
relating to specified strengths shall be as
specified in Article %9&9:9
Concrete strength at transfer shall be
ade<uate for the re<uirements of the
anchorages or for transfer through bond as
well as for camber or deflection re<uirements9
5.:.1.3-u%;+!.
Ducling of a member between points
where concrete and tendons are in contact,
bucling during handling and erection, and
bucling of thin webs and flanges shall be
investigated9
5.:.1.4S$%to! P&op$&t$/
Cor section properties prior to bonding of
postA tensioning tendons, effects of loss of
area due to open ducts shall be considered9
Cor both pretensioned or postAtensioned
members after bonding of tendons, section
properties may be based on either the gross
or transformed section9
C5.:.1.4
Donding means that the grout in the
duct has attained its specified strength9
5.:.1.5C&a%; Co!t&o+
Lhere cracing is permitted under service
loads, crac width, fatigue of reinforcement,
and corrosion considerations shall be
investigated in accordance with the provisions
of Articles %9%, %9., and %9)9
5.:.1.6T$!'o!/ <t# A!.+$ Po!t/ o&
Cu&=$/
The provisions of Article %9:9. for the
curvature of ducts shall apply9
The provisions of Article %9*'9: shall apply
to the investigation of stress concentrations
due to changes in
the direction of prestressing tendons9
Cor tendons in draped ducts that are not
nominally straight, consideration shall be given
to the difference between the
center of gravity of the
tendon and the center of
gravity of the duct when
determining eccentricity9
The provisions of Article
%9(9*9% for the webs of curved
postAtensioned bo? girder
bridges shall apply9
C5.:.1.6
Xertically draped strand tendons should be assumed to be
at the bottom of the duct in negative moment areas and at the
top of the duct in positive moment areas9 The location of the
tendon center of gravity, with respect to the centerline of the
duct, is shown for negative moment in Cigure C%9&9*9.A*9
F.u&$ C5.:.1.6-1Lo%ato! o" T$!'o! ! Du%t
5-:2 AASHTO LRFD
5.:.2St&$//$/ Du$ to Impo/$'
D$"o&mato!
The effects on adQoining elements of the
structure of elastic and inelastic deformations
due to prestressing shall be investigated9 The
restraining forces produced in the adQoining
structural elements may be reduced due to the
effects of creep9
In monolithic frames, force effects in
columns and piers resulting from prestressing
the superstructure may be based on the initial
elastic shortening9
Cor conventional monolithic frames, any
increase in column moments due to longAterm
creep shortening of the prestressed
superstructure is considered to be offset by the
concurrent rela?ation of deformation moments
in the columns due to creep in the column
concrete9
The reduction of restraining forces in
other members of a structure that are caused
by the prestress in a member may be taen
as/
J Cor suddenly imposed deformations
& 1 " &
6
* Y e
YZ 6! ,!
i
7
7
, or
6%9&9-A*7
C5.:.2
Additional information is contained in
!eonhardt
6*&.:79
J Cor slowly imposed deformations
& 1 " &
6
* Y
e
YZ 6!
,!
i
7
7
$
Z 6!, !
i
7
6%9&9-A-7
where/
& " force effect determined using the
modulus of elasticity of the concrete
at the time loading is applied 6ip7
&1 " reduced force effect 6ip7
[6!, !
i
7 " creep coefficient at time ! for
loading applied at time !
i
as specified in Article %9:9-9;9-
e " base of Napierian logarithms
5.:.3St&$// Lmtato!/ "o& P&$/t&$//!.
T$!'o!/
The tendon stress due to prestress or at
the service limit state shall not e?ceed the
values/
J Specified in Table %9&9;A*, or
J +ecommended by the manufacturer of
the tendons or anchorages9
The tendon stress at the strength
and e?treme event limit states shall
not e?ceed the tensile strength limit
specified in Table %9:9:9*A*9
20
C5.:.3
Cor postAtensioning, the shortAterm allowable of
'9&'f
py
may be allowed for short periods of
time prior to seating to offset seating and
friction losses, provided that the other values
in Table %9&9;A* are not e?ceeded9
5-:3
Ta,+$ 5.:.3-1St&$// Lmt/ "o& P&$/t&$//!. T$!'o!/
Conditio
Tendon
Type
StressA+elieved
Strand and
Plain
!ow
+ela?atio
n Strand
#eformed
HighA
Pretensioni
ng
Immediately prior to transfer 6f
pb!
7 '9)'
f
pu
'9)% f
pu
\
At service limit state after all losses
6f
pe
7
'9('
f
py
'9(' f
py
'9('
f
py
PostA
Tensioning Prior to seating\shortAterm f
pb!
may be allowed
'9&'
f
py
'9&' f
py
'9&'
f
py
At anchorages and couplers
immediately after anchor set
'9)'
f
pu
'9)' f
pu
'9)'
f
pu
@lsewhere along length of member
away
from anchorages and couplers
immediately after anchor set
'9)'
f
pu
'9): f
pu
'9)'
f
pu
At service limit state after losses
6f
pe
7
'9('
f
py
'9(' f
py
'9('
f
py
5.:.4St&$// Lmt/ "o& Co!%&$t$
5.:.4.1Fo& T$mpo&a&2 St&$//$/ ,$"o&$
Lo//$/Fu++2 P&$/t&$//$' Compo!$!t/
'.(.).*.*+Compression S!resses
The compressive stress limit for
pretensioned and postAtensioned concrete
components, including segmentally
constructed bridges, shall be '9.' f 1
ci
6si79
'.(.).*.,+Tension S!resses
The limits in Table %9&9:9*9-A* shall
apply for tensile stresses9
C'.(.).*.,
Lhere bonded reinforcement is provided to
allow use of the increased tensile limiting
stress in areas with bonded reinforcement, the
tensile force must be computed9 The first step
in computing the tensile force, T, is to
determine the depth of the tensile 8one using
the e?treme fiber stresses at the location
being considered, f
ci !op
and f
ci bo!
9 An area
is then defined over which the average tensile
stress is assumed to act9 The tensile force is
computed as the product of the average tensile
stress and the computed area, as illustrated
below9 The re<uired area of reinforcement, A
s
,
is computed by dividing the tensile force by the
permitted stress in the reinforcement9
20
S
Officials.
20 tate ighway and !ransportation
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-
-
5-:4 AASHTO LRFD
f
ci !op
T "
-
b
!op
x
T
A
s
"
f
s
where f
s
" '9% f
y
S ;' si
F.u&$ C5.:.4.1.2-1Ca+%u+ato! o" T$!/+$
Fo&%$ a!'
R$8u&$' A&$a o" R$!"o&%$m$!t
20
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-
-
5-:5
Ta,+$ 5.:.4.1.2-1T$mpo&a&2 T$!/+$ St&$// Lmt/ ! P&$/t&$//$' Co!%&$t$ ,$"o&$ Lo//$/(
Fu++2 P&$/t&$//$' Compo!$!t/
Dridge Type !ocatio
n
Stress !imit
Other Than
Segmentally
Constructed
Dridges
J In precompressed tensile 8one without
bonded reinforcement
J In areas other than the precompressed tensile
8one and without bonded reinforcement
J In areas with bonded reinforcement
6reinforcing bars or prestressing steel7 sufficient
to resist the tensile force in the concrete
computed assuming an uncraced section, where
reinforcement is proportioned using a stress of
'9%f
y
, not to e?ceed ;' si9
J Cor handling stresses in prestressed piles
N$A
'9'&:(Of 1
ci
S '9-
6si7
'9-:Of 1
ci
6si7
Segmentally
Constructed
Dridges
!ongitudinal Stresses through ]oints in the
Precompressed
Tensile ône
J ]oints with minimum bonded au?iliary
reinforcement through the Qoints, which is
sufficient to carry the calculated tensile force at a
stress of '9%f
y
B with internal tendons or e?ternal
tendons
J ]oints without the minimum bonded au?iliary
'9'&:(Of 1
ci
ma?imum tension
6si7
No
tension
Transverse Stresses through ]oints
J Cor any type of Qoint '9'&:(Of 1
ci
6si7
Stresses in Other Areas
J Cor areas without bonded nonprestressed
reinforcement
J In areas with bonded reinforcement
6reinforcing bars or prestressing steel7 sufficient
computed assuming an uncraced section, where
reinforcement is proportioned using a stress of
No
tension
'9*&Of 1
ci
6si7
Principal Tensile Stress at Neutral A?is in Leb
J All types of segmental concrete bridges with
internal and$or e?ternal tendons, unless the
Owner imposes other criteria for critical
structures
'9**'Of 1
ci
6si7
5.:.4.2Fo& St&$//$/ at S$&=%$ Lmt Stat$ a"t$&
Lo//$/Fu++2 P&$/t&$//$' Compo!$!t/
'.(.).,.*+Compression S!resses
Compression shall be investigated
using the Service !imit State !oad
Combination I specified in Table ;9:9*A*9 The
limits in Table %9&9:9-9*A* shall apply9
C'.(.).,.*
S
Officials.
5-:6 AASHTO LRFD
The reduction factor, F
#
, shall be taen to
be e<ual to *9' when the web and flange
slenderness ratios, calculated according to
Article %9)9:9)9*, are not greater than *%9 Lhen
either the web or flange slenderness ratio is
greater than *%, the reduction factor, F
#
,
shall be calculated according to Article
%9)9:9)9-9
Wnlie solid rectangular beams that were
used in the development of concrete design
codes, the unconfined concrete of the
compression sides of bo? girders are
e?pected to creep to failure at a stress far
lower than the nominal strength of the
concrete9 This behavior is similar to the
behavior of the concrete in thinAwalled
columns9 The reduction factor, F
#
, was
originally developed to account for the
reduction in the usable strain of concrete in
thinAwalled columns at the strength limit state9
The use of F
#
to reduce the stress limit in bo?
girders at the service limit state is not
theoretically correct9 However, due to the lac
of information about the behavior of the
concrete at the service limit state, the use of
F
#
provides a rational approach to account for
the behavior of thin components9
The application of Article %9)9:9)9- to
flanged, strutted, and variable thicness
elements re<uires some Qudgment9
Consideration of appropriate lengths of wallA
type element is illustrated in Cigure C%9&9:9-9*A
*9 Cor constant thicness lengths, the wall
thicness associated with that length should be
used9 Cor variable thicness lengths, e9g9, -
:
,
an average thicness could be used9 Cor
multilength components, such as the top
flange, the highest ratio should be used9 The
beneficial effect of support by struts should be
considered9 There are no effective length
factors shown9 The free edge of the cantilever
overhang is assumed to be supported by the
parapet in Cigure C%9&9:9-9*A*9
F.u&$ C5.:.4.2.1-1Su..$/t$' C#o%$/
"o& 5a++ L$!.t#/ to ,$ Co!/'$&$'
Ta,+$ 5.:.4.2.1-1Comp&$//=$ St&$// Lmt/ ! P&$/t&$//$' Co!%&$t$ at S$&=%$ Lmt Stat$
a"t$& Lo//$/( Fu++2 P&$/t&$//$'
Compo!$!t/
!ocatio
n
Stress !imit
S
Officials.
J In other than segmentally constructed bridges due to the sum of
effective prestress and permanent loads
J In segmentally constructed bridges due to the sum of effective
prestress and permanent loads
J #ue to the sum of effective prestress, permanent loads, and transient
loads as well as during shipping and handling
'9:%f 1
c
6si7
'9:% f 1
c
6si7
'9.' F
#
f 1
c
6si7
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5-:9
'.(.).,.,+Tension S!resses
Cor longitudinal service load combinations
that involve traffic loading tension stresses in
members with bonded or unbounded
prestressing tendons should be investigated
using load combination Service III specificied
in Table ;9:9*A*9 !oad combination Service I
should be investigated for load
combinations that involve traffic loadings in
transverse analyses of bo? girder bridges9
The limits in Table %9&9:9-9-A* shall apply9
C'.(.).,.,
Severe corrosive conditions include
e?posure to deicing salt, water, or airborne sea
salt and airborne chemicals in heavy industrial
areas9
See Cigure C%9&9:9*9-A* for calculation of
re<uired area of bonded reinforcement9
Ta,+$ 5.:.4.2.2-1T$!/+$ St&$// Lmt/ ! P&$/t&$//$' Co!%&$t$ at S$&=%$ Lmt Stat$ a"t$&
Lo//$/( Fu++2 P&$/t&$//$'
Compo!$!t/
Dridge Type !ocatio
n
Stress !imit
Other Than
Segmentally
Constructed Dridges
Tension in the Precompressed Tensile
ône Dridges, Assuming Wncraced Sections
J Cor components with bonded prestressing
tendons or reinforcement that are subQected
to not worse than moderate corrosion
conditions
J Cor components with bonded prestressing
tendons or reinforcement that are subQected
to severe corrosive conditions
J Cor components with unbonded prestressing
tendons
'9*&O f 1
c
6si7
'9'&:(O f 1
c
6si7 No
Segmentally
Constructed
Dridges
!ongitudinal Stresses through ]oints in the
Precompressed
Tensile ône
J ]oints with minimum bonded au?iliary
reinforcement through the Qoints sufficient to
carry the calculated longitudinal tensile force
at a stress of '9% fyB internal tendons or
e?ternal tendons
'9'&:(O f 1
c
6si7
No
Transverse Stresses through ]oints
J Tension in the transverse direction in
precompressed tensile 8one
'9'&:(O f 1
c
6si7
Stresses in Other Areas
J Cor areas without bonded reinforcement
J In areas with bonded reinforcement sufficient
computed assuming an uncraced section,
where reinforcement is proportioned using
a stress of '9% f
y
, not to e?ceed
No
tension
'9*&O f 1
c
6si7
Principal Tensile Stress at Neutral A?is in Leb
J All types of segmental concrete bridges with
internal and$or e?ternal tendons, unless the
Owner imposes other criteria for critical
structures9
'9**'O f 1
c
6si7
S
Officials.
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5-:8 AASHTO LRFD
5.:.5Lo// o" P&$/t&$//
5.:.5.1Tota+ Lo// o" P&$/t&$//
Xalues of prestress losses specified herein
shall be applicable to normal weight concrete
only and for specified concrete strengths up to
*%9' si, unless stated otherwise9
In lieu of more detailed analysis, prestress
losses in members constructed and
prestressed in a single stage, relative to the
stress immediately before transfer, may be
taen as/
J In pretensioned members/
C5.:.5.1
Cor segmental construction, lightweight
concrete construction, multiAstage
prestressing, and bridges where more e?act
evaluation of prestress losses is desired,
calculations for loss of prestress should be
made in accordance with a timeAstep
method supported by proven research
data9 See references cited in Article
C%9:9-9;9-9
#ata from control tests on the materials to
be used, the methods of curing, ambient
service conditions, and
Ef
pT
" Ef
p.S
G Ef
p-T
J In postAtensioned members/
Ef
pT
" Ef
p&
G Ef
pA
G
Ef
p.S
G Ef
p-T
where/
Ef
pT
" total loss 6si7
Ef
p&
" loss due to friction
6si7
Ef
pA
" loss due to
anchorage set 6si7
6%9&9%9*A
*7
6%9&9%9*A
-7
pertinent structural details for the construction
should be considered9
Accurate estimate of total prestress loss
re<uires
recognition that the timeAdependent losses
resulting from creep, shrinage, and rela?ation
are also interdependent9 However, undue
refinement is seldom warranted or even
possible at the design stage because many of
the component factors are either unnown or
beyond the control of the #esigner9
!osses due to anchorage set, friction,
and elastic shortening are instantaneous,
whereas losses due to
Ef
p.S
" sum of all losses or gains
due to elastic
shortening or e?tension at the
time of
application of prestress and$or
e?ternal loads 6si7
Ef
p-T
" losses due to longAterm
shrinage and creep of concrete,
and rela?ation of the steel 6si7
creep, shrinage, and rela?ation are timeA
dependent9
This Article has been revised on the basis
of new analytical investigations9 The presence
of a substantial amount of nonprestressed
reinforcement, such as in partially prestressed
concrete, influences stress redistribution along
the section due to creep of concrete with time,
and generally leads to smaller loss of
prestressing steel pretension and larger loss of
concrete precompression9
The loss across stressing hardware and
anchorage devices has been measured from
two to si? percent 6+oberts, *&&;7 of the
force indicated by the ram pressure times
the calibrated ram area9 The loss varies
depending on the ram and the anchor9 An
initial design value of three percent is
recommended9
The e?tension of the provisions to *%9'
si was based on Tadros 6-'';7, which only
included normal weight concrete9
Conse<uently, the e?tension to *%9' si is only
valid for members made with normal weight
S
Officials.
20
concrete9
5.:.5.2I!/ta!ta!$ou/ Lo//$/
'.(.'.,.*+Anchorage Se!
The magnitude of the anchorage set shall
be the greater of that re<uired to control the
stress in the prestressing steel at transfer or
that recommended by the manufacturer of the
anchorage9 The magnitude of the set assumed
for the design and used to calculate set
loss shall be shown in the contract documents
and verified during construction9
C'.(.'.,.*
Anchorage set loss is caused by the
movement of the tendon prior to seating of
the wedges or the anchorage gripping
device9 The magnitude of the minimum set
depends on the prestressing system used9
This loss occurs prior to transfer and causes
most of the difference between Qacing stress
and stress at transfer9 A common value for
anchor set is '9;)% in9, although values as low
as '9'.-% in9 are more appropriate for some
anchorage devices, such as those for bar
tendons9
S
Officials.
5-::
Cor wedgeAtype strand anchors, the set
may vary between '9*-% in9 and '9;)% in9,
depending on the type of e<uipment used9 Cor
short tendons, a small anchorage seating
value is desirable, and e<uipment with power
wedge seating should be used9 Cor long
tendons, the effect of anchorage set on tendon
forces is insignificant, and power seating is not
necessary9 The '9-%Ain9 anchorage set value,
often assumed in elongation computations, is
ade<uate but only appro?imate9
#ue to friction, the loss due to anchorage
set may affect only part of the prestressed
member9
!osses due to elastic shortening may also
be calculated in accordance with Article
%9&9%9-9; or other
published guidelines 6PCI *&)%B îa et9 al9
*&)&79 !osses due to elastic shortening for
e?ternal tendons may be
calculated in the same manner as for internal
tendons9
'.(.'.,.,+&ric!ion
'.(.'.,.,a+Pre!ensioned Cons!ruc!ion
Cor draped prestressing tendons, losses
that may occur at the holdAdown devices
should be considered9
'.(.'.,.,b+Pos!/Tensioned
Cons!ruc!ion
!osses due to friction between the
internal prestressing tendons and the duct wall
may be taen as/
C'.(.'.,.,b
Lhere large discrepancies occur between
measured and calculated tendon elongations,
inAplace friction tests are re<uired9
Ef
p&
= f
p0
6
* Y
e
Y1 Kx 2
= _ 3
7
6%9&9%9-9-bA*7
!osses due to friction between the
e?ternal tendon across a single deviator pipe
may be taen as/
Ef
p&
= f
p0
where/
6
* Y e
Y= 6 _
G '9':7
7
6%9&9%9-9-bA
-7
The '9': radians in @<9 %9&9%9-9-bA-
represents an inadvertent angle change9 This
angle change may vary depending on QobA
specific tolerances on deviator pipe placement
and need not be applied in cases where the
deviation angle is strictly controlled or
precisely nown,
f
p0
" stress in the prestressing steel at
Qacing 6si7
x " length of a prestressing tendon from
the Qacing
end to any point under
consideration 6ft7
K " wobble friction
coefficient 6per ft of tendon7
S
Officials.
20
= " coefficient of friction
_ " sum of the absolute values of angular
change of prestressing steel path
from Qacing end, or from the nearest
Qacing end if tensioning is
done e<ually at both ends, to the
point under
investigation
6rad97
e " base of Napierian logarithms
as in the case of continuous ducts passing
through separate longitudinal bellAshaped
holes at deviators9 The inadvertent angle
change need not be considered for calculation
of losses due to wedge seating movement9
Xalues of K and = should be based on
e?perimental data for the materials specified
and shall be shown in the contract documents9
In the absence of such data, a value within
the ranges of K and = as specified in
Table %9&9%9-9-bA* may be used9
Cor slender members, the value of x may
be taen as the proQection of the tendon on
the longitudinal a?is of the member9 A friction
coefficient of '9-% is appropriate for *- strand
tendons9 A lower coefficient may be used for
larger tendon and duct si8es9 See also Article
C%9*:9-9;9) for further discussion of friction
and wobble coefficients9
v .
v . h
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h
5-100 AASHTO LRFD
Cor tendons confined to a vertical plane, _
shall be taen as the sum of the absolute
values of angular changes over length x9
Cor tendons curved in three dimensions,
the total tridimensional angular change _ shall
be obtained by vectorially adding the total
vertical angular change, _
v
, and the total
hori8ontal angular change, _
h
9
_
v
and _
h
may be taen as the sum
of absolute values of angular changes over
length, x, of the proQected tendon profile in
the vertical and hori8ontal planes, respectively9
The scalar sum of _
v
and _
h
may be
used as a first appro?imation of _9
Lhen the developed elevation and plan
of the
tendons are parabolic or circular, the _ can be
computed from/
_ "
_
-
G
-
6C%9&9%9-9-bA
*7
Lhen the developed elevation and the
plan of the tendon are generali8ed curves, the
tendon may be split into small intervals, and
the above formula can be applied to each
interval so that/
_ = È_ = ` E
_
-
2 E
-
6C%9&9%9-9-bA
-7
As an appro?imation, the tendon may be
replaced by a series of chords connecting
nodal points9 The angular changes, E_
v
and
E_
h
, of each chord may be obtained from its
slope in the developed elevation and in plan9
Cield tests conducted on the e?ternal
tendons of a segmental viaduct in San
Antonio, Te?as, indicate that the loss of
prestress at deviators is higher than the usual
friction coefficient 6= " '9-%7 would estimate9
This additional loss appears to be due, in
part, to the tolerances allowed in the
placement of the deviator pipes9 Small
misalignments of the pipes can result in
significantly increased angle changes of the
tendons at
the deviation points9 The addition of an
inadvertent angle change of '9': radians to
the theoretical angle change accounts for this
effect based on typical deviator length of ;9' ft
and placement tolerance of a;$( in9 The
'9': value is to be added to the theoretical
value at each deviator9 The value may vary
with tolerances on pipe placement9
The measurements also indicated that the
friction
across the deviators was higher during the
stressing operations than during the seating
operations9
See Podolny 6*&(.7 for a general
development of friction loss theory for bridges
with inclined webs and for hori8ontally curved
bridges9
Ta,+$ 5.:.5.2.2,-1F&%to! Co$""%$!t/ "o& Po/t-T$!/o!!. T$!'o!/
Type of Steel Type of
#uct
K =
Lire or strand +igid and semirigid galvani8ed
metal sheathing
'9'''
-
'9*%H'9-%
Polyethylene '9'''
-
'9-;
+igid steel pipe deviators for
e?ternal tendons
'9'''
-
'9-%
HighAstrength bars balvani8ed metal sheathing '9'''
-
'9;'
5-101
'.(.'.,.4+.5as!ic Shor!ening
'.(.'.,.4a+Pre!ensioned Members
The loss due to elastic shortening in
pretensioned members shall be taen as/
C'.(.'.,.4a
Changes in prestressing steel stress
due to the elastic deformations of the section
occur at all stages of loading9 Historically, it
has been conservative to account
.
p
Ef
p.S
=
f
cgp
. c!
where/
6%9&9%9-9;aA
*7
for this effect implicitly in the calculation of
elastic shortening and creep losses
considering only the prestress force present
after transfer9
The change in prestressing steel stress
due to the elastic deformations of the section
may be determined for any load applied9
The resulting change may be a
f
cgp
" the concrete stress at the center
of gravity of
prestressing tendons due to the
prestressing
force immediately after transfer and the
selfA weight of the member at the
section of ma?imum moment 6si79
.
p
" modulus of elasticity of prestressing
steel 6si7
.
c!
" modulus of elasticity of concrete at
transfer or
time of load application
6si7
The total elastic loss or gain may be
taen as the sum of the effects of prestress
and applied loads9
loss, at transfer, or a gain, at time of
superimposed load application9 Lhere a more
detailed analysis is desired, @<9 %9&9%9-9;aA*
may be used at each section along the beam,
for the various loading conditions9
In calculating f
cgp
, using gross 6or net7
crossA section properties, it may be necessary
to perform a separate calculation for each
different elastic deformation to be included9
Cor the combined effects of initial prestress
and member weight, an initial estimate of
prestress after transfer is used9 The
prestress may be assumed to be &' percent of
the initial prestress before transfer and the
analysis iterated until acceptable accuracy is
achieved9 To avoid iteration altogether, @<9
C%9&9%9-9;aA* may be used for the initial
section9 If the inclusion of an elastic gain due
to the application of the dec weight is
desired, the change in prestress force can
be directly calculated9 The same is true for
all other elastic gains with appropriate
consideration for composite sections9
Lhen calculating concrete stresses
using transformed section properties, the
effects of losses and gains due to elastic
deformations are implicitly
accounted for and Ef
p.S
should not be
included in the prestressing force applied to
the transformed section at transfer9
Nevertheless, the effective prestress in the
strands can be determined by subtracting
losses 6elastic and timeAdependent7 from the
Qacing stress9 In other words, when using
transformed section properties, the
prestressing strand and the concrete are
treated together as a composite section in
which both the concrete and the prestressing
strand are e<ually strained in compression by
20
a prestressing force conceived as a fictitious e?ternal load
applied at the level of the strands9 To determine the effective
stress in the prestressing strands 6neglecting timeAdependent
losses for simplicity7 the sum of the Ef
p.S
values considered
must be included9 In contrast, analysis with gross 6or
net7 section properties involves using the effective stress in
the strands at any given stage of loading to
determine the prestress force and resulting
concrete stresses9
The loss due to elastic shortening in
pretensioned members may be determined
by the following alternative e<uation/
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5-102 AASHTO LRFD
A f 66
G e
-
A 7 Y e M A
Ef
p.S
"
ps pb! g m g m
g g
A 6
.
A 66 G e
-
A 7 G
g g ci
ps g m g
p
6C%9&9%9-9;aA
*7
where
/
A
ps
" area of prestressing steel 6in9
-
7
A
g
" gross area of section 6in9
-
7
.
ci
" modulus of elasticity of concrete
at transfer
6si7
.
p
" modulus of elasticity of
prestressing tendons
6si7
e
m
" average prestressing steel
eccentricity at midspan 6in97
f
pb!
" stress in prestressing steel
immediately prior to transfer 6si7
6
g
" moment of inertia of the gross
concrete section
6in9
:
7
M
g
" midspan moment due to member
selfAweight
6ipAin97
'.(.'.,.4b+Pos!/Tensioned Members
The loss due to elastic shortening in postA
tensioned members, other than slab systems,
may be taen as/
C'.(.'.,.4b
The loss due to elastic shortening in postA
tensioned members, other than slab systems,
may be determined by the following
alternative e<uation/
Ef
p.S
"
N Y *
.
p
- N
. ci
f
c
gp
6%9&9%9-9;bA*7
wher
e/
N Y*
A
f
66 G e
-
A 7 Y e M A
Ef
p.S
"
N
ps pb! g m g
m g g
A 6
. N " number of identical prestressing
tendons
-
A
66
G e
-
A 7 G
g g ci
f
cgp
" sum of concrete stresses at the
center of gravity of prestressing
tendons due to the prestressing force
after Qacing and the selfAweight of the
member at the sections of ma?imum
moment 6si7
wher
e/
ps g
m g .
p
6C%9&9%9-9;bA
*7
f
cgp
values may be calculated using a
steel stress reduced below the initial value by
a margin dependent on elastic shortening,
rela?ation, and friction effects9
Cor postAtensioned structures with bonded
tendons,
f
cgp
may be taen at the center
section of the span or, for continuous
construction, at the section of
ma?imum moment9
Cor postAtensioned structures
with unbonded tendons, the f
cgp
20
value may be calculated as the stress at the
center of gravity of the prestressing steel
averaged along the length of the member9
Cor slab systems, the value of Ef
p.S
may
be taen as
-% percent of that obtained from @<9
%9&9%9-9;bA*9
A
ps
" area of prestressing steel 6in9
-
7
A
g
" gross area of section 6in9
-
7
.
ci
" modulus of elasticity of concrete
at transfer
6si7
.
p
" modulus of elasticity of
prestressing tendons
6si7
e
m
" average eccentricity at midspan 6in97
f
pb!
" stress in prestressing steel
immediately prior to
transfer as specified in Table %9&9;A*
6si7
6
g
" moment of inertia of the gross
concrete section
6in9
:
7
M
g
" midspan moment due to member
selfAweight
6ipAin97
N " number of identical prestressing
tendons
f
p0
" stress in the prestressing steel at
Qacing 6si7
Cor postAtensioned structures with bonded
tendons, Ef
p.S
may be calculated at the
center section of the span or, for continuous
construction, at the section of ma?imum
moment9
5-103
Cor postAtensioned structures with
unbonded tendons, Ef
p.S
can be calculated
using the eccentricity of the prestressing steel
averaged along the length of the member9
Cor slab systems, the value of Ef
p.S
may
be taen as
-% percent of that obtained from @<9
C%9&9%9-9;bA*9
Cor postAtensioned construction, Ef
p.S
losses can be further reduced below those
implied by @<9 %9&9%9-9;bA* with proper
tensioning procedures such as stage
stressing and retensioning9
If tendons with two different numbers of
strand per tendon are used, N may be
calculated as/
N =
N *
2
N ,

A s
p,
As
p*
6C%9&9%9-9;bA
-7
where
/
N
*
" number of tendons in the larger group
N
-
" number of tendons in the smaller
group
A
sp*
" crossAsectional area of a tendon in
the larger group 6in9
-
7
A
sp-
" crossAsectional area of a tendon in
the smaller group 6in9
-
7
'.(.'.,.4c+Combined Pre!ensioning
and Pos!/ Tensioning
In applying the provisions of Articles
%9&9%9-9;a and
%9&9%9-9;b to components with combined
pretensioning and postAtensioning, and where
postAtensioning is not applied in identical
increments, the effects of subse<uent postA
tensioning on the elastic shortening of
previously stressed prestressing tendons shall
be considered9
C'.(.'.,.4c
See Castrodale and Lhite 6-'':7 for
information on computing the effect of
subse<uent postAtensioning on the elastic
shortening of previously stressed prestressing
tendons9
5.:.5.3App&o7mat$ E/tmat$ o"
Tm$-D$p$!'$!t Lo//$/
Cor standard precast, pretensioned
members subQect to normal loading and
environmental conditions, where/
J members are made from
normalAweight concrete,
J the concrete is either
steamA or moistAcured,
J prestressing is by bars
or strands with normal
and low rela?ation
properties, and
J average e?posure
conditions and
20
pLT h st h st pR
temperatures characteri8e the site,
the longAterm prestress loss, cf
p-T
, due to
creep of concrete, shrinage of concrete, and
rela?ation of steel shall be estimated using the
following formula/
f
A
C5.:.5.3
The losses or gains due to elastic
deformations at the time of transfer or load
application should be added to the timeA
dependent losses to determine total losses9
However, these elastic losses 6or gains7 must
be taen e<ual to 8ero if transformed section
properties are used in stress analysis9
The appro?imate estimates of timeA
dependent prestress losses given in @<9
%9&9%9;A* are intended for sections with
composite decs only9 The losses in @<9
%9&9%9;A* were derived as appro?imations
of the terms in the refined method for a wide
range of standard precast prestressed
concrete IAbeams and inverted tee beams9 The
members were assumed to be fully utili8ed,
i9e9, level of prestressing is such that concrete
tensile stress at full service loads is near the
ma?imum limit9 It is further assumed in
the development of the appro?imate
method that live load moments produce
Ef " *'9'
pi ps
d d
G *-9'd d G Ef
A
g
6%9&9%9;A
*7
about oneAthird of the total load moments,
which is
reasonable for IAbeam and inverted tee
composite construction and conservative for
noncomposite bo?es
in which/
and voided slabs9 They were calibrated with
fullAscale test results and with the results of
the refined method,
20
ci
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-
-
5-104 AASHTO LRFD
d
h
" *9) Y
'9'*"
%
d
s!
"
6* G
f
1
7
where/
6%9&9%9;A
-7
6%9&9%9;A
;7
and found to give conservative results 6AlA
Omaishi,
-''*B Tadros, -'';79 The appro?imate
method should not be used for members of
uncommon shapes, i9e9, having V$S ratios
much different from ;9% in9, level of
prestressing, or construction staging9 The
first term in @<9 %9&9%9;A* corresponds to
creep losses, the second term to shrinage
losses, and the third to rela?ation losses9
f
pi
" prestressing steel stress immediately
prior to transfer 6si7
" " the average annual ambient relative
humidity
6e7
d
h
" correction factor for relative
humidity of the ambient air
d
s!
" correction factor for specified
concrete strength at time of prestress
transfer to the concrete member
Ef
p7
" an estimate of rela?ation loss taen
as -9: si for low rela?ation strand,
*'9' si for stress relieved strand, and
in accordance with manufacturers
recommendation for other types of
strand 6si7
Cor girders other than those made with
composite slabs, the timeAdependent prestress
losses resulting from creep and shrinage of
concrete and rela?ation of steel shall be
determined using the refined method of
Article %9&9%9:9
Cor segmental concrete bridges, lump sum
losses may be used only for preliminary design
purposes9
Cor members of unusual dimensions, level
of prestressing, construction staging,
or concrete
constituent materials, the refined
method of
Article %9&9%9: or computer timeAstep methods
shall be used9
5.:.5.4R$"!$' E/tmat$/ o" Tm$-
D$p$!'$!t
Lo//$/
'.(.'.).*+8enera5
Cor nonsegmental prestressed members,
more accurate values of creepA, shrinageA,
and rela?ationA related losses, than those
specified in Article %9&9%9; may be
determined in accordance with the provisions
of this Article9 Cor precast pretensioned girders
without a composite topping and for
precast or castAinAplace nonsegmental
postAtensioned girders, the provisions
of Articles %9&9%9:9: and %9&9%9:9%,
respectively, shall be considered
before applying the provisions of
this Article9
Cor segmental construction and
postAtensioned spliced precast girders,
other than during preliminary design,
prestress losses shall be determined
by the timeA
step method and the provisions
of Article %9&9%,
including consideration of the timeA
dependent construction stages and
schedule shown in the contract
documents9 Cor components with
combined pretensioning and postA
tensioning, and where postA
The commentary to Article %9&9%9:9- also gives an
alternative rela?ation loss prediction method9
C'.(.'.).*
See Castrodale and Lhite 6-'':7 for information on
computing the interaction of creep effects for
prestressing applied at different times9
@stimates of losses due to each timeAdependent
source, such as creep, shrinage, or rela?ation, can
lead to a better estimate of total losses compared with
the values obtained using Article %9&9%9;9 The
individual losses are based on research published in
Tadros 6-'';7, which aimed at e?tending applicability
of the provisions of these Specifications to highA
strength concrete9 The new approach additionally
accounts for interaction between the precast and the
castAinAplace concrete components of a composite
member and for variability of creep and shrinage
properties of concrete by lining the loss formulas to
the creep and shrinage prediction formulae of Article
%9:9-9;9
S
Officials.
/f
pR1
" prestress loss due to rela0ation of
prestressing strands between time of
transfer and dec$ placement +$si-
/f
pR2
" prestress loss due to rela0ation of
prestressing strands in composite section
between time of dec$ placement and final
time +$si-
/f
pSD
" prestress loss due to shrin$age of girder
concrete between time of dec$ placement
and final time +$si-
/f
pCD
" prestress loss due to creep of girder
concrete between time of dec$ placement
and final time +$si-
/f
pSS
" prestress gain due to shrin$age of dec$ in
composite section +$si-
-
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,
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,
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,
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SECTION 50 CONCRETE STRUCTURES 5-105
tensioning is applied in more than one stage,
the effects of subse<uent prestressing on the
creep loss for previous prestressing shall be
The change in prestressing steel stress due to timeA
dependent loss, Ef
p-T
9 shall be determined as follows/
Ef
p-T
" 6Ef
pS7
2 Ef
pC7
2 Ef
p7*
7
id
2
6Ef
pS%
G Ef
pC%
G Ef
p7-
H Ef
pSS
7
df
6%9&9%9:9*A*7
where/
Ef
pS7
" prestress loss due to
shrinage of girder concrete
between transfer and dec
placement 6si7
Ef
pC7
" prestress loss due to
creep of girder concrete between
transfer and dec placement 6si7
6Ef
pS7
G Ef
pC7
G Ef
p7*
7
id
" sum of timeAdependent prestress losses
between transfer and dec placement 6si7
6Ef
pS%
G Ef
pC%
G Ef
p7-
H Ef
pSS
7
df
" sum of timeAdependent prestress losses
after dec placement 6si7
Cor concrete containing lightweight
aggregates, very hard aggregates, or unusual
chemical admi?tures, the estimated material
properties used in this Article and Article
%9:9-9; may be inaccurate9 Actual test results
should be used for their estimation9
Cor segmental construction, for all
considerations other than preliminary design,
prestress losses shall be determined as
specified in Article %9&9%, including
consideration of the timeAdependent construction
method and schedule shown in the contract documents9
'.(.'.).,+-osses: Time of Transfer !o
Time of %ec;
P5acemen!
S
Officials.
20
'.(.'.).,a+Shrin;age of 8irder Concre!e
The prestress loss due to shrinage of
girder concrete between time of transfer and
dec placement, Ef
pS7
, shall be determined
as/
g p g
E
S
Officials.
5-106 AASHTO LRFD
Ef
pS7
" f
bid
.
p
K
id
6%9&9%9:9-aA*7
in which/
K
id
"
.
p
A
p s
_
* G
_
* G
*
A e
-
_

g
* G '9)Z
b
6
!
f
,!
i
7h
wher
e/
.
ci
A
g
_
6
g
'
6%9&9%9:9-aA-7
f
bid
" concrete shrinage strain of
girder between the time of transfer
and dec placement per @<9
%9:9-9;9;A*
K
id
" transformed section
coefficient that accounts for timeA
dependent interaction between
concrete and bonded steel in the
section being considered for time
period between transfer and dec
placement
e
pg
" eccentricity of prestressing
force with respect to centroid of
girder 6in97B positive in common
construction where it is below girder
centroid
b
(t
f
, t
i
) = girder creep coefficient at final time due to
loading
introduced
at transfe
r
pe
r @<9 %9:9-9;9-A*
!
f
!
i
"
"
final age 6days7
age at transfer
6days7
'.(.'.).,b+Creep of 8irder Concre!e
The prestress loss due to creep of girder
concrete between time of transfer and dec
placement, Ef
pC7
, shall be determined as/
.
Ef "

p
f
Z 6! , ! 7
K
6%9&9%9:9-bA*7
pC7 cgp b d i id
ci
where/
[
b
6!
d,
!
i
7 " girder creep coefficient at
time of dec placement due to
loading introduced at transfer per
@<9 %9:9-9;9-A*
!
d
" age at dec placement 6days7
20
f
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,
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-
-
-
f
/f
S
Officials.
'.(.'.).,c+7e5axa!ion of Pres!ressing
S!rands
The prestress loss due to rela?ation of
prestressing strands between time of transfer
and dec placement, Ef
p7*
, shall be
determined as/
C'.(.'.).,c
@<s9 %9&9%9:9-cA* and %9&9%9:9;cA* are
given for rela?ation losses and are appropriate
for normal temperature ranges only9
+ela?ation losses increase with increasing
temperatures9
p! p!
A more accurate e<uation for
prediction of
p7*
"
_
Y
'9%%
K f
6%9&9%9:9-cA
*7
rela?ation loss between transfer and dec
placement is
given in Tadros et al9 6-'';7/
- _ py '
1 1 " 0.,2
K
5-109
where/
_
f
p!
log
6-:! 7
_ f
p!
_

_
;6Ef
pS7
G Ef
pC7
7
Ef
p7*
" _
K
1 !
_
f
Y '9%%

_
*
Y
f

K
id
f
p!
" stress in prestressing strands
immediately after
-
log6-:
i
7
_ py
'
_
_
p!
transfer, taen not less than

'9%%f
py
in
@<9
%9&9%9:9-cA*
K
-
" ;' for low rela?ation strands and )
for other prestressing steel, unless
more accurate manufacturerPs data are
available
The rela?ation loss, Ef
p7*
, may be
assumed e<ual to
*9- si for lowArela?ation
strands9
6C%9&9%9:9-cA*7
where the K1
-
is a factor accounting for type
of steel, e<ual to :% for low rela?ation steel
and *' for stress relieved steel, ! is time
in days between strand tensioning and
dec placement9 The term in the first s<uare
bracets is the intrinsic rela?ation without
accounting for strand shortening due to creep
and shrinage of concrete9 The second
term in s<uare bracets accounts for
rela?ation reduction due to creep and
shrinage of concrete9 The factor K
id
accounts for the restraint of the concrete
member caused by bonded reinforcement9 It is
the same factor used for the creep and
shrinage components of the prestress loss9
The e<uation given in Article %9&9%9:9-c is an
appro?imation of the above formula with the
following typical values assumed/
!
i
" '9)%
day
! " *-'
days
_ ;6Ef G Ef 7
pS
7
pC 7
_
f
_ p!
'.(.'.).4+-osses: Time of %ec;
P5acemen! !o
&ina5 Time
'.(.'.).4a+Shrin;age of 8irder
Concre!e
The prestress loss due to shrinage of
girder concrete between time of dec
placement and final time, Ef
pS%
, shall be
determined as/
K
id
" '9(
Ef " f .
K
6%9&9%9:9;aA*7
pS% bdf p df
in which/
20
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-
-
-
"
df
. A
* G
p ps
*
_ A
e
-
* G
c pc
_
g
* G
'9)Z
6! , ! 7h
_
. A 6
b f i
ci c _
c '
6%9&9%9:9;aA-7
where/
f
bdf
" shrinage strain of girder between
time of dec placement and final time
per @<9 %9:9-9;9;A*
K
df
" transformed section coefficient that
accounts for timeAdependent
interaction between concrete and
bonded steel in the section being
considered for time period between
dec placement and final time

/f
5-108 AASHTO LRFD
e
pc
" eccentricity of prestressing force
with respect to centroid of composite
section 6in97, positive in typical
construction where prestressing force
is below centroid of section
A
c
" area of section calculated using
the gross composite concrete section
properties of the girder and the dec
and the decAtoAgirder modular ratio
6in9
-
7
6
c
" moment of inertia of section
calculated using the gross composite
concrete section properties of the
girder and the dec and the decA
toA girder modular ratio at service 6in9
:
7
'.(.'.).4b+Creep of 8irder Concre!e
The prestress 6loss is positive, gain is
negative7 due to creep of girder concrete
between time of dec placement and final time,
Ef
pC%
.
p
Ef "
f
_
Z
6
! ,!
7
Y Z
6
! ,!
7

K
pC%
.
ci
c
g
p
b
f i
b d i df
.
p
G Ef
Z
_
! ,!
_
K
.
c
cd
b
_
f
d

df
6%9&9%9:9;bA*7
where/
Ef
cd
" change in concrete stress at
centroid of prestressing strands
due to longAterm losses between
transfer and dec placement,
combined with dec weight and
superimposed loads 6si7
[
b
6!
f,
!
d
7 " girder creep coefficient at final
time due to loading at dec
placement per @<9 %9:9-9;9-A*
'.(.'.).4c+7e5axa!ion of Pres!ressing
S!rands
The prestress loss due to rela?ation of
prestressing strands in composite section
between time of dec placement and final time,
Ef
p7-
C'.(.'.).4.c
+esearch indicates that about oneAhalf of
the losses due to rela?ation occur before
dec placementB therefore, the losses after
dec placement are e<ual to the prior losses9
p7 -
"
Ef
p
7
*
6%9&9%9:9;cA*7
'.(.'.).4d+Shrin;age of %ec; Concre!e
20
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-
-
The prestress gain due to shrinage
of dec composite section, Ef
pSS
, shall be
determined as/
.
Ef " Ef
K _* G
'9)Z
6
! , !
7
pSS
.
cdf df
_
b f d
c
6%9&9%9:9;dA
*7
in which/
5-10:
Ef
cdf
"
f
ddf
A
d
.
cd
_ *
e
pc
e
d
_
_
Y
g
* G '9)Z
d
6
!
f
, !
d
7h
_
A
c
6
c '
6%9&9%9:9;dA-7
where/
Ef
cdf
" change in concrete stress at
centroid of prestressing strands due
to shrinage of dec concrete 6si7
f
ddf
" shrinage strain of dec
concrete between placement
and final time per @<9
%9:9-9;9;A*
A
d
" area of dec concrete 6in9
-
7
.
cd
" modulus of elasticity of dec
concrete 6si7
e
d
" eccentricity of dec with
respect to the
gross composite section, positive in typical
construction where dec is above girder
6in97
[
b
6!
f,
!
d
7 " creep coefficient of dec
concrete at final time due to loading
introduced shortly after dec
placement 6i9e9 overlays, barriers,
etc97 per @<9 %9:9-9;9-A*
'.(.'.).)+Precas! Pre!ensioned 8irders #i!hou!
Composi!e Topping
The e<uations in Article %9&9%9:9-
and Article %9&9%9:9; are applicable to
girders with noncomposite dec or topping,
or with no topping9 The values for time of
idec placementj in Article %9&9%9:9- may be
taen as values at time of noncomposite dec
placement or values at time of installation of
precast members without topping9 Time of
idec placementj in Article %9&9%9:9; may be
taen as time of noncomposite dec
placement or values at time of installation
of precast members without topping9 Area of
idecj for these applications shall be taen as
8ero9
'.(.'.).'+Pos!/Tensioned Nonsegmen!a5 8irders
!ongAterm prestress losses for postA
tensioned members after tendons have been
grouted may be calculated using the provisions
of Articles %9&9%9:9* through %9&9%9:9:9 In @<9
%9&9%9:9*A*, the value of the term 6Ef
pS7
G
20
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-
-
-
Ef
pC7
G Ef
p7*
7
id
shall be taen as 8ero9
5.:.5.5Lo//$/ "o& D$"+$%to! Ca+%u+ato!/
Cor camber and deflection calculations
of prestressed nonsegmental members made
of normal weight concrete with a strength in
e?cess of ;9% si at the time of prestress,
f
cgp
and Ef
cdp
may be computed as the
stress at the center of gravity of prestressing
steel averaged along the length of the
member9
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5-110 AASHTO LRFD
5.10DETAILS OF REINFORCE4ENT
5.10.1Co!%&$t$ Co=$&
0inimum concrete cover shall be as specified in
Article %9*-9;9
5.10.2Hoo;/ a!' -$!'/
5.10.2.1Sta!'a&' Hoo;/
Cor the purpose of these Specifications,
the term
istandard hooj shall mean one of the
following/
J Cor longitudinal reinforcement/
6a7 *('Adegree bend, plus a :9'd
b
e?tension, but not less than -9% in9 at
the free end of the bar, or
6b7 &'Adegree bend, plus a *-9'd
b
e?tension at the free end of the bar9
J Cor transverse reinforcement/
6a7 No9 % bar and smaller\&'Adegree
bend, plus a
.9'd
b
e?tension at the free end of
the bar,
6b7 No9 ., No9 ) and No9 ( bars\&'A
degree bend, plus a *-9'd
b
e?tension
at the free end of the barB and
6c7 No9 ( bar and smaller\*;%Adegree
bend, plus a
.9' d
b
e?tension at the free end of
the bar9 where/
d
b
" nominal diameter of reinforcing bar
6in97
C5.10.2.1
These re<uirements are consistent with the
re<uirements of ACI ;*( and C+SIPs
Manua5 of S!andard Prac!ice9
5.10.2.2S$/m% Hoo;/
Seismic hoos shall consist of a *;%A
degree bend, plus an e?tension of not less
than the larger of .9'd
b
or
;9' in9 Seismic hoos shall be used for
transverse
reinforcement in regions of e?pected plastic
hinges9 Such hoos and their re<uired
locations shall be detailed in the contract
documents9
20
5.10.2.34!mum -$!' Dam$t$&/
The diameter of a bar bend, measured on
the inside of the bar, shall not be less than
that specified in Table %9*'9-9;A*9

Aashto LRFD 2012 Del 423-453

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Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

12 by the American Association of

transfer, taen not less than

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