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BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)

The Base Station Subsystem of a GSM network contains the Base Transceiver Statio n (BTS), the Base Station Controller (BSC), and the Transcoder Controller (TRC). A figure of GSM network components is given bellow. GSM Network architecture Base Transceiver Station (BTS) A BTS acts as the interface between MS s (Mobile Station) and the network, by prov iding radio coverage functions from their antennae. The channel concept used in the communication between BTS and MS will be described in section 4.2.2. Base Station Controller (BSC) The BSC controls a major part of the radio network. Its most important task is t o ensure the highest possible utilization of the radio resources. The main funct ional areas of the BSC are: Radio Network Management BTS Management TRC Handling Transmission Network Management Internal BSC Operation and Maintenance Handling of MS connections BSC handles MS connections during a call setup and during a call. Call set up involves the following processes: Paging: the BSC sends paging messages to the BTS s defined within the desired LA ( Location Area). The load situation in the BSC is checked before the paging comma nd is sent to the BTS. Signaling set-up: during call set-up, the MS connection is transferred to an SDC CH (Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel) allocated by the BSC. If the MS initi ated the connection, the BSC checks its processor load before the request is fur ther processed. Assignment of traffic channel: after SDCCH assignment, the call set-up procedure continues with the assignment of a TCH (Traffic Channel) by the BSC. As this ta kes place, the radio channel supervision functions in the BSC are informed that the MS has been ordered to change channels. If all TCHs in the cell are occupied an attempt can be made to utilize a TCH in a neighboring cell. The main BSC functions during a call are: Dynamic power control in MS and BTS: the BSC calculates adequate MS and BTS outp ut power based on the received measurements of the uplink and downlink. This is sent to the BTS and the MS every 480 ms to maintain good connection quality. Locating: This function continuously evaluates the radio connection to the MS, a nd, if necessary, suggests a handover to another cell. This suggestion includes a list of handover candidate cells. The decision is based on measurement results from the MS and BTS. The locating process is being executed in the BSC. Handover: if the locating function proposes that a handover take place, the BSC then decides which cell to handover to and begins the handover process. If the c ell belongs to another BSC, the MSC/VLR (Mobile Switching Centre / Visitor Locat ion Register) must be involved in the handover. However, in a handover, the MSC/ VLR is controlled by the BSC. No decision making is performed in the MSC because

it has no real time information about the connection. Transcoder Controller (TRC) The primary functions of a TRC are to perform transcoding and to perform rate ad aptation. The function of converting from the PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) coder information to the GSM speech coder information is called transcoding. This func tion is present in both the MS and the BSS. Rate adaptation involves the conversion of information arriving from the MSC/VLR at a rate of 64kbits/s to a rate of 16kbits/s, or transmission to a BSC (for a full rate call). This 16kbits/s contains 13kbits/s of traffic and 3kbits/s of in band signaling information. This is an important function. Without rate adaptation the links to BSC would req uire four times the data rate capabilities. Such transmission capabilities form an expensive part of the network. By reducing the rate to 16kbits/s, it is possi ble to use one quarter of the transmission links and equipment. In Ericsson s GSM systems, the TRC contains units, which perform transcoding and r ate adaptation. These hardware units are called Transcoder and Rate Adaptation U nits (TRAUs). All TRAUs are pooled, meaning that any BSC connected to the TRC ca n request the use of one of the TRAUs for a particular call. The TRC also supports discontinuous transmission. If pauses in speech are detect ed, comfort noise is generated by the TRAU in the direction of the MSC/VLR. Data rates for a single call on GSM links OMC-R (Operations & Maintenance Center-Radio) OMC-R is the interface between the BSS and the human working in the system. The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the swi tching system and to the BSC. OMC-R is that connected to the BSC. Thus the opera tions and maintenance needs of the Network Operations division is provided by th e OMC-R, while the OMC-S connected to the switching system is used for controlli ng the switch operations. The OMC is the functional entity from which the networ k operator monitors and controls the system. The purpose of OMC is to offer the user cost-effective support for centralized, regional and local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An important functio n of OMC-R is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance activiti es of different operation and maintenance organizations.

FREQUENCY PLANNING PARAMETERS

BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel

BCCH frequency planning is done for each sector in the site individually. The BC CH frequency must be determined so that the same frequency of some other site do

es not interfere with the planning site (Co-channel interference) and the adjace nt higher frequency and the lower frequency also should not be used in a near si te that can be in a position to interfere the given site (Adjacent channel inter ference). HSN Hopping Sequence Number

It is one of 4 input parameters to the GSM hopping sequence generator algorithm. Range of HSN is 0 to 63. HSN = 0 means the hopping is in cyclic mode. MAIO - Mobile Allocated Index Offset The Mobile Allocated Index allows determining the correct line in the Mobile All ocation look up table to find the corresponding ARFCN .The MAIO is selectable fo r each timeslot and each TRX separately. It is constant on the TRX but it change s between the frame units. BSIC Base Station Identification Code

BSIC Channels are to identify each station and sub stations. It can be represent ed in 2 codes. NCC (Network Color Code) t the numbers are from 0 to 7. Is represented in 3 bit binary form. Therefore i It s also in 3 bit form. Can be used 0 to 7.

BCC (Base station Color Code)

FREQUENCY HOPPING

Multi wave propagation varies the signal strength which causes fading dips. This is known as Rayleigh fading which is frequency dependent. Frequency Hopping cha nges the frequency with time to eliminate frequency dependent Rayleigh fading. F requency Hopping reduces the effects of interferences and gives a great support to cater the capacity upgrading as well. There are 2 types of frequency hopping, Base Band Hopping (BBH) and Synthesized Frequency Hopping (SFH) Base Band Hopping (BBH)

Base band hopping In this type of hopping, only frequencies used by the TRXs can be allocated to the FHS (Frequency Hopping Sequence).The BCCH supporting Time Slot cannot hop. T S 0 of the BCCH TRX is always transmitting on the BCCH frequency. Other timeslot s can use other frequencies unless the BCCH frequency is transmitted by any othe r TRX at the same time. The major advantage of the BBH is the time TS 1 to TS 7 of the BCCH frequency co

ntaining TRX is allowed to perform hopping. But Frequency Hopping performs best with at least 4 hopping frequencies. So cells need at least 4 TRXs and it is the disadvantage of this system.

Synthesized Frequency Hopping (SFH)

Synthesized Frequency Hopping In SFH each frame unit is connected to one carrier unit. Hopping is performed b y changing the carrier unit by changing a synthesizer. As the communication is n ot hopping between the carrier units but the carrier unit frequency itself is ho pping. So many frequencies can be used as hopping frequencies. In SFH, TRX retur ns in every time slot to a different frequency. Thus the TCH remains on the same TRX but the frequencies of that TCH hops.

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