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Population Geography The distribution of humankind across Earth. Constantly changing because: 1. Internal population dynamics 2.

2. Migration Emigration vs. immigration Demography The study of individual populations in terms of specific group characteristics. Describing people Sources of information: Censuses Estimates Population Distribution As of 9/29/2013 3:35 pm CT, the worlds population is: 7,182,410,050 Population Density Arithmetic density: number of people per unit of area, e.g. 500 people per square km. Physiological density: density of population per unit of cropland, e.g. 2.34 ha per person. Carrying capacity: theoretical concept to describe the max no. of people that an area can sustain. Impact of Climate on Population People live in seasonal environments such as: Warm midlatitude Tropical with seasons People only endure harsh environments when it is profitable. Impact of Topography on Population Flat = attractive Slopes are difficult to populate without technology. Complex relationship Impact of History on Population Early domestication Domestication: process of taming and training animals or sowing, caring for, and harvest plants for human uses Exploration Governmental policies Demographic Statistics (zzzzzz) Crude birth rate: annual births per 1k people Crude death rate: annual deaths per 1k people Natural increase/decrease Demographic Statistics (zzzzzz)

Net migration rate: subtract emigrants & add immigrants Demographic equation Growth rate: demographic equation divided by total population Piscitellia Population (2010): 1,000,000 Crude birth rate: 100 Crude death rate: 90 Net migration rate: 5 Piscitellia Demographic Statistics Crude birth rate +/- crude death rate = natural increase/decrease 100 90 = 10 (natural increase) 10 = 1.0% of total population Net migration rate = 5 per 1,000 people (+0.5%) Growth rate = 1.5%

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Average number of children that would be born to each woman in a given society if, during her childbearing years (ages 15-29), she bore children at the current years rate for women that age. TFR of 2 means parents will replace themselves. Projections

If worldwide crude birth rates and TFRs fall, total population will still momentum The Demographic Transition Stage One (pre-transition): Crude birth rate & crude death rate high Population does not increase rapidly All countries in the past The Demographic Transition Stage Two (early expanding): Incomes increase, medical sciences advances Crude death rates drop Stage Two (early expanding): Incomes increase, medical sciences advances Crude death rates drop Infant mortality rate falls Rate of natural increase is high (maintain high birth rates) E.g. Chad, Niger The Demographic Transition 1

Stage Three (late expanding): Crude birth rates begin to fall Birth rates remain higher than death rates, but declining/converging = slow natural increase Children = $$$ E.g. Mexico, Cambodia The Demographic Transition Stage Four (post-transition): Death & birth rates converge Population stabilizes E.g. Iceland, Cuba, UK The Demographic Transition Stage Five?: Population decline in countries w/o immigration E.g. Italy The Demographic Transition The Fertility Transition Government programs and policies The small family lives better. (Mexico) Availability of contraceptive technologies The Fertility Transition Status of women The Fertility Transition Diffusion of changing attitudes related to fertility The Epidemiological Transition Long-term decrease in death rates Medical advances & public health practices change the disease landscape. Super viruses? Degenerative diseases

through slavery, warfare and most importantly, disease (smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus) Europeans in the Americas U.S. has mixed policies of assimilation & segregation Europeans in the Americas Complex racial Structures Migration of Indians During British rule, emigration encouraged Yo-yo effect in British East Africa Today, Indians make up worlds most widespread diaspora Highest median family income (U.S.) WHY? Migration of Indians Reasons: Network of outposts from former British Empire Facility with English language Cosmopolitan nature of India Indian migrants help other migrants in their new countries (e.g. package stores) Resource for India itself (owning land and moving funds freely) Migration Today In 2010, 214 million people were living in countries other than the ones they were born. Movements patterns are consistent: Poor to rich countries Politically repressive to democratic regimes Why cant migrants fill the gaps in todays rich countries? Refugees A refugee is someone outside his/her home country with a well-founded fear of being persecuted in that country for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion (1951 Geneva Convention). Estimated 10 million refugees and 22 million people of concern in 2009. Refugee Types Internally displaced persons (IDP) Cant leave home country so at mercy of 2

IMMIGRATION Pushing and Pulling Push factors: drive people away Starvation Disasters Political/religious persecution Pull factors: attract new people Economic opportunity Promise of political/religious liberty Physical Geography & Environment are both! The First Great Migration All humans are descendants of a single population living in Africa 150k-200k years ago Environment (and nut jobs) Sahul/Sunda Shelves Kon Tiki Europeans Invade! Europeans decimated Native Americans

government In 2009, 13.7 million IDPs Refugee Types Economic refugees Micro-investing (Jeffrey Sachs) Environmental refugees Immigration Debate in U.S. Immigrants (legal or illegal) cost Americans money for public services. Immigrants contribute to economic growth. Estimated 12 million undocumented immigrants already in the U.S., many holding jobs and paying taxes. Consider political and cultural aspects10% of total Mexican populations live in U.S. Brain Drain Migration from less dev to more Dev countries 25%-80% emigrate from poor countries Countries like U.S prosper

Evolution (internal) Diffusion (external) Cultural diffusion Acculturation Cultural Evolution Divide cultures by economics (Fried) Egalitarian Ranked Class Divide cultures by political org. (Sahlins): Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States Cultural Evolution Similar responses to similar problems NOT progress NOT unilinear Complexity Cultural Diffusion Technology & communication = globalization Does not explain the distribution of al phenomena (independent centers) Folk Culture A culture that preserves traditions Resist change Tend to be isolated Can trace their material traces across landscape Heritage sites Popular Culture Pop culture = mass culture Marketing = applied cultural geography Spatial Identities How certain identities attach to particular places or regions. Cultural groupdifficult to define Ethnic Group Depends on any attribute of biology, culture, allegiance, or historic background Greek for people Historically pejorative Ethnonationalism Ethnic enclaves Ethnocentrism The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards and practices of ones own 3

Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.1 What is Culture? System of beliefs, traditions, and customs Influences behavior Learned Shared by members of a group Culture Change Constantly changing Forces that cause change:

Behavioral Geography Subfield of cultural geography that studies our perception of the world around us and how those perceptions affect behavior. Mental maps Culture Regions Culture region/area: defined by a relatively continuous presence of one or a set of cultural traits. Culture core: shared cultural trait dominates Culture domain: most exhibit cultural trait Culture realm: some of cultural trait, but less than others

euery greene herbe for meat: and it was so. Change Through Time Then God said, I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food. And to all the beasts of the earth and all the birds in the sky and all the creatures that move along the groundeverything that has the breath of life in itI give every green plant for food. And it was so. (Genesis 1:29-30)

Linguistic Geography The study of different dialects across space Speech community Accent: a dialect difference in pronunciation MOST SPOKEN CHINESE, SPANISH, ENGLISH Indo-European Language Family Sir William James Today, more than half of worlds languages belong. Grimms Law Cognates Etymology: the study of word origins and history Borrowing still occurs FOXP2: The Language Gene Discovered in 2000 Defects here linked to language difficulty Also found in 38 kya Neanderthals Unaltered in mammals, but changed during hominid split 100 kya Orthography A system of writing Two independent inventions: Sumerians, Mesopotamia (3,000 BC) Olmec, Central America (650 BC) Most languages written in alphabets Toponymy Study of place names Represent a record of natural features 4

What is Language? A set of words, plus their pronunciation and methods of combining them, that is used to communicate within a group of people. Dialects: variation within languages Standard Language Official Language Impacts thought? Types of Languages Pidgin: system among people w/o common language Creole: pidgin that survives, e.g. Haitian French Creole Lingua franca: second language for international discourse, e.g. English, Latin Change Through Time And God said, Behold, I haue giuen you euery herbe bearing seede, which is vpon the face of all the earth, and euery tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yeelding seed, to you it shall be for meat: And to euery beast of the earth, and to euery foule of the aire, and to euery thing that creepeth vpon the earth, wherein there is life, I haue giuen

E.g. Wang E.g. St. Paul or Islamabad Petersberg or Rhodesia

Follow the Pentateuch (1st five books of Old Testament) Divided into sects Developed in the Near Diaspora

Three major dialects in 13 colonies: Northern Midland Southern Different place names for each: Brook, Notch, Corners Gap, Cove, Hollow, Knob Bayou, Gully, Shore American English as Official Language in the U.S.? U.S. Constitution did not declare official language Congress wavers; official in some states 55 million do not speak English at home Issue of access

Jewish State? Zionism: belief in Jewish homeland in Palestine 1967 Israel claims East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, and West Bank 1997 Arabs expelled 2000 Expulsion illegal Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Jewish State? Hamas: militant group of Palestinians who control Gaza Strip Hezbollah: militant group of Iranian-backed Shiites in Lebanon Both deny existence of Israel. Christianity 2 billion followers Monotheistic Belief that God lived on Earth as Jesus Christ Coptic Church Secular hierarchy overlap Protestant Reformation Christianity Christian missionaries were chief agents of Europeanization. Spanish tried to stamp out indigenous religions in New World. Christianity Religion of Westernized Asia, Africa, & Pacific Pope John Paul II (served 1979-2005) doubled Catholic saints Juan Diego, first indigenous saint of the American continent Syncretic Religions Combine beliefs and practices from two or 5

What is Religion? A system of beliefs regarding conduct in accordance with teachings found in sacred writings or declared by authoritative teachers. Orthopraxy vs. Orthodoxy Fundamentalism vs. Secularism TOP RELIGIONS: CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM, HINDUISM Judaism 15 million followers Monotheistic

more religions E.g. Voodoo and Santeria Voodoo dolls or Zombies Islam 1.5 billion followers Submission to Gods will Islam vs. Muslim Five Pillars Abrahamic religions (Islam, Judaism, Chritianity)

good Muslim life. Sharia (Islamic teachings into law) Church and State Bill of Rights = 1st prohibition against govt establishing religion under God in pledge? U.S. is most religious nation of Earth Religion and Economics May drain $$ for burials or churches Sap labor pool (e.g. Buddhist monks) Interest on loans Protestanic work ethic

Islam Arabic of Koran spread with Islam = Arabs Muslims in Iran Arabs Arab traders wrote important works of historical geography. Islam Two sects (subdivisions): Sunni Shiite 85% Sunni Muslims Political division/conflict Hinduism 91 million followers Originated in Central Asia (the Vedas, 1,800 B.C.) Brahman (Supreme Consciousness) Brahma Vishnu Shiva Hinduism Classify people in classes (castes) Little mixing Untouchables Reincarnation Karma Church and State Theocracy: a form of govt where a church rules directly, e.g. the Vatican, once Utah Render unto Caesar (Luke 20:25) No distinction in Islam Church and State Purpose of govt is

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