MEC281 : MATERIALS SCIENCE CHAPTER 2 : PHASE DIAGRAM

Rasdi bin Deraman Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal UiTM Pulau Pinang

OBJECTIVE
After completing this chapter, students should be able to :
Understand h ! "hase diagrams des#ribe the e$uilibrium state % binar& all &s materials' Des#ribe the #hara#teristi#s binar& eute#ti# all &s % binar& is m r"h us and

Use the le(er rule te#hni$ue t determine "hase # m" siti ns and "hase am unts at an& " int n a binar& "hase diagram' Understand the relati n bet!een # diagram' ling #ur(e and "hase

PHASE DIAGRAM
SOLIDIFICATION OF PURE METALS & ALLOYS
The solidi i!"#io$ o %e#"ls "$d #hei& "llo's is "$ i%(o&#"$# i$d)s#&i"l (&o!ess* No# o$l' do s#&)!#)&e "llo's s#"&# +i#h #he !"s#i$, o i$,o#s o& (&o!essi$, i$#o &ei$ o&!i$, -"&s o& s#&)!#)&"l sh"(e. -)# +he$ " %e#"l is +elded " s%"ll (o&#io$ o %e#"l $e"& #he +eld %el#s "$d &esolidi ies*

A #e& (o)&i$, i$#o #he %old. #he %ol#e$ %e#"ls/"llo's !ool "$d solidi '* Solidi i!"#io$ is #he %os# i%(o&#"$# (h"se #&"$s o&%"#io$ -e!")se %os# o %e#"ls/"llo's )$de&,o #his #&"$s o&%"#io$ -e o&e -e!o%i$, )se )l (&od)!#s* Solidi i!"#io$ i$0ol0e li1)id2solid (h"se #&"$s o&%"#io$. e*, : !"s#i$, (&o!ess* The solidi i!"#io$ (&o!ess di e&s de(e$di$, o$ +he#he& #he %e#"l is " ()&e ele%e$# o& "$ "llo'*

Solidi i!"#io$ P&o!ess

I$ ,e$e&"l #he solidi i!"#io$ o %e#"ls o& "llo's !"$ -e di0ided i$#o #he ollo+i$, s#e(s: i3))))))The o&%"#io$ o $)!lei i$ #he %el# 4$)!le"#io$3 ii3)))))The ,&o+#h o $)!lei i$#o !&'s#"l iii3 The o&%"#io$ o " ,&"i$ s#&)!#)&e
Liquid Liquid Grain boundaries

Nuclei Irregular grain

"3 -3

Grain
!3

* rmati n

% the grain + nes

A# #he +"lls o #he %old. #he %ol#e$ %e#"ls/"llo's !ools &"(idl'* As " &es)l#. #he !"s#i$, de0elo(s s%"ll e1)i"5ed ,&"i$s d)e #o #he l"&,e #e%(* ,&"die$# "# #he s)& "!e* As !ooli$, !o$#i$)es. #he ,&"i$s ,&o+ i$ #he di&e!#io$ o((osi#e #o #he he"# lo+ +he&e #he ,&"i$s ,&o+ i$+"&dl' "s $eedles is 6$o+$ "s !ol)%$"& ,&"i$s*

For pure metals, columnar grains will stop to grow until complete solidification has occurred. For alloys, further cooling of the molten alloy will cause formation of l"&,e e1)i"5ed ,&"i$s. showing segregation of alloying components in the center of casting due to the imbalance in composition between the metal that has solidified and the remaining molten metal.

L"&,e e1)i"5ed 7o$e S%"ll e1)i"5ed 7o$e Col)%$"& ,&"i$s

"3

-3

Figure : chematic illustration of two cast structures of metals solidified in a square mold: !a" pure metals# !b" alloys

METALLIC SOLID SOLUTION

$ost metals are combined to form alloy in order to impart specific characteristic. %n "llo' is a combination of two or more elements !added impurity atoms", at least one of which is a metal. &he addition of impurity atoms to a metal will result in the formation of a solid sol)#io$ which composed of sol0e$# !host atoms" and sol)#e !alloying elements". '.g : teel(cast iron !iron base alloys", bron)e(brass !copper base alloys", %l alloys, Ni base alloys, $g base alloys, &i alloys.

TYPES OF SOLI

SOL!TIO"

Mos# e$,i$ee&i$, %e#"ls "&e !o%-i$ed +i#h o#he& %e#"ls o& $o$%e#"ls #o (&o0ide i$!&e"sed s#&e$,#h. hi,he& !o&&osio$ &esis#"$!e o& #he desi&ed (&o(e&#ies* The si%(les# #'(e o "llo' is " %i5#)&e o #+o sol)#io$ +hi!h is !o$sis#s o #+o o& %o&e ele%e$#s "#o%i!"ll' dis(e&sed i$ " si$,le (h"se s#&)!#)&e*
T+o #'(es o solid sol)#io$s: i* I$#e&s#i#i"l Solid Sol)#io$ ii* S)-s#i#)#io$"l Solid Sol)#io$

I$#e&s#i#i"l Solid Sol)#io$s

A solid sol)#io$ o&%ed i$ +hi!h sol)#e "#o%s !"$ e$#e& #he holes i$ #he sol0e$#2"#o% l"##i!e* The sol)#e "#o%s i# i$#o #he s("!es -e#+ee$ #he sol0e$# o& ("&e$# "#o%s* E5"%(les o "#o%s #h"# !"$ o&% I$#e&s#i#i"l Solid Sol)#io$s d)e #o #hei& s%"ll si7e "&e h'd&o,e$. !"&-o$. $i#&o,e$. "$d o5',e$*

The l"##i!e dis#o&#io$ !&e"#es " s#&"i$ "lo$, #he sli( (l"$es "$d ,&"i$s o #he %"#e&i"l. +hi!h &es)l#s i$ #he i$!&e"se o s#&e$,#h "$d h"&d$ess -e!")se i# %"6es "#o%2-'2 "#o% sli( "lo$, #hose (l"$es %o&e di i!)l#*

i3

S)-s#i#)#io$"l solid sol)#io$

ii3 I$#e&s#i#i"l solid sol)#io$

Fi,)&e : This is " s!he%"#i! ill)s#&"#i$, ho+ #he l"##i!e is s#&"i$ed -' #he "ddi#io$ o s)-s#i#)#io$"l "$d i$#e&s#i#i"l sol)#e* No#i!e #he s#&"i$ i$ #he l"##i!e #h"# #he sol)#e "#o%s !")se*

2*2*2

S)-s#i#)#io$"l Solid Sol)#io$s

A solid sol)#io$ i$ +hi!h sol)#e "#o%s o o$e ele%e$#s !"$ &e(l"!e #hose o sol0e$# "#o%s o "$o#he& ele%e$#* I# !"$ -e o&%ed -' #+o ele%e$#s sol)#e "#o%s !"$ s)-s#i#)#e o& ("&e$# sol0e$# "#o%s i$ " !&'s#"l l"##i!e* The !&'s#"l s#&)!#)&e o #he sol0e$# is )$!h"$,ed. -)# #he l"##i!e %"' -e dis#o&#ed -' #he (&ese$# o #he sol)#e "#o%s* Fo& e5"%(le. i$ " C)2Ni solid sol)#io$ #he C) "#o%s !"$ &e(l"!e #he Ni "#o%s i$ #he solid sol)#io$ !&'s#"l l"##i!e*

This !o$ i,)&"#io$ !"$ -e #e$d #o o!!)& +he$ #he "#o%s do $o# di e& ,&e"#l' i$ si7e "$d %)s# -e 1)i#e si%il"& : Less #h"$ "-o)# 189 di e&e$!e i$ "#o%i! &"dii The s"%e !&'s#"l s#&)!#)&e Si%il"& ele!#&o$e,"#i0i#' 4#he "-ili#' o #he "#o% #o "##&"!# "$ ele!#&o$3 The s"%e 0"le$!e*

2*: SOLUTION ;he$ #+o !o%(o$e$#s !o%-i$ed #he' !"$ ei#he& &e%"i$ se("&"#e e$#i#ies o& !o%-i$e #o o&% " si$,le (h"se +hi!h is &e e&&ed #o "s " sol)#io$* De,&ee #o +hi!h #he #+o !o%(o$e$#s %i5 is &e e&&ed #o "s #he sol)-ili#'* E5"%(les: Al!ohol "$d +"#e& = completely sol)-le Ho# !ho! = (o+de& %i5 sol)-le i$ +"#e& -)# limited e5#e$# Oil "$d 0i$e,"& = insoluble li1)ids !"$ -e #e%(o&"&il' %i5ed Sol)#io$s !"$ "lso o!!)& i$ #he solid s#"#e "$d +i#h #he s"%e &"$,e o sol)-ili#' "s des!&i-ed o& li1)ids* E5"%(les: C) "$d Ni "&e completely sol)-le <i$! h"s limited sol)-ili#' i$ !o((e& P- insoluble i$ !o((e&

2*>

THE PHASE DIAGRAMS

A (h"se di",&"% is " ,&"(hi!"l &e(&ese$#"#io$ o #he (h"ses (&ese$#. !o%(osi#io$. "$d #e%(e&"#)&e "# e1)ili-&i)% o #he s#&)!#)&e o "$ "llo' o& !e&"%i!s i$ +hi!h #he (h"ses "&e s#"-le* Ph"se Di",&"% %os# i%(o&#"$# #ools "0"il"-le #o %"#e&i"ls s!ie$#is# "$d e$,i$ee&s*

2*>*1

?i$"&' Ph"se Di",&"%s

A -i$"&' (h"se di",&"%s !o$sis# o #+o ele%e$#s i$ o$e "llo'* The&e "&e #h&ee #'(e o (h"se di",&"%s: i* Co%(le#e Solid Sol)#io$

ii* No Solid Sol)#io$ iii* Li%i#ed Solid Sol)#io$

2*>*2

?i$"&' Ph"se Di",&"%s o& Co%(le#e Solid Sol)#io$

This (h"se di",&"% sho+s "$ isomorphous@ s's#e% i$ +hi!h o$l' o$e solid (h"se o&%s* @Isomorphicity %e"$s h"0i$, s"%e !&'s#"l s#&)!#)&e o& !o%(le#e solid sol)-li#' o& "ll !o%(osi#io$* T% .?
The "llo' is solid o& "ll !o%(osi#io$ "# #e%(e&"#)&e -elo+ T% .A The "llo' is li1)id o& "ll !o%(osi#io$ "# #e%(e&"#)&e "-o0e T% .?
T% .A li1)id)s li$e Solid)s li$e

2*>*: ?i$"&' Ph"se Di",&"%s o& No Solid Sol)#io$ The ele%e$#s "&e dissi%il"& #h"# #hei& sol)-ili#' i$ o#he& is $e"&l' !"$ $e,li,i-le* The i,)&e -elo+ sho+s ele%e$# A "$d ? !"$$o# dissol0es +i#h e"!h o#he&* The ele%e$#s "&e o$l' !o%(le#el' sol)-le i$ #he li1)id s#"#e -)# !o%(le#el' i$sol)-le i$ #he solid s#"#e*
Temperature L Li#uidus line &%L Solidus line & $omposition

A%L Eutectic temperature A

Eutectic point A%&

2*>*>

?i$"&' Ph"se Di",&"%s o& Li%i#ed Solid Sol)#io$

The ele%e$#s "&e dissi%il"& #h"# #hei& sol)-ili#' i$ o#he& is $e"&l' !"$ $e,li,i-le* The i,)&e -elo+ sho+s ele%e$# A "$d ? !"$$o# dissol0es +i#h e"!h o#he&* The ele%e$#s "&e o$l' !o%(le#el' sol)-le i$ #he li1)id s#"#e -)# !o%(le#el' i$sol)-le i$ #he solid s#"#e*
Li#uidus line Temperature Li#uid, L Solidus line Eutectic temperature Sol'us line A $omposition Solidus line

%L
Eutectic point

%L

+
&

Sol'us line

2*8

THE GI??S PHASE RULE

Ph"se di",&"% des!&i-e #he&%od'$"%i! e1)ili-&i)% !o$di#io$* N)%-e& o (h"ses i$ e1)ili-&i)% li%i#ed -' #he&%od'$"%i!s* This is des!&i-ed -' Gi--s (h"se &)le:

",%-#,n

p = number of phases present f = number of degrees of freedom (s#"#e 0"&i"-les : Te%(e&"#)&e. P&ess)&e "$d !o%(osi#io$3 c = no. of components n = no. of noncompositional variables 4$A 1 o& "llo'/!e&"%i!. $A 2 o& !o$de$s"#e3

E5"%(les
I!e2+"#e&2s#e"% : : dis#i$!# (h"ses

s lid

Pressur e

li$uid

gas Tem"erature

T( P(

T)

T*

s lid

Pressur e

P)

li$ui d

Tem"erature

One phase two degrees of freedom

s lid

Pressur e

li$ui d
P) P(

Tem"erature

T(

T)

Two phases one degree of freedom

s lid

Pressur e

li$ui d

P.

gas
T.

Tem"eratur e Three phases zero degree of

freedom ;he$ #he de,&ee o &eedo% is e1)"l #o 7e&o. i# is !"lled i$0"&i"$# (oi$#*

Ph"se &)le o& -i$"&' s's#e% . !A2 4A "$d ?3 FA:2P A si$,le (h"se . PA1 . FA2
2 !o%(osi#io$ "$d #e%(e&"#)&e !"$ -e !h"$,ed i$de(e$de$#l'

T+o2(h"se %i5#)&e FA1

* "# " ,i0e$ #e%(. #he !o%(osi#io$ o #he li1)id "$d solid is i5ed . ,i0e$ -' #he li1)id)s "$d solid)s li$e

2*B

INTERPRETATION OF PHASE DIAGRAM ?Y USING LECER RULES METHOD

A (h"se di",&"% ,i0es #he ollo+i$, i$ o&%"#io$: The (h"se (&ese$# 4solids "$d li1)ids o& !o%-i$"#io$s3 The !o%(osi#io$ 4!he%i!"l %"6e)(3 o #hese (h"ses The "%o)$# o e"!h (h"se 2*B*1 The (h"se (&ese$# (oi$#

O$e D)s# lo!"#es #he #e%(e&"#)&e = !o%(osi#io$

o$ #he di",&"% "$d $o#es #he (h"se4s3 +i#h +hi!h #he !o&&es(o$di$, (h"se ield is l"-eled*

2*B*2 i* ii*

The !o%(osi#io$

D&"+ #he #ie li$e "!&oss #he #+o2(h"se &e,io$ "# #he #e%(* o #he "llo'* The i$#e&se!#io$s o #he #ie li$e & (h"se -o)$d"&ies o$ ei#he& side "&e $o#ed*

iii* D&"+ #he (e&(e$di!)l"& li$e &o% #hese i$#e&se!#io$s #o #he ho&i7o$#"l !o%(osi#io$ "5is.

2*B*:

De#e&%i$"#io$ o Ph"se A%o)$#

The &el"#i0e "%o)$#s o #he (h"ses (&ese$# "# e1)ili-&i)% !"$ -e de#e&%i$ed -' )si$, Le0e& R)le %e#hod*
M"ss &"!#io$ o . ; "$d M"ss &"!#io$ o Li1)id. ;L

Te%(e&"#)&e A 128E FC Co%(osi#io$ A :8 +#9Ni2B8 +# 9 Ni Ph"ses (&ese$# A G Li1)id

S WL = R+ S C Co WL = C CL

E5"%(le: ?"sed o$ #he di",&"% -elo+. de#e&%i$e #he (h"se (&ese$#. #he !he%i!"l !o%(osi#io$ "$d &el"#i0e (h"se "%o)$# "# #he !o%(osi#io$ "$d #e%(e&"#)&e 8: +#9 Ni "$d 1:EE FC &es(e!#i0el'*
Solution:

E5"%(le: ?"sed o$ #he di",&"% -elo+. de#e&%i$e #he (h"se (&ese$#. #he !he%i!"l !o%(osi#io$ "$d &el"#i0e (h"se "%o)$# "# #he !o%(o* "$d #e%(* :E +#9 S$ "$d 2EE FC &es(e!#i0el'*
Solution:

E5"%(le: ?"sed o$ #he di",&"% -elo+. de#e&%i$e #he (h"se (&ese$#. #he !he%i!"l !o%(osi#io$ "$d &el"#i0e (h"se "%o)$# "# #he e)#e!#i! (oi$# "$d sli,h#l' -elo+ e)#e!#i! #e%(e&"#)&e*
Solution:

E)#e!#i! #e%(* 4TE3 "*6*"* #&i(le (oi$#* E)#e!#i! #e%(* 4TE3 : No li1)id -elo+ TE "$d o&% 2 di e&e$# solid (h"ses*

+' Fi,)&e : Co((e&2sil0e& (h"se di",&"%

E)#e!#i! !o$!e$#&"#io$ 4CE3 : Mi$* %el#i$, #e%(* !o%(osi#io$ 4CE3

Mi!&os#&)!#)&"l de0elo(%e$# d)&i$, slo+ !ooli$,

Gradual solidification of the ,-.% / ,-.0 composition

Fi,)&e : P-2S$ s's#e%

COO/I01 CURVE DI21R2M

Cooling curve )se )l #ools o& s#)d'i$, #he solidi i!"#io$ (&o!ess*

I$ solidi i!"#io$ o "llo'ed %e#"ls. #he #e%(* o (h"se !h"$,es +ill -e di e&e$# o& e0e&' !o%(osi#io$ (because alloy consists of 2 or more metals).

The #e%(* & !o%(* o (h"se !h"$,es !"$ -e ,&"(hed so #h"# "ll (ossi-le !o%-i$"#io$ o #+o ()&e %e#"ls "&e &e(&ese$#ed*

This +ill (&od)!e " ,&"(h 6$o+$ "s PH S! "I #$ % +hi!h sho+s #he &el"#io$shi( "%o$, #e%(*. !o%(* & (h"ses (&ese$# i$ "llo' s's#e%*

 * # ling #ur(es sh ! h ri+ ntal thermal arrest at their %ree+es " ints'

COO/I01 CURVE *OR ISOMORPHOUS BINARY DI21R2M r "ure metal3 the

1

Di%%erent # m" siti n !ill gi(e di%%erent # ling #ur(es' The sl "e #hanges at /.45. et#'3 are # rres" nd t the li$uidus and s lidus'

Freezing zone

L1 S1

A -i$"&' iso%o&(ho)s !ooli$, !)&0es

e1)ili-&i)% (h"se di",&"%

$OOLI"+ $!,-E FO, EUTECTIC BINARY IA+,A.

Li1)id Solid
A ? C D

Li1)id

Li1)id G Solid

Solid

2*8

CARIOUS TYPE OF ALLOY TRANSFORMATIONS FOR ?INARY PHASE DIAGRAMS

2*8*1 E)#e!#i!e T&"$s o&%"#io$s I$ #he e)#e!#i! &e"!#io$ #he si$,le li1)id (h"se #&"$s o&%s si%)l#"$eo)sl' i$#o #he #+o solid (h"ses o&% "# #he e)#e!#i! #e%(e&"#)&e* The e)#e!#i! &e"!#io$ !"$ -e +&i##e$ "s.
+ L cooling

The e)#e!#i! #&"$s o&%"#io$ o!!)&s "# 18:oC "# " !o%(* o B19 S$*

2*8*2 Pe&i#e!#i! "llo' #&"$s o&%"#io$s I$ #he (e&i#e!#i! &e"!#io$ " li1)id (h"se &e"!#s +i#h " solid (h"se #o o&% " $e+ "$d di e&e$# solid (h"se* The (e&i#e!#i! &e"!#io$ !"$ -e +&i##e$ "s. cooling Li1)id. L G Fo& e5"%(le. 181H C L (5.4% Ni) + (4.0% Ni) (4.3% Ni)
o

2*8*:

Mo$o#e!#i! #&"$s o&%"#io$

The %o$o#e!#i! &e"!#io$ o!!)&s +he&e "# " s(e!i i! #e%(* #he li1)id sol)#io$ o !o%(osi#io$ L1 #&"$s o&%s i$#o " solid 2(h"se "$d " se!o$d li1)id o !o%(osi#io$ L2 +hi!h is di e&e$# &o% L1* The e1)"#io$ &e"ds:
/. cooling , /6

The %o$o#e!#i! #&"$s o&%"#io$ o!!)&s "# I88oC "# " !o%(*o :B9 P-* F&o% I88oC do+$. (o!6e#s o le"d2 &i!h %el# "&e e$#&"((ed i$ #he solid C) "l(h"2 (h"se*

2*8*>

E)#e!#oid #&"$s o&%"#io$

The e)#e!#oid &e"!#io$ is si%il"& #o #he e)#e!#i! &e"!#io$ i$ #h"# o$e (h"se de!o%(ose i$#o #+o (h"ses )(o$ !ooli$,* A e)#e!#oid &e"!#io$ +he&e #he si$,le solid (h"se #&"$s o&%s i$#o solid (h"ses h"0i$, di e&e$# !o%(osi#io$s &o% #he (h"se* The e)#e!#i! &e"!#io$ !"$ -e +&i##e$ "s. cooling +

2*8*8

Pe&i#e!#oid #&"$s o&%"#io$

A i$ (e&i#e!#oid &e"!#io$ #he #+o solid (h"ses #&"$s o&% i$#o #he si$,le solid (h"se* The (e&i#e!#oid &e"!#io$ !"$ -e +&i##e$ "s.

+ cooling

2*8*B

Mo$o#e!#oid #&"$s o&%"#io$

The %o$o#e!#oid &e"!#io$ o!!)&s +he&e "# " s(e!i i! #e%(* #he solid sol)#io$ o !o%(osi#io$ 1 #&"$s o&%s i$#o #he cooling #+o solid (h"ses * The e1)"#io$ &e"ds: 1 2 +

The #&"$s o&%"#io$ o " E)#e!#i!. Pe&i#e!#i! "$d Mo$o#e!#i! is !o$side& "s #he #&"$s o&%"#io$ o&% li&uid #o solid phase. ;hile #he #&"$s o&%"#io$ o " E)#e!#oid. Pe&i#e!#oid "$d Mo$o#e!#oid is !o$side& "s #he #&"$s o&%"#io$ o&% solid #o solid phase.

2*I

INCARIANT REACTIONS

;he$ #he de,&ee o &eedo% is e1)"l #o 7e&o. #he &e"!#io$ is !"lled i$0"&i"$# &e"!#io$* J I$0"&i"$# &e"!#io$s "&e o)$d i$ (h"se di",&"%s o %"$' -i$"&' "llo's* A$ "llo' %"' h"0e o$l' o$e i$0"&i"$# &e"!#io$ 4 e*,* P-2 S$3 o& h"0e %"$' i$0"&i"$# &e"!#io$s de(e$di$, o$ !o$!e$#&"#io$ "$d #e%(e&"#)&e 4see e$,i$ee&i$, "llo's3* I$0"&i"$# &e"!#io$s "&e "l+"'s de#e&%i$ed i$ " $ei,h-o&hood o #he #&i(le (oi$# #h"# (i$s #he i$0"&i"$# &e"!#io$* A!!o&di$, #o Gi--s (h"se &)le #he&e is 7e&o de,&ees o &eedo% "# #hese &e"!#io$ (oi$#s*

'1%$2L'
Find the peritectic and eutectoid reactions in the +u*3n system4

TUTORI2/ &ismuth /melting point )0(1$2 and cadmium /melting point *)(1$2 are assumed to be completel3 soluble in the li#uid state and completel3 insoluble in solid state4 The3 form a eutectic at (551$ containing 56 7 cadmium4 ra8 the e#uilibrium diagram to scale on a piece of graph paper labeling all points, lines and areas4 For an allo3 containing 067 cadmium, etermine the temperature of initial and final solidification4 etermine the chemical composition and relati'e amounts of phases present at a temperature of )661$4 S9etch the microstructure at room temperature4 ra8 the cooling cur'e4

OCT 6778 The cooling cur'es obtained 8hen t8o pure metals and se'eral of their allo3s 8ere cooled from the li#uid phase are sho8n in figure belo84

a2 ra8 the phase diagram for the allo3 s3stem to scale on a piece of graph paper and label all points, lines and areas4 b2 For an allo3 containing 56 8t7A, determine the li#uidus temperature, solidus temperature and free:ing range of the allo34 c2$onsider an allo3 containing (6 8t7A4 uring solidification, determine composition of the first solid to form4 d2For an allo3 containing 068t7 A, determine the chemical composition and relati'e amount of phases present at ;661$4

M2R 6776 Table .'7 sh !s tem"eratures % the beginning and ending % the s lidi%i#ati n % r 1ermanium45ili# n s&stem' C nstru#t a "hase diagram t s#ale n a "ie#e % gra"h "a"er labeling all " ints3 lines and areas'

#or an alloy containing 40wt%$e which is coole! fro% li&ui! "hase to roo% te%"erature' !eter%ine( i. the co%"osition of the first li&ui! soli!ifie!. ii. the co%"osition of the last li&ui! soli!ifie!. iii' Des#ribe the s lidi%i#ati n "r #ess % a 87!t95i and determine its #hemi#al # m" siti ns and relati(e am unts % "hases "resent at a tem"erature % .6:7;C' iv. Draw the cooling curve for the 40wt%Si alloy. v. Descri e the soli!ification "rocess.

M2R 6778 A h3pothetical A<& allo3 of composition ==8t7& < 5=8t7A at some temperature is found to consist of relati'e amount fraction of 64= for both a and /* phases4 If the composition of the p phase is >68t7& < (68t7A, 8hat is the composition of the a phase?

OCT 677< The &ismuth /&i2 and $admium /$d2 allo3 s3stem is generall3 9no8n as the s3stem 8ith no single phase of solid solution4 It forms eutectic at the composition /$E2 and temperature /TE2 of 568t7$d and ((51$ respecti'el34 &ased on the information gi'en, ans8er the follo8ing #uestions : i2 ra8 the phase diagram on the graph paper and label all points, lines and areas4 +i'en that the melting point for &ismuth and $admium are )@61$ and *(61$ respecti'el34 /Assume all lines are straight24 ii) With the aid of neat sketches, distinguish the microstructure at room temperature for the eutectic alloy from an alloy containing 80wt%Cd

Eg (: For an allo3 containing 0= 8t7 aluminium, determine the relati'e amount: a2 The temperature Aust slightl3 belo8 =00$4 b2 The temperature Aust slightl3 abo'e =00$4 5O/UTIO0=

Ir n Carbide Phase Diagram >*e4 *e<C?

The Ir n4Ir n Carbide Phase

!"

Ir n Carbide Phase Diagram >*e4 *e<C?

)l"ha' * #errite( + + +,ery low solu ility of car on. + -.. structure. + /a0 soli! solu ility of 0.011 wt% . at 2123. an! the solu ility of car on in ferrite !ecreases to 0.004 wt%. at 03..

!!

Ir n Carbide Phase Diagram >*e4 *e<C?

2ustenite3 : < Interstitial solid solution of $ in B iron4 < F$$ structure4 < Solubilit3 of $ is )4((7 at ((5@1$ and 64007 at 0)01$4

!#

Ir n Carbide Phase Diagram >*e4 *e<C? Delta3 ir n

< &$$ structure < .aC4 7$ : 646> at (5>= D
Cementite3 *e<C : < Intermetallic compound4 < ;4;07 $ and >*4**7 Fe4 < Orthorombic structure < &rittle

!$

5 MICROSTRUCTURE CHANGES

@ Allo#&o(i! !h"$,es / P l&m r"hi# trans% rmati n= 5"e#ies !ith the same #hemi#al # m" siti n3 but di%%erent #r&stal stru#tures

!8

In(ariant rea#ti ns in *e A *e<C s&stem

(2 Peritectic reaction4
L 4E*8: 9C3 G 4E*EI 9C3 9C3 '()* 4E*1H

)2 Eutectic reaction4
L 4>*: 9C3 ''(+ 42*11 9C3 G Fe:C 4B*BH 9C3

*2 Eutectoid reaction4
,2, 4E*HH 9C3 9C3 4E*E2 9C3 G Fe:C 4B*BH
!%

ling % Plain Carb n 5teel Eute#t id "lain #arb n steel= I% a

sam"le is heated u" t B:77C and held % r su%%i#ient time3 stru#ture !ill & -elow eutectoi! te%"erature' be# me h m gene us austenite'

5l ! C

layers of ferrite an! ce%entite are for%e!. 6earlite.

The mi#r stru#ture

% eute#t id

#0

5l ! C

ling

% Plain Carb n 5teel

>C nt''?

F3poeutectoid plain carbon steel: If a sample of 6457 $ is heated up to >666$, it gets austeniti:ed, 4 Further cooling gi'es rise to G and pearlite4 6earlite

#1

5l ! C

ling

C&"ereute#t id "lain #arb n steel= I% a .'69 C sam"le is heated u" t D:77C and held % r su%%i#ient time3 it entirel& gets austeniti+ed' *urther # ling results results in eute#t id #ementite and "earlite'

% Plain Carb n 5teel >C nt''?

#2

* rmati n

% "earlite

T! 4dimensi nal m r"h l g& % "earlite3 a""arentl& # nsisting % alternating la&ers % #ementite and %errite'

& 7hree+!i%ensional analogy to the %or"hology of "earlite' i.e. the ca age re"resents a single crystal of "earlite' an! the water in the uc8et the single crystal of ferrite.

#'

Eg 6: S9etch of microstructural changes for a steel containing 645 7 $ as it is cooled from 8ithin the austenite phase region to belo8 eutectoid temp4
5O/UTIO0=

/Ans: pearlite =(72 #"

E( luti n % Mi#r stru#ture

Eu#te#t id

#!

FYPOE!TE$TOI
(;66

STEEL
/Fe<$ S3stem2

T/1$2 L
((5@1$

(566

(666 @66

%Fe *$ r s
0)01$

8 H sI/r% s2 ;66 8 H /(<8 2

, S
6400

%Fe *$
) * 5 = ;

( 8 pearlite H8

566 6 $o pearlite

$ o, 8t7 $
(66 m F3poeutectoid steel
##

;40

8 H SI/,% S2 8Fe*$ H /(<8 2

Fe*$ /cementite2

%L ()66 (austenite2

L%Fe *$

FYPE,E!TE$TOI
(;66

STEEL
/Fe<$ S3stem2

T/1$2 L
((5@1$

(566

Fe *$

(666 @66

%Fe *$ r s S
(
$o

8Fe*$ H rI/r% s2;66 8 H/(< 8 Fe*$2

,
6400

%Fe *$
) * 5 = ;

8pearlite H8 8 H SI/,% S2 8Fe*$ H /(<8 2

566 6 pearlite

$ o, 8t7 $
;6m F3pereutectoid steel
#$

;40

Fe*$ /cementite2

%L ()66 (austenite2

L%Fe *$

()**+,- ./ /e0/e'C 1 2

#8

+ car3on steel alloy containing 0 ' wt% C when cooled 4ust 3elow eutectoid temperature le5el 2etermine6 a) 7he relati5e amount of proeutectoid ferrite form. 3) 7he relati5e amount of eutectoid ferrite form. c) (ketch the microstructure of item 8a) and 83) respecti5ely

.ar )66= Jith the aid of a neat s9etch, describe the microstructural changes 8hich ta9e place 8hen a (4( 8t7 plain carbon steel is slo8l3 cooled from the austenite region Aust abo'e the upper critical temperature line4 (ep 2001 + car3on steel alloy containing 0 ! wt% C when cooled from the austenite region crosses the +' line 2escri3e with neat sketches the microstructural changes that take place during the slow cooling of this steel from the austenite region $0

ECample *4 + 0 %0% C hypereutectoid plain0car3on steel is slowly cooled from %009C to a temperature 4ust slightly a3o5e $2$9C Calculate the weight percent proeutectoid cementite and weight percent austenite present in the steel :;ample "
A 64)=7 $ h3poeutectoid plain<carbon steel is slo8l3 cooled from >=61$ to a temp4 Aust slightl3 belo8 0)01$4 $alculate: /a2 the 8eight percent proeutectoid ferrite in the steel4 /b2 the 8eight percent eutectoid ferrite and 8eight percent eutectoid cementite in the steel4

$1

ECample =4 What is the Car3on concentration of an iron0car3on alloy for which the relati5e amount 8fraction) of total ferrite is 0 %"< :;ample " 82ue date61=%=2008) A (4)=7 $ h3pereutectoid plain<carbon steel is slo8l3 cooled from >=61$ to a temp4 Aust slightl3 belo8 0)01$4 $alculate: /a2 the 8eight percent proeutectoid cementite in the steel4 /b2 the 8eight percent eutectoid ferrite and $2 8eight percent eutectoid cementite in the

End

% the

Cha"ter 6

OPEN ?OOK LUI< 1* 2* A$s+e& T)#o&i"l 1 L1*2 A$s+e& T)#o&i"l 2 L2*: M A$,s#&o% A %

No#e:

M2RK - <E.77