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Introduction Lined Drains Composite Drains Grassed Swale Pipe Drains Engineered Waterways
Introduction
Existing Drain
Feasibility Study On Drainage Improvement in Prai Industrial Complex, Seberang Perai Tengah, Penang Study Area
Pump House A
Legend: Primary Drain Existing Pump Station Railway
Pump House B
Pump House A
Legend: Primary Drain Existing Pump Station Railway
Pump House B
Pump House A
Legend: Primary Drain Existing Pump Station Railway
Pump House B
L-6B
B-2E
T-6E
Pump House A
Legend: Primary Drain Existing Pump Station Railway
J-2A
Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Flood Mitigation and Drainage Improvement in Taman Sentul, Taman Sentul Jaya, Taman Pinang & Taman Mangga, Juru, S.P.T, Penang
Uta ra Tol Juru Lebuhra ya UtaraSelatan Kawasan Perusaha an Parit No. 5 Ringan Taman Sentul Jaya Tama n Sentul Tam an Pina Tama n ng Mang ga Perkampu ngan Juru
Study Area
Feasibility Study of Flood Mitigation and Drainage Improvement in Kampung Tersusun, Juru, Seberang Perai Tengah, Penang Study Area
Secondary Drain
Primary Drain
Trunk Drain
Sungai Juru
Natural Waterway
Parit No. 5
Feasibility Study of Flood Mitigation and Drainage Improvement in Kampung Tersusun, Juru, Seberang Perai Tengah, Penang
Existing Problems
Flooding occurs along the roads of the study areas due to improper drainage design, where roadside drains are not provided.
Normal condition Flood condition on th October 2003 6th
Flooding occurs along the roads of the study areas due to improper drainage design, where roadside drains are not provided.
Normal condition Flood condition on th October 2003 6th
Normal condition
Design Criteria
(a)
Grassed Swale
(b)
Mannings Equation
Q = A .1 R S n
2 3 1 2
Q .n
1
v.s
Y B
10 9
0. 9
y
1 50 50 1 Base width, B (m)
0.8
6
0.7
y z
'Vee' shaped Section
0.5
0.5
3
2
Qn S01/2
0.4
1.5
Value of 0.05
0.3
0.01
0.005 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 Flow Depth, y (m) 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Design Criteria
50 mm H max = 0.5 m
Cover
50 mm
H = 0.5 m 1.0 m
Velocity Limitation
(Minor System Chap. 26.3.6)
To prevent sedimentation and vegetative growth
Min Average Flow Velocity = 0.6 m/s
Qminor
1 4 min
Constructed Swale
Type C
Design Criteria
50 Base
50
Batter
Batter
Grassed Swales
Short grass cover Tall grass cover 0.030 0.035 0.035 0.050
Worked Example
(Application of Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) in Malaysia)
Perimeter Swale
3.60m
2.40m
3.60m
Reference
26.2.2
Design Criteria
In new development areas, the edge of a grassed swale should generally be located 0.5 m from the road reserve or property boundary. The depth of a grassed swale shall include a minimum freeboard of 50 mm above the design storm water level in the swale. The average flow velocity in a grassed swale shall not exceed 2 m/s. Recommended Grassed Swale Cross-Sections: Side slope = 1:4 min (batter); 1:50 (base)
26.2.4
a) Overland flow time: Overland sheet flow path length = 35m Slope of overland surface = (3.60-2.40)/35 = 3.5% Design Chart 14.1, overland flow time, to = 12 minute
b) Flow time in channel: - Reach length of perimeter swale = 130m - The estimated average velocity = 0.25m/s - Flow time in ecological swale , td = (130/0.25)/60 = 8.7 minutes
d) Design Storm
Minor Storm : 10 year ARI Major Storm : 50 year ARI
Table 13.A1 Lacation : Pulau Pinang and equation 13.2 for tc = 20 minute,
Table 13.A1 Coefficients for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in Malaysia (30 t 1000 min) Data Period 19511990 ARI (year) 2 5 10 20 50 100 Coefficients of the IDF Polynomial Equations a 4.5140 3.9599 3.7277 3.3255 2.8429 2.7512 b 0.6729 1.1284 1.4393 1.7689 2.1456 2.2417 c -0.2311 -0.3240 -0.4023 -0.4703 -0.5469 -0.5610 d 0.0118 0.0180 0.0241 0.0286 0.0335 0.0341
Location Penang
24h
West Coast (minutes) 5 10 15 20 30 100 2.08 1.28 0.80 0.47 0.00 120 1.85 1.13 0.72 0.42 0.00 150 1.62 0.99 0.62 0.36 0.00 180 1.40 0.86 0.54 0.32 0.00
(13.2)
Where, 10I30 = 3.7277 + (1.4393) [In(30)] + (-0.4023) [In(30)]2 + (0.0241) [In(30)]3 10I = 136.65 mm/hr 30 P30 = 136.65/2 = 68.32 mm And,
10I 60 10I 60
= 3.7277 + (1.4393) [In(60)] + (-0.4023) [In(60)]2 + (0.0241) [In(60)]3 = 92.83 mm/hr P60 = 92.83/1 = 92.83 mm
(13.3)
I=
Pd d
(13.4)
(13.2)
Where, 100I30 = 2.7512 + (2.2417) [In(30)] + (-0.5610) [In(30)]2 + (0.0341) [In(30)]3 100I = 186.35 mm/hr 30 P30 = 186.35/2 = 93.17 And,
100I 60 100I 60
= 2.7512 + (2.2417) [In(60)] + (-0.5610) [In(60)]2 + (0.0341) [In(60)]3 = 129.75 mm/hr P60 = 129.75 /1 = 129.75
(13.3)
I=
Pd d
(13.4)
1.0
e) Runoff Coefficient
0.9 1
Design Chart 14.3 (Landscape: Category 7), C for minor storm = 0.58
Runoff Coefficient, C
2 0.8
0.7 4
I= 170.41 mm/hr
0.6
0.5
0.4 7
0.3 8 1 2 0.2 3 4 5 0.1 6 7 8 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Impervious Roofs, Concrete City Areas Full and Solidly Built Up Surface Clay, Poor Paving, Sandstone Rock Commercial & City Areas Closely Built Up Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth Bare Earth, Earth with Sandstone Outcrops Urban Residential Fully Built Up with Limited Gardens Bare Loam, Suburban Residential with Gardens Widely Detached Houses on Ordinary Loam Suburban Fully Built Upon Sand Strata Park Lawns and Meadows Cultivated Fields with Good Growth Sand Strata
f) Average Runoff Coefficient Minor storm, Cavg = [(0.58x4600) + (0.91x1900)] / 6500 = 0.68 Major storm, Cavg = [(0.67x4600) + (0.91x1900)] / 6500 = 0.74 g) Peak flow By using Rational formula (equation 14.7)
C R I t A Q = 3600,000
C avg =
i =1 m i =1
C i Ai Ai
Qminor /2* = C.I.A/ (3600,000) (2) = 0.68 (170.41) (6500) / (3600,000) (2) = 0.10m3/s Qmajor /2* = C.I.A/( 3600,000) (2) = 0.74 (220.96) (6500) / (3600,000) (2) = 0.15m3/s * There are two perimeter swale in the catchment area to cater the peak flow.
Freeboard = 300mm; Depth, D = 1200mm; Area, A = 11.64 m2; Wetted Perimeter, P = 17.10m; Hydraulic radius, R = A/P = 0.68m;
SLOPE
BW (m)
Design Criteria
Diameter
Table 25.5 Minimum Pipe Diameters
Diameter (mm) 300 375 450 Application Pipe draining a stormwater inlet and crossing a footpath alignment * Any other pipe For a non-self draining underpass, the pipe shall be sized for 10 year ARI and shall not be less than
Note: * 300 mm diameter pipes are permitted in this situation only, in order to provide more space in the footpath alignment for other utility services.
Pipe Grades
(a) Maximum Grade Pipeline grades shall be chosen to limit the pipe full flow velocity to a value less than or equal to 6.0 m/s. (b) Minimum Grades
Stormwater pipelines shall be designed and constructed to be self cleansing. The desirable minimum grade for pipelines shall be 1.0%. An absolute minimum grade of 0.5% may be acceptable where steeper grades are not practical.
k (mm)
0.3 0.15 0.06
Worked Example
(Proposed Tuanku Heights Mixed Development of Daerah Seremban, Negeri Sembilan)
System Layout
Engineered Waterway
Forebay
Mini Wetland
Design Criteria
Engineered Waterways
300 mm H
Minimum Longitudinal Slope 0.2 % - Lined Channel 0.5 % - Grassed floodways and natural waterway To prevent sedimentation and vegetative growth Min Velocity = 0.8 m/s
To prevent Channel Surface Lining Erosion Max Velocity = 4.0 m/s (Lined Channel / Low flow invert) = 2.0 m/s (Floodways and Natural Waterway)
Grassed Floodways
Grass cover only Short grass Tall grass Shrub cover Scattered Medium to dense Tree cover Scattered Medium to dense 0.040 0.100 0.050 0.120 0.050 0.100 0.070 0.160 0.030 0.035 0.035 0.050
Natural Channels
Small streams Straight, uniform and clean Clean, winding with some pools and shoals Sluggish weedy reaches with deep pools Steep mountain streams with gravel, cobbles, and boulders Large streams Regular cross-section with no boulders or brush Irregular and rough cross-section Overbank flow areas Short pasture grass, no brush Long pasture grass, no brush Light brush and trees Medium to dense brush Dense growth of trees 0.025 0.030 0.040 0.070 0.110 0.035 0.050 0.080 0.160 0.200 0.025 0.035 0.060 0.100 0.025 0.035 0.050 0.030 0.033 0.045 0.080 0.070
Roadways
Kerb & Gutter Hotmix Pavement Smooth Rough Flush Seal Pavement 7 mm stone 14 mm stone
I. Composite Waterways
(With Increased Capacity - Chap 28)
P
i =1 m i =1
ni A i5 / 3 A i5 / 3
i
2/3
2/3
(28.1)
where, n* ni Ai P m
= = = = =
equivalent Mannings roughness coefficient for the whole cross-section Manning's roughness coefficient for segment i flow area of segment i (m2) wetted perimeter of segment i (m) total number of segments
Velocity Limitation
(Major System - Chap 28)
Minimum Longitudinal Slope
0.5 %
Batter
Batter
Figure 28.3
Qmajor Qminor
50 Terrace Base 1 6
Batter
Figure 28.4
1.
3
2 1.
1. 1
1. 0
0. 9
0. 8
Design Flow,
0. 7 60 55 50 45
1.4
40 35 30
25 20
15
10 5
Worked Example
(Application of Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) in Malaysia)
Ecological Swale
Design Criteria Minimum requirements for maintenance access = 3.7m (One side) and 1.0m (Other Side) for top width of waterway 6m or Both sides = 3.7m for top width of waterway > 6m The freeboard above the design storm water level shall be a minimum of 300 mm. The minimum longitudinal grade for engineered waterways = 0.5% for grassed floodways and natural channels; Longitudinal grades shall not produce velocities less than 0.8 m/s if low flow inverts flowing full Longitudinal grades shall be chosen such that the design storm average flow velocity will not exceed 2 m/s in grassed floodways and natural waterways Side slopes = 1:6 min (batter); 1:50 (base) Side slopes = 1:4 may be provided in special circumstance Low flow inverts and pipes shall be sized for a minimum capacity of 50% of the 1 month ARI flow
28.6 28.7.1
28.7.2
28.10.2 28.10.4
a) Overland flow time: Overland sheet flow path length = 35m Slope of overland surface = (3.60-2.40)/35 = 3.5% Design Chart 14.1, overland flow time, to = 12 minute
b) Flow time in channel: -Reach length of ecological swale = 920m - Average velocity for ecological swale is given by Manning equation. The estimated average velocity = 0.35m/s -Flow time in ecological swale , td = (920/0.35)/60 = 43.8 minutes c) Time of concentration Time of concentration, tc = to + td = 12 + 43.8 = 55.8 minutes Assume : tc = 56 minit
d) Design Storm
Minor Storm : 10 year ARI Major Storm : 100 year ARI
Table 13.A1 Lacation : Pulau Pinang and equation 13.2 for tc = 56 minute,
Table 13.A1 Coefficients for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in Malaysia (30 t 1000 min) Data Period 19511990 ARI (year) 2 5 10 20 50 100 Coefficients of the IDF Polynomial Equations a 4.5140 3.9599 3.7277 3.3255 2.8429 2.7512 b 0.6729 1.1284 1.4393 1.7689 2.1456 2.2417 c -0.2311 -0.3240 -0.4023 -0.4703 -0.5469 -0.5610 d 0.0118 0.0180 0.0241 0.0286 0.0335 0.0341
Location Penang
(13.2)
= 3.7277 + (1.4393) [In(56)] + (-0.4023) [In(56)]2 + (0.0241) [In(56)]3 10I = 96.99 mm/hr 56
56
= 2.7512 + (2.2417) [In(56)] + (-0.4023) [In(56)]2 + (0.0241) [In(56)]3 100I = 135.48 mm/hr 56
56
1.0
0.9
2 0.8
0.7 4
(I=96.99mm/hr,)
0.6
0.5
0.4 7
C for = 0.70
0.3 8 1 2 0.2 3 4 5 0.1 6 7 8 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Impervious Roofs, Concrete City Areas Full and Solidly Built Up Surface Clay, Poor Paving, Sandstone Rock Commercial & City Areas Closely Built Up Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth Bare Earth, Earth with Sandstone Outcrops Urban Residential Fully Built Up with Limited Gardens Bare Loam, Suburban Residential with Gardens Widely Detached Houses on Ordinary Loam Suburban Fully Built Upon Sand Strata Park Lawns and Meadows Cultivated Fields with Good Growth Sand Strata
f) Peak flow By using Rational formula (equation 14.7), peak flow for minor storm = 4.21 m3/s and peak flow for major storm = 6.75 m3/s
C I t A Q = 3600,000
R
Qminor = C.I.A/3600,000 = 0.61 (96.99) (256,000) / (3600,000) = 4.21m3/s Qmajor = C.I.A/3600,000 = 0.70 (135.48) (256,000) / (3600,000) = 6.75m3/s
Freeboard = 300mm; Depth, D = 1200mm; Area, A = 11.64 m2; Wetted Perimeter, P = 17.10m; Hydraulic radius, R = A/P = 0.68m;
2I 56
= 69.94 mm/hr
2
0.083
I D = 0.4 I D
13.5a
1.0
e) Runoff Coefficient Design Chart 14.3 (category 5), C for 1 month ARI = 0.30
C I t A Q = 360
R
0.9
2 0.8
0.7 4
0.6
Runoff Coefficient, C
0.5
f) Peak flow By using Rational formula (equation 14.7), peak flow = 0.60 m3/s
Qlow flow = C.I.A/3600,000 = 0.30 (69.94) (256,000) / (3600,000) = 0.60m3/s
0.4 7
0.3 8 1 2 0.2 3 4 5 0.1 6 7 8 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Impervious Roofs, Concrete City Areas Full and Solidly Built Up Surface Clay, Poor Paving, Sandstone Rock Commercial & City Areas Closely Built Up Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth Bare Earth, Earth with Sandstone Outcrops Urban Residential Fully Built Up with Limited Gardens Bare Loam, Suburban Residential with Gardens Widely Detached Houses on Ordinary Loam Suburban Fully Built Upon Sand Strata Park Lawns and Meadows Cultivated Fields with Good Growth Sand Strata
Ecological Swale
Drainage capacity for low flow = 0.30 m3/s. Thus, no. of module needed = (0.60-0.30) / 0.038 = 8