TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GH.

ASACHI OF IASI FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONCRETE

PROJECT

Advisor: Grou :

Student:

!""#$!""%

-LABORATORY WORK No. 1-

Concrete strengths
The strength of the concrete represents the way in which the structure opposes to some action that causes efforts in the section of the element. The MARK of the concrete is defined as the first value from the scale of standardized marks below the average compressive strength of the concrete determined on cubes with a !!mm side at " days after hardening# in mi$ed working conditions# performed and tested. The value of compressive strength obtained at breaking of some concrete cubs does not represent the %uality of the concrete moulded at the age of " days& it only defines the %uality of the hardened mi$ture. 'ubse%uent to the purpose followed performing the mechanical tests on the hardened concrete# we can differentiate the following( ) preliminary tests# in order to establish the optimum composition of the concrete& ) checking tests& ) tests for checking the %uality of the concrete during the e$ecution& ) tests for checking the %uality of the concrete from the construction elements& The tests# performed on cubes with a !!mm side in the laboratories# manufactured and kept in standard conditions# allow statements to be made on the hardened mi$ture of the concrete# on the pan*s effect& it is also established the breaking character# the diffusion of the results# the mark and the class of the concrete. The strength at crushing is determined on samples with special forms at which it is realized a hindered effect at transversal deformations of stretching that constitute the cause of breaking at monoa$ial compression.

T+, T,'T-./ 0. C12,'

The cube is carefully placed on the pan of the press# having in view an optimum centering. The needle that indicates the load is brought to !. -t is checked if the pendulum behind the plate has the weights corresponding to the scale on which the increasing of the load will be followed. 3e bring an action against the cube# providing a continuous increase of the effort with !.4 da.5mm6 7s# speed registered at the control desk# for the common concretes# that corresponds to !.47 !!7 !!8 7 9!!!!.5'# speed registrated at the control desk for common concretes. :uring the test it is followed with a measuring device the moment when the microcracks start appearing. 3hen the indicatory needle from the control desk will show a diminuation of the force# it is noted the ma$imum force reached ;.r<.

T+, -.T,R=R,TAT-0. 0> T+, R,'1?T'# C0.C?1'-0.

The two diffused results that have been influenced by errors during the test or during the manufacturing of the samples are eliminated. The compressive strength e$perimentally obtained are compared and statements are made on the proportions. There are established the proportions for the R cube determined on cubes with a !!mm side. Afterwards# the results obtained are compared with the e$pected ones& at the same time# statements are made on the values of the determined results with empiric relationships in which R cube is considered to be the value e$perimentally determined.

9.

Compressive strength on cube( @ $ 9A@mm 9 $ 9AAmm A8 !.4B mm =r98A"!!!! .5mm C parallel cracks with the force direction( Rc8 =r95A8 @.@9 .5mm

. @ $ 9A@mm 9 $ 9AAmm A8 !.4B mm without friction =r 8 D"!!! .5mm 8) parallel cracks( Rc8 =r 5A89@.9 .5mm @. metallic plate( 4! $ 4! =c89AA!!! . A8 4!!mm Rc8=c5A84E.D .5mm A. prismatic strength( 9!! $ 9!! $ 44! =c8E !!! . Rc8=c5A8E. .5mm

Reinforced concrete 9. Compressive strength

@ ! mm

9A@ mm

9D! mm

Rcube =

P A

Rcube =

P A

a< 3ith friction (

= crack

b< 3ithout fricsion(

=

P A

c< 3ith metalic plate(

=

crushing

P A

mp

mp C metalic plate

d< Rezistance at the prismatic compresion(

R
$ 4!! mm.

pr

P A

C prism ( 9!! $ 9!!

-LABORATORY WORK No. 2T,.'-?, 'TR,./T+ 0> T+, C0.CR,T,

-t is analyzed the way of breaking by stretching of the concrete# the character of the cracks and the loss of the strength capacity. At the same time# with the values of the strength at stretching it is established the degree in which they are influenced by some factors( the nature of the cement# the age of the concrete# the shape and dimensions of the sample. The values are e$perimentally( Rt C the strength at stretching in the center of the sample& Rti C the strength at stretching given by bending calculated in plastic& Rtd C the strength at stretching by splitting& Rinc C the strength at bending of the concrete calculated in plastic.

C0.'-:,RAT-0.' A.: T+,0R,T-CA? :,T,RM-.AT-0.'

-t is known that the strength at stretching of the concrete is much more reduced than the compressive strength# their proportion varying between 95"F..95 ! ;on the average# for concrete %ualities# currently used in reinforced concrete works# this proportion is959!FFF..959 <. The breaking of the concrete at stretching# is produced suddenly without adaptability# when a crack& perpendicular on the force direction penetrates the element dividing it in two ;by splitting<. As it was shown at the ?aboratory 3ork .o. 9# due to the phenomena that accompany the concrete*s hardening# it appears a state of microcracks developed especially at the surface of the contact between the unit and the cement rock. -t the process of loading at stretching of the sample# states of longitudinal and transversal efforts appear& starting even with the smallest loadings the distribution of the efforts is not uniform# due# on the one hand to the lack of structural homogeneousness of the concrete# and on the other hand to the structure faults ;pores# micropores# microcracks# gaps of different natures< in the neighborhood of which tension concentrations appear.

>rom the certain loading corresponding to the limit of the micro cracking Ro 8 ;!.@ C !."< Rt the efforts ;longitudinal< are much more greater and overtake the limit strength of the concrete at the tensile zones of stretching concentrations ;for the loading p <# the process is propagating faster through modification of the gap shape# that increases the level of concentration on the size of developing of the micro cracking and finally it appears the breaking fissure.

T+, T,C+.-C' 0> T,'T-./ T+, 'AM=?,'

The strength at an a$ial stretch ;Rt< The dimensions of the breaking section of the sample are measured with l mm precision twice each side# calculating the average area of the breaking section.
Asample 8 ;;a9 G a <5 <7;;bl G b <5 <

The strength at stretching by bending ;Rti< -t will be starting with loading very carefully perpendicular on the pouring direction providing an increase of the effort with !.!4G!.! .5mm for the heavy concretes and !.!9 .5mm for the light ones.

The strength at stretching by splitting -n order to determine the strength at stretching by splitting# the sample can be# as it was shown( cubes# fragments of prisms and cylinders. :ue to the unitary efforts of stretching# uniformly distributed on the section# the sample divides in two parts. The aspect of the breaking of a cylinder at splitting

T+, -.T,R=R,TAT-0. 0> T+, R,'1?T'# C0.C?1'-0. Conclusions are drawn over( C the way in which the breaking at the stretched elements from normal concrete is produced# it is insisted on the breakable character of the tearing& C statements are made on the values of the strengths Rti# R9# Rinc# Rta& these results are compared with the ones obtained with the empiric e%uation function of the Rcube# C the strength at stretching obtained is compared with the compressive strengths determined in the previous laboratory work& Cstatements are made on homogeneousness by statistical processing the line of values obtained in the previous tests and they are compared with the results of the compressive strengths. PRISM :imensions( 9!!79!!744! l8 @!! mm
M = Pl A

Rti =

@#A@M bh

Tension( =r98 @D! da. =r 8 @"! da. =r8 ;=r9G=r <5 8@E! da. Mr8 ;=r7l<5A899.9!! da.cm Rti8 ;@.A@7Mr<5bh 8@D.44 da.5cm Compression( metal plates 9!!79!! =89A.B!! da. P 9AB!! Rc = r = = 9ABdaN 5 cm Ab 9!! 'plit tensile strength( =89!!! da. ;pieces of prism< P 7 9!!! Rtd = = = D.@DdaN 5 cm 7 9!! a 'plit tensile strength( =89@A!! da. ;cylinder( d89D! mm& l8@ ! mm<
Rtd = P 7 9@A!! = = 9D.DDdaN 5 cm 7 9D 7 @ d 7 l

-LABORATORY WORK No. 3-

Concrete response to deformations

The prestressed reinforcements are made of high strength steel. :ue to the high content of carbon( !.D"HI!.B H# these steels are hard and have reduced elongations at breaking. M,T+0:' 0> T,'T-./ T+, J1A?-TK 0> T+, C0.CR,T, -R0. 0n the steel used as prestressed reinforcing there are performed the following tests and determinations( L checking of the aspect& L checking of the dimensions and shape & L checking of the unrolling of the wire & L testing at traction by which there are determined & the elasticity modulus # the technical elasticity limit# the technical running limit# the strength at breaking & L testing at alternating bending & L testing at rela$ation # C0.'-:,RAT-0.' A.: T+,0R,T-CA? :,T,RM-.AT-0.' The checking of the %uality of the bars from concrete iron type =C B!# used as prestressed reinforcing# is made following the same rules as in the case of the steels used for reinforced concrete. Concrete deformation( C plastic ;nonliniar< C elastic( = E C viscous

'tress strain curve(

R ck

R
!

MicroCcracking limit

R!

tan = E

reversal

C9 # C M reading devices

C9

L =
?!8 !! mm

+L4 n

L L!

E=

Concrete deformation table

?oading 'teps ! 9 >orce = ! !!! "!!! @ A 4 D E " B 9! 99 9 9@ 9A 94 9D 9E 9" !!! "!!! !!! "!!! !!! "!!! !!! "!!! !!! A!!! D!!! "!!! 9!!!! 9 !!! 9A!!! 9D!!!
@

:evice readings C9 4 94 D9 B DA @@ D4 @@ D4 @ D4 @@ AA 4D DD "! 9!4 9AD !4 E A@ E AA E AA E AA E AA A" D! E B! 9 9 9"! "! C @ "

:isplacements NC9 -0.01 -0.052 0.0587 -0.0041 0.0031 -0.0032 0.0032 -0.0032 -0.0255 0.0255 0.0032 -0.0011 -0.0012 -0.001 -0.0014 -0.0025 -0.0041 -0.0059 0.0205
4

NC -0.0005 -0.0044 0.0029 -0.0029 0.0028 -0.0028 0.0028 -0.0028 0.0028 -0.0028 0.0028 -0.0004 -0.0012 -0.0012 -0.0018 -0.0031 -0.0059 -0.0108 0.0288

Average diplacement -0.00525 -0.0282 0.0308 -0.0035 0.00295 -0.003 0.003 -0.003 -0.01135 0.01135 0.003 -0.00075 -0.0012 -0.0011 -0.0016 -0.0028 -0.005 -0.00835 0.02465

N?

0.0002625 -0.000141 0.000154 -0.0000175 0.00001475 -0.000015 0.000015 -0.000015 0.0000567 0.00005675 0.000015 0.0000037 -0.000006 -0.0000055 -0.000008 -0.000014 -0.000025 0.0000417 0.00012325
4

L = 9 .@4 9!

= @."E4 9!

E = 49@.!"B 9!

-LABORATORY WORK No. 4-

Reinforcements of Reinforced Concrete

-n this laboratory work are analyzed and determined the main mechanical characteristics of the steels# used as reinforcement# for the elements of reinforced concrete. The values of these characteristics e$perimentally obtained are centralized and statistically processed. 2ased on the results obtained by statistically processing# students make statements on the homogeneousness of the ferroCconcrete. T+, A''0RTM,.T 0> 'T,,? >0R R,-.>0RC-./' The reinforcements of the elements of reinforced concrete constructions are made of soft ;fle$ible< steels with carbon content below !. DH. These steels have reduced mechanical strengths comparatively to the hard ones# but they show big elongations at breaking. As strength reinforcements there are used( L concrete iron laminated at heat with a smooth profile, OB37 shaped as bound nets and frameworks ;independent bars<& L concrete iron laminated at heat with periodical profile# PC52# PC60# shaped as bound nets and frameworks or as welded nets and frameworks& L wires for reinforced concrete with a smooth profile ;STNB< or profiled ;STPB< shaped as welded nets. As constructing reinforcement there are used( L concrete iron laminated at heat# OB37 shaped as independent bars& L wires for reinforced concrete# shaped as welded nets. C0.'-:,RAT-0.' A.: T+,0R,T-CA? :,T,RM-.AT-0.' Concrete iron used as reinforcement are divided in two categories( soft ;fle$ible< bars and hard steels. >le$ible steels have carbon content below !. DH and the hard steels between !.D"H and !.B H. 'teel has a crystalline structure made of crystal bound as a spatial net that forms grains ;blocks< which dimensions influence inversely proportional the steel*s strength. The characteristic contour lines# effortsCdeformations# which shows that there are essential distinctions in the conduct of the two types of steels( 1.Geome !"#$% #&$!$# e!"' "#'(

a<

nonCribbed bars ;bara lisa< b< ribbed bars

0.2. @E OD M OA! ;OD M O 4<

=.C. 4 ;hotCrolled<

=.C. D! ;profilat la cald<

resistance bars resistance bars

'.T...2 '%uare mesh bars

Rectangular mesh bars

2.Me#&$)"#$% C&$!$# e!"' "#' (

;stress< !.D"C!.B H C ,a8 !.!9 c r =.C. 4 ;=.C.D!< mild hardening range Kielding 0.2.@E steel CR!. DH low yielding steel 8 failure 8 yielding 8 limit elasticity limit;limita techni%ue de limit curgere< !.!9 ;strain<

P tg Q8 ,a

c r

SPECIMEN

SPECIMEN NO. 1

SPECIMEN NO2

SPECIMEN NO3

DIAMETER REAL DIAMETER(Do) Area A0 (mm2) Pi (N) Pr (N)

!

OB 37 10 9.9 16.976 31000 37250 402.75 483.95 61.11 118.11 22.2 18.1 !#.!( ',.!(

OB 37 10 9.8 75.43 32000 36000 424.25 477.26 62$7 119.1 25.4 19.1 !).#* '(."*

PC52 12 12.8 &!#.'( 57500 70500 446.87 547.91 67.2 112.9 34.4 12.9

( N"mm2) (N"mm2)

L5#(mm) L10#(mm) %5 &'( %10 &'( Au +

-LABORATORY WORK No. 5-

R,-.>0RC,M,.T >0R =R,'TR,'',: C0.CR,T,

T,'T-./ CAT,/0R-,'.R,-.>0RC,M,.T A''0RTM,.T'. The prestressed reinforcements are made of high strength steel. :ue to the high content of carbon( !.D"HI!.B H# these steels are hard and have reduced elongations at breaking. M,T+0:' 0> T,'T-./ T+, J1A?-TK 0> T+, C0.CR,T, -R0. 0n the steel used as prestressed reinforcing there are performed the following tests and determinations( L checking of the aspect& L checking of the dimensions and shape & L checking of the unrolling of the wire & L testing at traction by which there are determined & the elasticity modulus # the technical elasticity limit# the technical running limit# the strength at breaking & L testing at alternating bending & L testing at rela$ation # C0.'-:,RAT-0.' A.: T+,0R,T-CA? :,T,RM-.AT-0.' The checking of the %uality of the bars from concrete iron type =C B!# used as prestressed reinforcing# is made following the same rules as in the case of the steels used for reinforced concrete.

2y testing at the alternating bending there are determined the plastic deformation possibilities of the steel for prestressed concrete under the action of alternating loads. The capacity of plastic deformation of the steel is e$pressed as a value# but the ma$imum number of bendings at which the sample resists# without breaking or crushing# appears in the bent area. T+, =R0C,''-./ A.: -.T,R=R,TAT-0. 0> T+, R,'1?T' 2ased on the characteristics determined an on the observations made during the tests # statements will be made on ( C the conduct under loading of the steels for prestressed concrete & the breaking character of the stretched samples compared with the steel # C the capacity of elastic and plastic deformation of the '2= steel& C the elasticity modulus # which is compared with the ones obtained at fle$ible steels

P (N) 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000 4250 4500 4750 5000 5250 5500 5750 6000 6250 6500 6750 7000

(N/mm2

C1 888 881 878 873 869 863 858 854 849 844 840 836 831 827 823 819 814 810 806 802 797 794 789 786 782 778 774

C2 901 896 890 884 878 871 865 859 854 848 842 837 832 826 821 815 808 802 796 790 783 778 772 767 759 752 744

C1 7 3 5 4 6 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 3 4 4 4 4

C2 5 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 5 5 6 5 6 7 6 6 6 7 5 6 5 8 7 8 6

cmed (mm) 6 4.5 5.5 5 6.5 5.5 5 5 5.5 5 4.5 5 5 4.5 5 6 5 5 5 6 4 5.5 4 6 5.5 6 5

L (mm) 6 10.5 16 21 27.5 33 39 43 48.5 53.5 58 63 68 72.5 77.5 83.5 88.5 93.5 98.5 104.5 108.5 114 119.5 121.5 127 133 138

-LABORATORY WORK No. 62ond between concrete and reinforcement.

T+, A:+,R,.C, 0> T+, C0.CR,T, T0 T+, R,-.>0RC-./
:uring this laboratory work it is analyzed the way in which the three factors that determine the adherence ;the clenching # the fi$ing and the friction < and the presence of the breaks as well as the effect of the welding of the transversal bars interfere upon the adherence of the concrete to reinforcing .

T+,0R,T-CA? C0.'-:,RAT-0.'
-t is known that the adherence of the concrete to the reinforcing is the essential factor which assures the bond between the two materials and which permits the creation of this composite material# that is known as the reinforced concrete. The clenching represents the essential factor that assures the adherence of the concrete at the reinforcing and it interposes in a 4! C E! H in the realization of the phenomenon. The irregularities e$isting on the surface of the reinforcing that are of @! C 9!! ;S.# inherent to the process of lamination allow the concrete to enter the uneven spaces # obtaining by its hardening a strong clenching . Thus # the sliding of the bar into the concrete is imbedded until the breaking of the concrete around the bar is produced at the superior level of all these irregularities . The fi$ing resulting from the molecular adhesion of the microcrystals of the dicalcium hydrosilicates at the surface of the reinforcing# contributes to the adherence until the moment the reinforcing start sliding into the concrete. The way in which this factor interferes is reduced up to !.A C !.D .5mm # meaning about 9!H of the total adherence effort. The friction interferes when the reinforcing slides into the concrete # increasing the adherence assured by clenching.

,T=,R-M,.TAT-0.# =R0C,'' A.: 02',RUAT-0.'

The samples manufactured are tested successively at the universal pressing machine. The testing device is fi$ed at the superior stand of the press in such a manner as to be centric and vertical attached. The micro comparators are attached helped by the trimmer and by the transversal bar. The force is slowly and uniformly applied# in steps with a speed of at most @!!.5s. ,ach step of loading would be of ma$imum value. At each loading step # readings on the comparators are made ( with the precision of 9!V mm is measured the variation of the distance between the base of the concrete sample and the a$el of the transversal bar # and with the precision of 9!* @ mm the shifting of the free end of the bar .

THE PROCESSING OF THE RESULTS

2ased on the results obtained at the test# conclusions are drawn over. The factors that influence the adherence are( C the %uality of the concrete& C the nature of the bar surfaces & C the reinforcing diameters & C the anchoring length of the bar.
=ull out test(

Adherence resistanceC

.8WdlX

m so

8 7d 7l

>actors that influence the bound between concrete and reinforcement( Cin respect to concrete(

W W ;water5concrete<ratio& if is biger than te resistance is smaller C C

ma$ m average

compactation additives used ;CaClG< Cin respect to steel bars( rezistence aria

No & ! , ) * ' ( # % &" && &! &, &)

rust has about 94H influence if the bar is ribbed *"" (*" &""" &!*" &*"" &(*" !""" !!*" !*"" !(*" ,""" ,!*" ,*"" ,(*" C& %&( %&(.* %&%.* %!! %!* %!# %,! %,( %,% %,% #!( (*" '!" )*" C! #"% #"' #"! (%' (#% (#& ((! ('& (*& (,% ''( ',! *(# *(' C, '( '( '( '( '( '( '( '( '( '( '( '( '( '( .C&/C!01! #', #'&.(* #'".(* #*% #*( #*).* #*! #)% #)* #,% ()( '%& *%% *&,

-LABORATORY WORK No. 7-

Reinforced concrete beams 2ehavior to bending moment

=urpose 2ehavior of reinforced concrete elements subSected to bending :etermination of the bending moments and apparition and distribution of cracks Ma$imum bending moment. Theoretical consideration The concentrated loads will be applied using metallic plates for a local distribution of the effort. The behavior of the reinforced concrete elements subSected to bending depends on the shape of the section# concrete and steel %uality# and in the percentage of the reinforcement penis. 2alls under the effect of short time loads there are three main work steps( 'tage 9. ,$terior load are small and the entire transversal area is active. ,lastic behavior noticed. 'tage . The concrete is stressed and cracked& unitary efforts are growing# the neutral a$is is going upwards .The increase of loads determines an increase of tension and deformations. 'tage @. The breaking stage. 2oth materials loose carrying capacity. The neutral a$is is as high as possible and the rigidity is minimum. 3ay of work. The test is made with a 9! tf press and is done in steps# slowly# with a constant speed until the concrete form the compressed area fails. The failure has pronounced plastic behavior Knowing the things mentioned previously there will be computed( A theoretical breaking moment with the

teor c z \da.5cm ] relation( M rup = Aa A theoretical cracking moment with the relation(

M teor fis =

An e$perimental breaking moment with the relation

l e$p M rup = Pr \da.5cm ] ;D.@< @

b h Rt x + Aa af ;h! < @.A@ @

\da.5cm ] ;D. <

An e$perimental cracking moment with the relation

l M e$p \da.5cm ] fis = Pf @

;D.A<
= A C9 C 2 C@ l5@ l5@ l5@ A
9 !

= Y9!!2@E

B! mm

9! 9!

9!

9!

9!

M =l5@ =

A.

Za Aa[a9 Rt

M8Cpl 3f Rt G Aa a98!. B Cp bh RG 4Aa Za Za^!." h Mf;breacking moment<8!. B Cpl bh RG!. Aa 2reacking distance( _f8 ;cG!.94<GA d5=t c8concrete cover89 d8diameter

Pt =

Abt 9!! Aa

E.4d E.4d ' .r 9 @ A 4 D E " B = !! A!! D!! "!! 9!!! 9 !! 9A!! 9D!! 9"!! M C9 9 A 9" 9@" 9AB 9D" 9"A 9A @A4 @AA D"A

E.4d Abt E.4d

C B 9 B 9 B 4 B B9" B9@ B!E B!@ "B! " !

C@ 9D A E! 9!4 9DA @9" A!! DA4 D4!