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Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA vmair@sas.upenn.edu www.sino-platonic.org
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Editor's note: This work appears in revised form as chapter 5 of Paul R. Goldin's After Confucius: Studies in Early Chinese Philosophy (University of Hawai`i Press, 2005).
( I n t r i g u e s of the Warrm S t a t e s ) , t h e singular c o l l e c t i o n of anecdotes compiled by the b i b l i o p h i l e Liu Xiang (77-6 B.C.), scholars. continues t o elude
Some w r i t e r s , such as
Ts 'e can be
1. "Miching" is t h e present p a r t i c i p l e of t h e obsolete verb " t o miche," meaning " t o hide," o r " t o pilferH--probably r e l a t e d t o Modern German meuch-. as in Meuchelmord ("assassination") and areuchl( " s t e a l t h i l y " ) . "Mallecho" is likely the Spanish word melhecho, or "misdeed." "niching mallecho" thus means "secretive malefactionu--or "intrigue." 2. Romanizations of a l l Chinese characters w i l l be found i n t h e appended glossary.
3. "Le Roman d e Sou T s 'in, " Etudes Asiatigues 2 (1925), 127-41; and "Le Roman historique dans la l i t t 6 r a t u r e chinoise de l ' a n t i q u i t g , " in Mdlanges Posthumes (Paris: C i v i l i s a t i o n s du Sud, 1950), 111, 52-62.
4 . Z h w o c e m - i u (Singapore : Xueshu chubanshe, 1972).
5. "Pre-Han l i t e r a t u r e , " in Essays an the Sources f o r Chinese History, ed . Donald D . Leslie, Colin Mackerras, and Gungwu Wang (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1975), 28.
Paul Rakita Eoldin, 'Niching Hallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric'
filled
By contrast, t h e more i n f l u e n t i a l of the c l a s s i c a l Western handbooks on rhetoric--such as De oratore, by Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.); t h e anonymous h t o r i c a ad Herenniuar, and Ch Ccbadpositim, by Dionysius of Halicarnassos (54-7 B.C.?)--share t h e advantage of clear organization: t h e i r
A
primer should be coherent and lead the student's mind d i r e c t l y t o t h e points it wishes t o convey. But the Intrigues, though they may be valuable as
something else, are inadequate as a s o r t of textbook, since none of t h e r h e t o r i c a l s k i l l s appearing i n t h e speeches are ever discussed a n a l y t i c a l l y , o r even identified e x p l i c i t l y , in the t e x t .
stand out as fundamental contributions.7 Crump's own interpretation of t h e 6. E .g. Burton Watson, E m J y Chinese L i t e r a t u r e (New York and Landon: Columbia University Press, 1962), 75.
7. See esp. "The C h - k u o Ts'e end its Fiction," T'oung Pao 47.4-5 (lS60), 305-75; Intrigues: Studies of the Chan-kuo Ts ' e (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1864); and h i s translation ( Chan-Kuo Ts'e, 2nd edition, Chinese Materials and Research Aids Service Center Occasional Series 41 [San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 19791).
widespread popularity.
h i s review of Crump's book, adding: "It is even arguable t h a t Chm-kuo T s 'e meant not Intrigues of the Karrin8 States [but 1 Imaginary Sweches an Warrim?
it with t h e r h e t o r i c of t h e Intrigues.
I t is j u s t such an examination t h a t we
need t o undertake before we can gain our own understanding and appreciation of
8. Intrigues, 103f.
590.
Paul Rakita Goldin, 'Niching Hallecho: The Zhanquoce and Classical Rhetoric'
the book.
Roman rhetoric, such as the use of language and devices, as well as t h e theory
of rhetoric and its ultimate goal. relevant t o the Intrigues? Suasoriae were
Rolnan
h i s t o r i c a l event and required t o write persuasive speeches t h a t t h e p e r s o n a e s involved may have delivered.
If a contemporary high school student were asked
in which a later writer "supplies the words which someone else, real o r
f i c t i t i o u s , might in agreement with the laws of necessity and probability have composed and delivered under a given set of circumstances."12
Suasoriae are not rare.
391).
140) and
Persius (Aulus Persius Flaccus, A.D. 34-62) both remember with disdain t h e
days they spent as schoolboys composing suasor iae -13
I n w h a t respects is the comparison between the suasoriae and the Intrmes appropriate? H o w may it be useful; how may it be misleading?
12. Donald Laen Clark, Rhetoric i n Oreco-Roman Education (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957), 218.
13. Juvenal 1-16; Persius 111.45.
They
the heirs, the courtiers and ministers--in short, by a l l t h e characters in t h e text--are merely the author's imaginative conjectures as t o what these people
disagreement between Sima Cuo and Zhang Y i over where t h e i r s t a t e , Qin, should
claim t o find a kernel of t r u t h in the Intrigues: its author or authors deliberately chose actual events t o embroider.
genuine history book, but as h i s t o r i c a l f i c t i o n or a romanticization of history. But a prosopopoeia is not necessarily a suasoria. Suasoriae c a n s t i t u t e
To get
14. Citations from t h e Intrigtres w i l l include three references. The first is t o the well-distributed Sibu m k n edition; the second is t o Zhu Zugeng's excellent c r i t i c a l edition (Zhnguoce jizhu huikao, 3 mls. [Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 19851 ); the t h i r d is the item number in Crump's English translation. Where the t e x t s a r e inconsistent I w i l l follow Zhu ZugaSeveral indices t o the Intrmes exist; these include Index du Tchan Kouo Ts ' 6 (Peking: Centre d 'etudes sinologiques de Pekin, 1948); Sharon J . Fidler, with J .I. Crump, Index to the Chm-kuo Ts'e (Ann Arbor: Center f o r Chinese Studies, 1974)--an index t o the f i r s t edition of Cmmp's translation (Oxford: Clarendon, 1970), later incorporated at the end of the revised edition; and the personal and place-name indices at the end of the last volume of Zhu's edition. There a r e two important studies of the I n t r i g u e s n o t d i r e c t l y relevant t o our discussion. These are Zhong Fengnian, & m e h y m , Yenching Journal of Chinese Studies Monograph Series 1 1 (Peiping: Harvard-Yenching I n s t i t u t e , 1936), which studies t h e contents of the various editions and includes a thorough discussion of e r r o r s ; ehd K.V. Vasil'ev, P l m y s r & u 8 E i c ~ a cerstv (Moscow: Nauka, 1968), which considers the value of the text f o r the economic historian, as well as its place in the peculiar periodization of Chinese l i t e r a t u r e characteristic of Soviet Sinology of t h a t age. The l a t t e r book is reviewed by Pokora in T ' o m Pao 55.4-5 ( 1969), 317-22.
Paul Rakita Goldin, %thing Hallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric'
f ran t h e West?"16
shaping the two forms. I n Rome, t h e purpose of r h e t o r i c was t o persuade whole masses of people, i n t h e Forum o r i n the Senate.
It followed t h a t t h e mst
t h e suasor iae . Nevertheless, although Crump concedes t h a t there are some "obvious exceptions"l7 where h i s theory is not applicable, in those pieces in t h e
thoughts on the suasoriae, given by the Roman orator Quintilian, would be equally appropriate with regard t o t h e In t r m e s Thus [in a suasoria] nothing is asked other than what is b e s t , and vice versa [ i . e . what is t h e lesser of two evils]. And never does there occur i n t h i s type of material a dispute over a matter which is in every respect in our favor; f o r where there is no place f o r contradiction, what cause can there be f o r dispute? Thus almost every suasoria is nothing other than a comparison, and it m u s t be seen what w e would obtain and by w h a t means, s o that it can be judged whether there be more advantage i n t h a t which we seek, o r indeed disadvantage in t h a t by which w e seek i t . 1 6
One of the most r e a d i l y i d e n t i f i a b l e traits of t h e Intr-es is
precisely t h e s o r t of "coniparison" of opposed =merits t h a t Quintilian claims characterizes the suasoriae. debate : Marquis Wen of Wei sought passage through Zhao t o a t t a c k Zhongshan. The Marquis of Zhao was about t o refuse. Zhao L i said: "That is a mistake! I f W e i attacks Zhongshan but cannot obtain it, W e i w i l l witMraw. I f they withdraw, Zhao w i l l become more important. But if W e i takes Zhonjgshan, they w i l l not be able t o cross Zhao and keep
17. Chan-Kuo Ts ' e , 15.
my own.
18. Institutio Oratoria 111.8.33-5. A l l t r a n s l a t i o n s in t h i s paper are The original: "Ita non tantun u t m melius sed quid sit optimum quaeritur, itemque contra. Nec umquam incidet i n hoc genere materiae d u b i t a t i o r e i quae undique secundm nos sit; nam ubi contradictioni locus non est, quae potest esse causa dubitandi? Ita f e r e omnis suasoria n i h i l est aliud quam comparatio, uidendumque quid consecuturi sinus e t per quid, u t aestimari possit plus in eo quod petimus sit commodi, an uero in eo per quad petimus sit i n c h i . "
Paul Rakita Eoldin, 'niching lallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric'
Zhongshan [ i . e . t h e presence of Zhao between W e i and Zhongshan w i l l prevent the conquerors from e f f e c t i v e governance of t h e i r new e i w i l l use troops while Zhao w i l l gain l a d . It is t e r r i t o r y ] . Thus W b e t t e r t o allow passage with great encouragement. They w i l l then know t h a t your majesty w i l l p r o f i t by it; they w i l l have t o d e s i s t . It would be best f o r mur majesty t o grant them passage, as though you had no other choice. " (6.9af.; 18.893f.; 233)
attack? The revered minister Zhang Y i advocates attacking Imperial Zhou, s e i z i n g the Wine Tripods and claiming the Empire. But then Sima Cuo points
land of Shu, which Qin could take " l i k e jackals and wolves pursuing a f l o c k of sheep."
d i s p a r i t y in influence of t h e two p a r t i e s .
But t h e king chooses Sima Cuo ' s a l t e r n a t i v e , which, judging from hindsight, h i s t o r y seems t o have favored as w e l l .
The
author, ostensibly s e n s i t i v e t o t h e same concerns as Quintilian, recognizes t h a t there were various reasonable points of view at t h e time. After a l l , i f
Judging from these items, then, it would seem that Crimp's theory is
s u i t a b l e in large p a r t .
t h e r e must be evidence on both s i d e s , or else t h e r e is nothing t o discuss. Similarly, many of t h e persuasions in the Intrigues are made e f f e c t i v e by t h e successful r e f u t a t i o n of an opposing p o s i t i o n . l e However, the two forms d i f f e r considerably in t h e i r usage of r h e t o r i c a l
devices.
f e a t u r e s of c l a s s i c a l r h e t o r i c is its frequent employment of conventional devices, ranged and named i n long lists t h a t can be found in much of t h e ancient t h e o r e t i c a l l i t e r a t u r e . There we may f i n d , f o r example, anaphora--the
19. Another observation of B u i n t i l i a n ' s regarding prosopopoeiae in general concerns t h e inherent d i f f i c u l t y of impersonating d i f f e r e n t characters. The b e s t writers can employ varying r e g i s t e r s of speech according t o t h e rank and temperament of t h e characters speaking. The I n t r a e s seem t o e may note t h e majesty and solemnity of be aware of t h i s problem as well. W t h e king's speech ("Good, W e s h a l l hear [=follow] t h e Haster"), and, in c o n t r a s t , Sima Cuo's emotional catalogue of r e l a t i v e advantages and disadvantages (e.g. "Stealing t h e Son of Heaven--stealing t h e Son of Heaven is a bad reputation").
10
Paul Rakita toldin, 'Niching Hallecho: The Zhanguace and Classical Rhetoric'
t h e end of a
sentence unspoken; asyndeton--coordinated words juxtaposed w i t h o u t conjunctions; litotes--expressing a positive a t t r i b u t e through the negation of its opposite; praeteritio--announcw the intention not t o r e f e r t o a c e r t a i n
placing an adjective in grammatical agreement with a noun it is not intended t o modify; and the like. I t is not immediately clear whether these devices appear, e i t h e r i n t h e
This is a
rarely, i f ever, i n t h e context of t h e Intrigues is an orator required t o convince a mass of people of h i s opinion.
proposed analogy is whether t h e persuasions of t h e Intrmm r e s o r t t o similar rhetorical devices, and whether they may have devices of their own. Different languages tend t o display markedly d i f f e r e n t grammatical
systems. Some are highly inflected and allow f o r f r e e word order.
I n others,
t h e logic of the sentence appears exclusively in the syntax; t h e d i f f e r e n t functions of words are indicated by their placement. There is generally less
opportunity for variation with word order i n languages of t h i s l a t t e r type. This d i s t i n c t i o n is s i g n i f i c a n t : while w e may not be surprised t o see c e r t a i n
11
category, c l a s s i c a l Chinese under t h e second--and f o r t h i s reason m y of t h e Latin figures typical of inflected languages--such as asyndeton, hendiadys,
and e p i t h e t transfer--are
"Nostraque
... ira"
("and
The whole
uninfl e c t d language, and we cannot arrange t h e words i n t o the proper chiasmic shape. This p a r t i c u l a r type of chiasnus oan be found only in a language l i k e
Latin, whose complex nominal and a d j e c t i v a l declensions can accommodate t h e
It is s i m i l a r l y inappropriate t o speak
conjunctions.
Only in languages l i k e Latin (and English), with t h e i r habitual use of conjunctions, can there be any discussion of asyndeton as a device, because only in these languages does it have any unusual e f f e c t .
When Shakespeare
12
Paul Rakita 6oldin, 'niching Hallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric'
In
c l a s s i c a l Chinese, what would seem unusual would be t o write a similar series of coordinated words any other way. Hendiadys, furthermore, is impossible in t h e language of t h e intrmes, which makes no r i g i d separations between p a r t s of speech. e p i t h e t s , while readily i d e n t i f i a b l e when declinable--as u n i n t e l l i g i b l e in Chinese. Transferred
i n Latin--would be
repetitiveness, is out of place in t h e t e r s e s t y l e of t h e Intrigues. I n view of t h e i n a p p l i c a b i l i t y of s o many Roman devices t o classical Chinese, one impediment towards t h e acceptance of Czup's proposed m a s o r i a -
W e have
pointed out t h a t the suasoria is a Roman invention that owes its existence t o t h e peculiar requirements of c l a s s i c a l oratory. But t h i s premise does n o t
not attend t o the differences in t h e devices, t h e s t y l e , and above a l l t h e language of the two texts. For t h e Intr-es have devices of t h e i r own.
C m m p himself writes that
its
prose w i l l be found t o have very strong rhythm, a penchant f o r antithesis (or chiasm), parisosis (or symmetry of units), consonance verging on rhyme, and a l l t h e other devices peculiar t o t h e o r a t o r ' s self-consciaus and somewhat fulsome use of language.20
Perhaps t h i s is so; but i f a "penchant" f o r chiasmus is found, it w i l l
not be semantic o r s y n t a c t i c chiasmus (as in t h e case of t h e example from Seneca discussed above), s i n c e it is impossible in Chinese. There may be
13
thematic chiasmus, where t h e explication of whole themes or concepts may form a chiasmus ( t h i s occurs in t h e Bible),zl but t h i s is only one form.
I n any
is
case, Grump's use of t h e words a n t i t h e s i s (A-B) and chiasmus (A-B-B8-A') vague. Antithesis is simpler, and, understandably, more common.
And it
Intrigues. sentence.
rendered a l l the more forceful by the laconic rhythm of classical Chinese prose. Litotes (as in t h e ubiquitous "not a l i t t l e " ) and other ornamentations
appear as well.
t h e Intrmes do not involve s o l e l y the use of language, but p a r t i c u l a r methods of argumentation and t h e arrangement of thematic material. With
regard t o these types of devices too we w i l l f i n d t h a t t h e Intrigues resemble c l a s s i c a l rhetoric in some ways, but d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y in others.
Ernst Robert Curtius defined "Topoi" as "gedankliche Themen, zu
21. E.g. Genesis 1:9-10: "And God said, 'Let the waters [A] under t h e heaven be gathered together unto one place, and l e t dry land [B] appear.' And it was so. And God called t h e dry land [B'] Earth, and t h e gathering together e seas; and God s a w that it was good." of waters [A'] called H
2.87; 4).
22. E.g. "Do not be alone in knowing [the value of a possession 1" (1.4b; This may be seen as an e a r l y argument from demand theory: a possession is valuable only i f others value it too.
1 4
Paul Rakita Goldin, 'niching tiallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric8
positions in d i f f e r e n t cases.
much as an l i n g u i s t i c flourishes.
Topics .and other Strategies in t h e Intraes 1. Historical A1 lusim. The d i r e c t reference t o a h i s t o r i c a l incident, citing t h e circumstances which brought it about as well as t h e aftermath,
serving t h e twofold function of displaying t h e erudition of t h e speaker and
providing h i s t o r i c a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r h i s position.
Examples: 1) Su Qin
23. firopiiische Li teratur und la teinisches Mi ttelalter, 3rd edition (Berne and Munich: A. Francke, 1948), 78. Willard Trask (&mopean Literature and the Latin Mid9le Ages, Bollingen Series 36 [New York, 18531, 79) translates t h i s loosely as: "ideas of the most general sort--such as could be employed in every kind of oratory and writing. "
15 4)
5.264; 89).
3. Aphorism.
abundant, you cannot f l y high" (3.2b; 3.118; 47). t i r e d , the nag passes it" (4.44b; 12.636; 158).
4. Inductim.
Examples: 1)
forced, since it is d i f f i c u l t t o s e e why attacking Song is p a r t i c u l a r l y p r o f i t a b l e ; but t h e format is m i s t a k a b l e : Su Qin induces the king t o say on h i s own that attacking Song is t h e best option (4.40b; 11.630; 157).
2) Su
Dai convinces the King of W e i to maintain Tian Xu--supposedly a loyal vassal-t o watch over two other followers, who, as t h e king admits himself, are untrustworthy (7.22b; 23.1203; 325).
5. Dilemma. a ) Reducing t h e number of possible s o l u t i o n s t o two, then r e f u t i n g one, thereby affirming t h e other. Examples: 1) The debate between
2)
16
Paul Rakita Goldin, 'fliching flallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric'
Queen Xuan of Qin should not bury her lover W e i C b u with her, as she has
planned. paramour?
If t h e r e is no l i f e a f t e r death, then what use has she of her
appeasing her irate husband, and w i l l not have time l e f t over f o r W e i Chou.
surpass h i s r i v a l Tian J i by recommending that t h e latter engage in b a t t l e : for shwld Tian J i succeed, t h e king w i l l reward Zou J i f o r h i s good counsel,
determined, through an i n t r i c a t e series of c a l c u l a t i m s , t h a t t h e king w i l l p r o f i t regaxdless of whether h i s son succeeds o r f a i l s (5.27a; 14.735; 207).
See a l s o the examples c i t e d by Crump.24
C)
Scylla and CharyMis. Finding a clever solution t o an i n f e l i c i t o u s This requires finding one's way through a path blocked by two
Anti-Dilem.
l e a r n s of the plan.
17
married.
s p i n s t e r f o r lack of suitors--but i f he does display her, she w i l l be cheapened and remain unbought. The go-between is t h e only solution (9.23a;
29.1571; 460). 4) The debate analyzed above, over whether o r not t o g r a n t Wei passage through Zhao, f i t s i n t o t h i s category as w e l l : it is foolhardy t o deny powerful Wei a request, but at t h e same time dangerous t o allow Wei's troops t o march through one's t e r r i t o r y .
t a k e s t h e form, "if wen X, then c e r t a i n l y Y, given t h a t X is less l i k e l y t o occur than Y." Examples: 1 ) Even Zeng Shen's mother f i n a l l y believed slander
concerning her own son after hearing it three times. H o w m c h more precarious now is Gan Mao's position, given t h a t the king's f a i t h i n him is far less than t h a t of Zeng Shen's mother in her son, and t h a t Gan Mao's enemies far more
25. See for example the well-known anecdote at the beginning of the
l . 5 of T b Zuozhuan (James Legge , T h Ch 'un Ts 'eu w i t h the Tso Chum, w Chinese Classics [ R e p r i n t - - H a Kong: Hong Kmg University Press, 10703, 2) where a penitent son and h i s mother are reconciled d e s p i t e h i s headstrong vow n t h e Yellow Springs. never t o see her again: he v i s i t s her a f t e r her death i Mmcius 4B.24.2 (Legge, 11, 329f.) contains another piece with t h i s theme: t h e archer Yugong S i is sent by h i s lord t o k i l l Zizhuo Etu. But Yugong Si's teacher happens t o be Zizhuo Ru's student. Y u g m g S i cannot disobey h i s king, but cannot k i l l h i s master's master, either. H i s solution is t o remove t h e metal t i p s from h i s arrows before shooting Zizhuo h.
18
Paul Rakita Soldin, 'Niching Hallecho: The Zhangucce and Classical Rhetoric'
3) If t h e King of Wei
can be moved t o believe the preposterous idea t h a t there is a tiger in t h e market a f t e r only three reports t o t h a t e f f e c t , then he can hardly avoid being
swayed by f a l s e accusations of Pang Cong, given t h a t t h e l a t t e r ' s enemies are
7 . The Mask.
force behind the ostensible cause ( R e m o v . the Mask), or, vice versa,
obscuring the root cause behind the apparent one ( h m i n g the Mask).
Examples: 1) Zou J i is praised not because of h i s beauty, but because of h i s
power (4.5a; 6.507; 110).
Tian Dan's extraordinary a c t s of charity by ordering grandly t h a t everyone protect t h e needy. Then everyone w i l l think t h a t Tian Dan is merely carrying out the king's beneficent instructions (4.56a.f.; 13.680f.; 182).
3) A tiger
beast under heaven, challenging the t i g e r -to follow him around and see f o r himself. flee. The tiger does so and is convinced when he sees all the animals
8. T h St*.
property o r land, in exchange f o r a similar favor t o be granted l a t e r , but then reneging when circumstances a r e such t h a t t h e opponent does not find it expedient t o complain or seek redress (the trickster never having had any intention of honoring the agreement i n the first place). Examples: 1) Yan
19
Nine Cauldrons.
claiming t h a t t h e r e is no safe route from Z h o u t o Qi--and Q i does not dare have them s e n t . nothing (2.lb-3a; while s a c r i f i c i n g Thus Zhou g a i n s a valuable a l l y in Qi 1.6b; 20).
600 square li of land t o e n t i c e him t o break with Q i , h i s most powerful ally. Although Chen Zhen, t h e k i n g ' s minister, is suspicious, t h e king ignores him. But j u s t as Chen Zhen thought, Zhang Y i later refuses t o cede the land when he
f a l l under t h e S c y l l a and Charybdis rubric: he proposes t h a t the King of Chu o f f e r Qin a c i t y in Chu, in order t o gain Qin as an a l l y . With combined
n forces, Chu and Qin may then a t t a c k the isolated Q i , and Chu w i l l obtain i
b a t t l e a c i t y t o match whatever they have given t o Qin (3.15-17a; 4.207-9;
58).
r u i n everything. Examples: 1) The archer Yang Youji should s t o p a f t e r 100 consecutive bull's-eyes, l e s t he miss once and e r a s e h i s s t r e a k ( l . 1 l a ; 2.79;
13).
wine.
But
8.545; 134).
20
Paul Rakita Goldin, 'lliching Hallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric'
10. Qiarreling Taers. Showing t h a t contending states weaken each other, and t h a t t h e b e s t policy is therefore t o wait and s t r i k e when the time
is r i g h t .
Examples: 1) Guan Zhuangzi f i n d s two tigers quarreling over a He is about t o s l a y t h e m , but Guan Yu convinces him t o wait u n t i l one
corpse.
while having faced less than one (3.17b; 4.218f.; 59). a heron by t h e beak.
11. Fram-.
Gongsun Yan is
But
t h e d i v i n e r reveals everything t o t h e king, h i s loyalty having been bought beforehand by Tian Ji's enemy.
118).
8.497f.;
21
These examples are by no means exhaustive; they are merely some of the most i l l u s t r a t i v e specimens. Identifying these t o p i c s makes it easier t o
understand j u s t what it is about the Intrigtles t h a t gives them t h e i r d i s t i n c t i v e flavor: s o many of t h e anecdotes are patterned a f t e r these general models. This c e r t a i n l y does not mean t h a t the pieces begin t o sound
hackneyed; rather, t h e reader enjoys each with t h e same eager sense of expectancy, anxious t o discover how many ways a v e r s a t i l e image or form of argument w i l l be modified and molded anew.
Other topics include executing d i s l o y a l henchmen, warning t h e king of
W e can see in t h e
as a g i f t , or t o g r a n t a p a r t i c u l a r l y f a i t h f u l advisor a large f i e f o r l o f t y
t i t l e , so t h a t a l l know who is in favor--and, consequently, who is not. These
tropes are not included in t h e list above because they are e s s e n t i a l l y subtopics of Ebmoving t h e Mask, perhaps the most elegant form of d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g r e a l i t y from i l l u s i o n , t h e awesome power of t h e tiger from t h e wily ways of t h e fox.
Rome.
Cicero, in h i s
camrounes, o r commonplaces, t h a t a
repudiated by the author in h i s more mature De oratore, we may still look upon
22
Paul Raki ta 6oldin, 'Hic hing H a l lecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric'
Intrigues s p e c i a l i z e .
manner t h a t no matter how one answers one is doomed (e.g. "Are you still beating your wife?") saved--in In any case, t h e same general idea of being lost--or
of Dilemma. Thus in one important respect, t h e masoria-theory would appear t o e m l a i n t h e int~*&ues well : although t h e f i g u r e s of speech used in the
H i s t o r i c a l Allusion, L i t e r a r y
Allusion, and Aphorism (nos. 1, 2, and 3 in t h e list above) may be c a l l e d a l l u s i v e o r platitudinous t o p i c s . quotation from a revered source. I n these, the speaker f i n d s t h e proper These t o p i c s demand c r e a t i v i t y .
Of
o r i g i n a l i t y and f l a i r . Induction, D i l e m m a , and Comparative Syllogism (nos. 4 through 6) are entirely different. W e may think of these as formulaic o r inventive
23
applications.
These topics, unlike the f i r s t three, can be shaped t o f i t They are inexhaustible; they can be used repeatedly
almost any s i t u a t i o n .
time. They are the o r a t o r 3 guides, the blueprints of his thought, laying out
f o r him the grand s t r u c t u r e of h i s speech.
Adding Feet t o the Snake and Quarrelling Tigers (nos. 9 and 10) l i e
somewhere in between.
They are not simply r e c i t a t i o n s of proverbs, but they They are, rather, i l l u s t r a t i v e
c l i c M s : on the one hand, they can be used only f o r c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c arguments--such as counseling a king t o r e t r e a t and consolidate h i s gains; on t h e other hand, they can be varied with d i f f e r e n t parables and examples, j u s t
anywhere in the suasoriae o r c l a s s i c a l o r a t o r i c a l repertory because it requires an instrument other than speech. For t h e same reason, it does not
suffice t o c l a s s i f y t h e Intrigvesas rhetoric when s o many of the anecdotes do not consist exclusively of verbal persuasion. Indeed, such an interpretation
only diminishes the book's value, turning a blind eye t o the charm and appeal of the non-rhetorical pieces that make up s o much of the intrigues. Let u s consider, f o r example, the following anecdote:
The King of W e i sent a beautiful woman t o t h e King of C h . The King of Chu enjoyed her. Queen Zheng Xiu knew t h a t t h e king enjoyed the e it clothes o r new woman, and she favored t h e new wornan deeply. B trinkets--she picked out whatever she liked and made it hers [i.e. t h e concubine's]. Be it chambers o r furniture--she picked out whatever she thought good and made it hers. She favored her more deeply than t h e king. The king said, "A wornan serves her husband with sensual e o w Zheng Xiu knows t h a t W g r a t i f i c a t i o n ; but jealousy is her emotion. N enjoy the new woman; she favors her more deeply t h a t W e do. This is t h e
Paul Rakita Eoldin, 'Hiching Hallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric'
way a f i l i a l son serves h i s parent, t h e way a loyal vassal serves h i s
Zheng Xiu knew t h a t t h e king did not think her jealous, s o she said t o t h e new woman, "The king favors Your beauty! S t i l l , he h a t e s Y o u r nose. When You go t o s e e t h e king, [You] mst cover Your nose." The new woman saw t h e king, and covered her nose. The king said t o Zheng Xiu, "Why did t h a t new woman cover her nose when she saw Us?" Zheng Xiu said, "I know." The king s a i d , "Though it be bad, you must say it. " Zheng Xiu s a i d , "Oh! It seems s h e hates t o smell t h e king's stench! " The king s a i d , "Shrew! " He ordered, "Cut o f f her nose. Let t h e r e be no opposition t o t h i s command." (5.23bf.; 17.815f.; 200)*e
lord. "
o f t e n find t h e b e s t resource t o be t h e king, they focus t h e i r a t t e n t i o n t o persuade t h e king t o action--action sometimes b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e king and h i s s t a t e , but often advantageous t o t h e counselors themselves and t h e i r favorites. These are t h e r h e t o r i c a l pieces. But in many of t h e s t o r i e s , t h e
The l i v e l y ,
25
By c o n t r a s t , t h e kings are
message it e n t a i l s . 2 7
is unmistakable:
They a r e a paean
A l l t h r e e raise t r i c k e r y
respect he commands from h i s family (3.6a; 3.120; 47)) while "hende Nicholas" of t h e Miller's Tale--though he later pays f o r h i s exploit--can claim a n i g h t
2 ' 7 . Liu Xiang, in h i s own preface t o t h e work (given in Zhu Zugeng, 111, 1795f.), acknowledges t h a t he was h e s i t a n t t o publish t h e text, but accepts t h e Intrigrtles as a t e x t of its own chaotic the.
26
Paul Rakita coldin, 'niching Hallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric'
I t does n o t
Yet t h e arresting o r i g i n a l i t y of
t h e a t t e n t i o n of s c h o l a r s in a
different light.
Cmnp
has shown u s a new way of looking at a very old text, and he may r i g h t l y take
Chen Zhen
Chu
BZ H%% %A
8
g#! EB? BR&R
R@ E @#
Xuan
Yan Shuai
8 4
2 3
Lam' li
L i u Xiang
3! PI @
+B rn
?@
Zhimquoce ywiu
zhang Gai
l!k!E
Zhang Y i
8
5
Zhao
Zhao Li
g?2 BE
Zheng Liangshu Zheng Shen Zheng Xiu ~ h o n gFengnian Zhongshan Zhou Zhu Zugeng
zi Zixu
Zizhuo Ru Zou Ji
Previous Issues
Number 1 Date Nov. 1986 Author Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
Title The Need or a! Al"habeticall# Arra!ged $e!eral %sage Dictio!ar# o Ma!dari! &hi!ese' A (evie) Article o *ome (ece!t Dictio!aries a!d &urre!t +e,icogra"hical Pro-ects The Poetics o %!certai!t# i! 1arl# &hi!ese +iterature A Partial 5ibliogra"h# or the *tud# o I!dia! I! lue!ce o! &hi!ese Po"ular +iterature The 7our +a!guages o 8Ma!dari!9
Pages .1
A!dre) 0o!es
Hiroshima
23
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
iv6 /12
(obert M. *a!ders
University of Hawaii
12
1ric A. Haveloc:
Vassar College
&hi!ese &haracters a!d the $ree: Al"habet &om"uters a!d 0a"a!ese +iterac#' Niho!;i! !o <omi:a:i N=r#o:u to >o!"#uta I!do?1uro"ea! Vocabular# i! @ld &hi!ese (evie)s AIB
0. Marshall %!ger
University of Hawaii
1.
&ha!g Tsu!g?tu!g
Goethe-Universitt
i6 36
various
ii6 .9
*oho Machida
Daitoku-ji, Kyoto
+i e a!d +ight6 the I! i!ite' A Historical a!d Philological A!al#sis o the Amida &ult 5uddhist I! lue!ce o! the Neo? &o! ucia! &o!ce"t o the *age
26
1C
0u!e 1989
Pratoom A!gurarohita
Chulalongkorn University angkok
.1
11
0ul# 1989
1d)ard *haugh!ess#
University of Chi!ago
Title The o!tributio!s o" T#a!g a!$ %ive D&!asties Tra!s"ormatio! Te'ts (pien-wen) to *ater hi!ese Po+ular *iterature The om+lete Ci1Poems o" *i 2i!g3hao4 A Ne5 6!glish Tra!slatio! 8evie5s (II)
Pages ,1
1-
.ct. 1989
/iaoshe!g 0a!g
Shanghai
'ii, 122
17
various
99
1:
<eorge ar$o!a
University of Pennsylvania
19
19
March 199;
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
19
1,
A+ril 199;
Heather Peters
University Museum of Philadelphia
Tattooe$ %aces a!$ >tilt Houses4 0ho 0ere the A!cie!t ?ue@
28
18
Ma& 199;
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
a. T5o No!1Tetragra+hic
Norther! >i!itic *a!guages b. Im+licatio!s o" the >oviet Du!ga! >cri+t "or hi!ese *a!guage 8e"orm c. 0ho 0ere the <&Ami@ =acBhillCPeBi!gC=eiDi!g
28
19
=osat Ma!
Nalanda
2;
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
I!tro$uctio! a!$ Notes "or a Tra!slatio! o" the Ma15a!g1tui M>> o" the Lao T u
98
Pages 9, 1-
22
Davi$ Moser
University of Michigan
>li+s o" the To!gue a!$ Pe! i! hi!ese TracBs o" the Tao, >ema!tics o" Ee!
7:
2-
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
1;
27
Aug. 1991
Davi$ A. Ft3
University of Pennsylvania
27
2:
/ea! De=er!ar$i
University of !l"erta
*i!guistic Natio!alism4 The ase o" >outher! Mi! 2uestio!s o! the .rigi!s o" 0riti!g 8aise$ b& the >ilB 8oa$
22 G "igs. 1;
29
/A. Tsu!g1i
Chinese University of #ong $ong
2,
Aug. 1991
Schriftfestschrift% &ssays in #onor of 'ohn (e)rancis on #is &ightieth *irthday The %amil& o" hi!ese haracter1 T&+e >cri+ts (Twenty Mem"ers and )our Stages of (evelopment) 0hat Is a hi!ese HDialectCTo+olectI@ 8e"lectio!s o! >ome Je& >i!o16!glish *i!guistic Terms hi!ese Philolog& a!$ the >cri+ts o" e!tral Asia
i', 27:
28
>e+t. 1991
EH.F ?ougua!g
State Language Commission+ Pe,ing
11
29
>e+t. 1991
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
-1
-;
.ct. 1991
M. V. >o"ro!ov
-nstitute of )ar &astern Studies+ !cademy of Sciences+ Moscow
1;
-1
.ct. 1991
various
8evie5s (III)
98
Title Ho5 the hi!a5oma! *ost Her Voice I!tereth!ic o!tact o! the I!!er Asia! %ro!tier4 The <a!gou Peo+le o" Mi!he ou!t&, 2i!ghai
Pages 2,
--
-7
-7
.ct. 1992
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
1. T5o Pa+ers o!
>i!oli!guistics 2. A H&+othesis o!cer!i!g the .rigi! o" the Term fan0ie (H ou!tertom&I) -. 6ast Asia! 8ou!$1Tri+ 0or$s 8evie5s (IV)
1-
-:
Nov. 1992
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
-,
5ith a! a$$e$ !ote b& 6$5i! <. Pulle&bla!B -9 %eb. 199KF 0e!Ba!
#anyu (a Cidian editorial offices+ Shanghai
Ha!&u 0ailaici $e ?u&ua! Jao3he!g he i$ia! =ia!3ua! (Philological 8esearch o! the 6t&molog& o" *oa!5or$s i! >i!itic a!$ Dictio!ar& om+ilatio!) hi!ese =u$$hist Historiogra+h& a!$ .ralit& The *i!guistic a!$ Te'tual A!tece$e!ts o" The Sutra of the 2ise and the )oolish A Material ase "or a *ate =eri!g >trait rossi!g oi!ci$e!t 5ith Pre1 olumbia! Tra!s1Paci"ic rossi!gs
1-
-,
Ta!&a >torch
University of New Me1ico
19
-8
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
9:
-9
Aug. 199-
/or$a! Pa+er
3or, University
1,
Pages 98
71
Paul <ol$i!
#arvard University
Michi!g Mallecho4 The 5hanguo ce a!$ lassical 8hetoric Jham Tibeta! *a!guage Materials
2,
72
8e!chi!1/ashe ?ulshul
Ti"etan !utonomous Prefecture+ $o,onor 6/inghai7
-9
7-
Dec. 199-
,2
77
/a!. 1997
DolBu! Jamberi
Colum"ia University
The Three Thousa!$ ?ear .l$ harcha! Ma! Preserve$ at Eaghu!luL The >i!o1Al+habet4 The Assimilatio! o" 8oma! *etters i!to the hi!ese 0riti!g >&stem 8evie5s (V)
1:
7:
Ma& 1997
MarB Ha!sell
Carleton College
28
79
various
2, 1::
7,
11
78
>e+t. 1997
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
'''iv, 11;
Pages 28
:;
Nov. 1997
?IN =i!&o!g
State Language Commission and -nstitute for !pplied Linguistics 6Chinese !cademy of Social Sciences7
Di&i ge *a$i!g Eimu $e Ha!&u Pi!&i! %a!g#a! >hi Ee!&a!g ha!she!g $e@ NHo5 0as the %irst 8oma!i3e$ >+elli!g >&stem "or >i!itic Pro$uce$@O
:1
Nov. 1997
HAN Ja!g'i!
-nstitute of !rcheology Chinese !cademy of Social Sciences
9G7 "igs.
:2
Nov. 1997
0arre! A. >hibles
University of 2isconsin 2hitewater
2;
:-
Nov. 1997
KF 0e!Ba!
&ditorial 4ffices of the #anyu (a Cidian Shanghai
<ua!&u Tuhuoluore! $e 2i&ua! he 2ia!'i 0e!ti N.! the Problem o" the .rigi!s a!$ Migratio!s o" the Tocharia!sO I!tro$uctio!, <rammar, a!$ >am+le >e!te!ces "or /egQ! ?ogur
11
:7
Nov. 1997
-7
::
Nov. 1997
-7
:9
Nov. 1997
-9
:,
Nov. 1997
-1
Pages 28
:9
Dec. 1997
Jevi! >tuart
/inghai 'unior Teachers College9
i, I, 19-
*imusishi$e!
/inghai Medical College !ttached #ospital+ 8ining+ $o,onor 6/inghai7
9;
Dec. 1997
vii, 19,
91
Dec. 1997
iv, :9
92
Dec. 1997
0illiam . Ha!!as
:eorgetown University
8e"lectio!s o! the HF!it&I o" >+oBe! a!$ 0ritte! hi!ese a!$ Aca$emic *ear!i!g i! hi!a The Develo+me!t o" om+le'it& i! Prehistoric North hi!a A <erma!ic1Tai *i!guistic Pu33le
9-
>arah M. Nelso!
University of (enver
1,
97
Ar!e Rstmoe
*ang,o,+ Thailand+ and (r;"a,+ Norway
81, 9
9:
%eb. 199:
Pe!gli! 0a!g
Chinese University of #ong $ong
28
99
March 199:
EHF 2i!g3hi
Sichuan University and Pe,ing University
>ome *i!guistic 6vi$e!ce "or 6arl& ultural 6'cha!ge =et5ee! hi!a a!$ I!$ia
Title Pursui!g Ehua!g3i as a 8h&memaster4 A >!arB1Hu!t i! 6ight %its Ne5 8esearch o! the .rigi! o" o5ries Fse$ i! A!cie!t hi!a
Pages -8
98
Ma& 199:
i, 29
99
/a!. 1999
*a!guage Materials o" hi!a#s Mo!guor Mi!orit&4 Hu3hu Mo!gghul a!$ Mi!he Ma!gghuer
'i, 299
,;
%eb. 1999
8evie5s VI
9-
,1
March 1999
6riB EQrcher
Leiden University
-1 G 11 G 8
>eishi Jarashima
So,a University
Hua!mi!g 2i!
Tang Studies #otline
,2
Ma& 1999
6. =ruce =rooBs
University of Massachusetts
77
,-
/u!e 1999
iii, ,9
,7
/a!. 199,
Davi$ Moser
University of Michigan = *ei>ing )oreign Studies University
2-
,:
%eb. 199,
Hau! >auss&
Stanford University
7;
Title The 6volutio! o" the >&mbolism o" the Para$ise o" the =u$$ha o" I!"i!ite *i"e a!$ Its 0ester! .rigi!s The .rigi! a!$ Nature o" the HNi!etee! .l$ PoemsI Practical Mo!golia! >e!te!ces (0ith 6!glish Tra!slatio!)
Pages 28
,,
Da!iel Hsieh
Purdue University
79
,8
Narsu
-nner Mongolia College of !griculture = !nimal #us"andry
iii G 79 G ii G 99
Jevi! >tuart
/inghai 'unior Teachers? College
,9
De!!is <ra""li!
*ates College
8;
Taisha! ?u
Chinese !cademy of Social Sciences
ii G 22:
81
>e+t. 1998
I!$ige!ous or %oreig!@4 A *ooB at the .rigi!s o" the Mo!Be& Hero >u! 0uBo!g A %ragme!t o" a +ie!15e!(@) 8elate$ to the &cle H.! =u$$ha#s *i"eI Te!seCAs+ect marBers i! Ma!$ari! a!$ Kia!g $ialects, a!$ their co!tact The Ne5 .l$ Mummies "rom 6aster! e!tral Asia4 A!cestors o" the Tocharia! J!ights De+icte$ o! the =u$$hist 0all+ai!ti!gs o" Jucha a!$ Tur"a!@ >ome ircumsta!tial 6vi$e!ce
iv G 11;
82
>e+t. 1998
I. >. <urevich
@ussian !cademy of Sciences
1:
8-
.ct. 1998
Mi!gla!g Ehou
University of Colorado at *oulder
2;
87
.ct. 1998
Fl" /Tger
:ronauA2estfalen+ :ermany
Title ToBharia! =u$$hism i! Jucha4 =u$$hism o" I!$o16uro+ea! e!tum >+eaBers i! hi!ese TurBesta! be"ore the 1;th e!tur& .6. >iba4 =ro!3e Age ulture o" the <a!su orri$or
Pages -;
89
.ct. 1998
/i$o!g ?a!g
University of Pennsylvania
18
8,
Nov. 1998
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
a!i!e o!u!$rums4 6urasia! Dog A!cestor M&ths i! Historical a!$ 6th!ic Pers+ective >i$$ham i! hi!a a!$ /a+a!
,7
88
9, 127
89
Alvi! *i!
3ale University
0riti!g Tai5a!ese4 The Develo+me!t o" Mo$er! 0ritte! Tai5a!ese 8evie5s VII Ni!clu$i!g revie5 o" The .rigi!al A!alectsO Pho!os&mbolism or 6t&molog&4 The ase o" the Verb H o+I
7 G 71 G7
9;
Victor H. Mair et al
2, -8
91
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
28
92
/a!. 1999
The Presb&teria! hurch i! Tai5a! a!$ the A$vocac& o" *ocal Auto!om& The Je& to the hro!olog& o" the Three D&!asties4 The HMo$er! Te'tI =amboo A!!als orres+o!$e!ce =et5ee! the hi!ese ale!$ar >ig!s a!$ the Phoe!icia! Al+habet
'iii G 1-9
9-
/a!. 1999
iv G 98
97
March 1999
9: G 9
Title A Me$ieval, e!tral Asia! =u$$hist Theme i! a *ate Mi!g Taoist Tale b& %e!g Me!g1lu!g Ale'a!$ria! Moti"s i! hi!ese Te'ts
Pages 2,
99
/u!e 1999
6. =ruce =rooBs
University of Massachusetts
17
9,
*I >huiche!g
Pe,ing University
iv, 29
98
1;8
99
%eb. 2;;;
v, 98 G : color +lates 29
1;;
%eb. 2;;;
0a&!e Alt
Community College of *altimore County 6&sse17
1;1
March 2;;;
. Michele Thom+so!
South Connecticut State University
,1, 1
1;2
March 2;;;
Theresa /e!
*ryn Mawr College
1:
Pi!g Ku
*aruch College
1;-
arrie 6. 8ei$
Middle"ury College
:2
1;7
Davi$ 0. Pa!Be!ier
Lehigh University
19 G 1 color +late -1
1;:
Aug. 2;;;
A!!e =irrell
Cam"ridge University
Pages i, -, 2;;
1;,
>e+t. 2;;;
8evie5s IK
178 G ma+
1;8
>e+t. 2;;;
vii, :7
1;9
ii, 9;
11;
>ha&Bh VAlam4 The 6m+eror o" 6arl& >i'tee!th1 e!tur& hi!a The Nee$ "or a Ne5 6ra
2;
111
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
1;
112
/ul& 2;;1
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
'i, 9-
11-
Aug. 2;;1
8a& olli!s
Chepachet+ @-
Davi$ Jerr
Mel"ourne+ )L
6t&molog& o" the 0or$ HMacrobiotic4sI a!$ Its Fse i! Mo$er! hi!ese >cholarshi+
18
117
March 2;;2
8am!ath >ubbarama!
University of Chicago
=e&o!$ the 2uestio! o" the Mo!Be& Im+oster4 I!$ia! I!"lue!ce o! the hi!ese Novel, The 'ourney to the 2est orres+o!$e!ces o" =asic 0or$s =et5ee! .l$ hi!ese a!$ Proto1 I!$o16uro+ea!
-:
11:
A+ril 2;;2
EH.F /i'u
Sichuan Normal University
Pages 1-
11,
Ma& 2;;2
>HAN< 0ei
Colum"ia University
*aihua+ :uanhua+ )angyan a!$ the Ma& %ourth 8ea$i!g o" @ulin 2aishi 6vi$e!ce "or the I!$o16uro+ea! .rigi! o" T5o A!cie!t hi!ese Deities
1;
118
/u!e 2;;2
/usti!e T. >!o5
Port Townsend+ 2!
119
/ul& 2;;2
0F Ehe!
8in>iang Museum+ BrCmchi
HHuI No!1 hi!ese as The& A++ear i! the Materials "rom the Asta!a <rave&ar$ at Tur"a! %emale1<e!$ere$ M&th i! the Classic of Mountains and Seas
12;
/ul& 2;;2
A!!e =irrell
University of Cam"ridge+ Clare #all
7,
121
Dici!g a!$ Divi!atio! i! 6arl& hi!a The Magical $unlun a!$ HDevil >lavesI4 hi!ese Perce+tio!s o" DarB1sBi!!e$ Peo+le a!$ A"rica be"ore 1:;; 8evie5s K
122
/ulie 0ile!sB&
3ale Univesity
12-
-;
127
The o!te't o" the A!au >eal 8emarBs o! the A!au a!$ Ni&T >eals
11-7 -:17,
/oh! olarusso
McMaster University
Title orres+o!$e!ces o" ultural 0or$s bet5ee! .l$ hi!ese a!$ Proto1 I!$o16uro+ea!
Pages 19
129
Tim Miller
University of 2ashington
17
12,
128
?i!+o Tscha!g
New 3or, City
.! Proto1>ha!g
129
Michael 0it3el
#arvard University
*i!guistic 6vi$e!ce "or ultural 6'cha!ge i! Prehistoric 0ester! e!tral Asia Ma&a!4 A >i!o1Tibeta! *a!guage@ A om+arative >tu$&
,;
1-;
%eb. 2;;7
=e$e %ahe&
)ort St. 'ohn+ *ritish Colum"ia
91
1-1
March 2;;7
Taisha! ?u
Chinese !cademy of Social Sciences
A Histor& o" the 8elatio!shi+ bet5ee! the 0ester! a!$ 6aster! Ha!, 0ei, /i!, Norther! a!$ >outher! D&!asties a!$ the 0ester! 8egio!s .! the Prese!ce o" No!1 hi!ese at A!&a!g Scientific &vidence for PreColum"ian Transoceanic <oyages D18.M
1, -, -:2
1-2
Jim Ha&es
Sydney
11
1--
/oh! *. >ore!so!
*righam 3oung University
arl *. /oha!!esse!
University of 4regon
1-7
Ma& 2;;7
Kie&a! Hi!cha
NeumDdewit + :ermany
Title The Secret #istory of the Mongols a!$ 0ester! *iterature I!"lue!ces toBharie!!es sur la m&thologie chi!oise
Pages 21
1-9
>erge Pa+illo!
Mouvau1+ )rance and Ulaan"aatar+ Mongolia
7,
1-,
/u!e 2;;7
>ome lassical Mala& Materials "or the >tu$& o" the hi!ese Novel 'ourney to the 2est Dogs a!$ ats4 *esso!s "rom *ear!i!g hi!ese A H&+othesis o! the .rigi! o" the ?u >tate
97
1-8
1,
1-9
Taisha! ?u
Chinese !cademy of Social Sciences
2;
17;
?i!+o Tscha!g
New 3or, City
>hih a!$ Eo!g4 >ocial .rga!i3atio! i! =ro!3e Age hi!a haos i! Heave!4 .! the ale!$ars o" Preclassical hi!a Sil, @oad &1change in China
28
171
?i!+o Tscha!g
New 3or, City
-;
172
97
17-
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
>lee+ i! (ream4 >o+ori"ic 8es+o!ses to De+ressio! i! Story of the Stone *a!$ 8oute or >ea 8oute@ omme!tar& o! the >tu$& o" the Paths o" Tra!smissio! a!$ Areas i! 5hich =u$$hism 0as Dissemi!ate$ $uri!g the Ha! Perio$ 8evie5s KI
99
177
/ul& 2;;7
8.N< Ki!Dia!g
Pe,ing University
-2
17:
Aug. 2;;7
the e$itor
2, 71
Title The -yu 6!$i!g i! Kio!g!u, Kia!bei, a!$ <aoDu .!omastica h. /iong W Tib. Jh&u!gS Taoism W =o!+o 11 >ome 2uestio!s 8elate$ to 6arl& 6th!o18eligious Histor& i! >ichua! *e grXco1bou$$hisme et l#art $u +oi!g e! hi!e A >acre$ Tri!it&4 <o$, Mou!tai!, a!$ =ir$4 ultic Practices o" the =ro!3e Age he!g$u Plai! F&ghurs a!$ F&ghur I$e!tit&
Pages 27
17,
18
178
*ucas hristo+oulos
*ei>ing Sports University
:2
179
1:;
DolBu! Jamberi
2ashington+ (C
1:1
The <e!ealog& o" Dictio!aries4 Pro$ucers, *iterar& Au$ie!ce, a!$ the irculatio! o" 6!glish Te'ts i! the Treat& Port o" >ha!ghai The Da!ce o" 2ia! a!$ Ju! i! the 5houyi The M&sterious .rigi!s o" the 0or$ HMarihua!aI Mythologie sino-europEenne
77, 7 tables
1:2
/u!e 2;;: /ul& 2;;: /ul& 2;;: /ul& 2;;: /ul& 2;;:
De!is Mair
Seattle
1-, 2 "igs. 1,
1:-
Ala! Pi+er
London 6U$7
1:7
>erge Pa+illo!
*elfort+ )rance
1,7, 1 +late 8
1::
De!is Mair
Seattle
/a!us1*iBe o!ce+ts i! the Li a!$ $un Trigrams Manichean :nosis and Creation
1:9
AbolLasem 6smail+our
Shahid *eheshti University+ Tehran
1:,
1:,
Aug. 2;;:
8al+h D. >a5&er
-ndependent Scholar
1-
Title 0riti!gs o! 0ar"are %ou!$ i! A!cie!t hi!ese Tombs The 5uo huan Accou!t o" the Death o" Ji!g Ehao o" hu a!$ Its >ources *iterar& 6vi$e!ce "or the I$e!ti"icatio! o" >ome ommo! >ce!es i! Ha! %u!erar& Art The Names o" the 3i 'ing Trigrams4 A! I!Luir& i!to Their *i!guistic .rigi!s ou!ti!g a!$ J!otti!g4 orres+o!$e!ces bet5ee! .l$ hi!ese a!$ I!$o16uro+ea! Hua!g$i a!$ Hu!tu! (the ?ello5 6m+eror a!$ 0o!to!)4 A Ne5 H&+othesis o! >ome %igures i! hi!ese M&tholog& >ha!g a!$ Ehou4 A! I!Luir& i!to the *i!guistic .rigi!s o" T5o D&!astic Names DA. a!$ D64 A! I!Luir& i!to the *i!guistic .rigi!s o" >ome Terms i! hi!ese Philoso+h& a!$ Moralit& 8evie5s KII
Pages 1:
1:9
7,
19;
>e+t. 2;;:
Matteo om+areti
<enice
17
191
>e+t. 2;;:
18
192
>e+t. 2;;:
,1, ma+
19-
.ct. 2;;:
77
197
.ct. 2;;:
92
19:
.ct. 2;;:
:1
199
Nov. 2;;:
i, 9-
Ho$o!g Jim
Seoul National University
Title .l$ hi!ese VMteesV a!$ Proto1 I!$o16uro+ea! HM$eusI4 >imilarit& i! 8eligious I$eas a!$ a ommo! >ource i! *i!guistics As+ects o" Assimilatio!4 the %u!erar& Practices a!$ %ur!ishi!gs o" e!tral Asia!s i! hi!a o!versio! Tables "or the Three1 Volume 6$itio! o" the #anyu (a Cidian *ear!i!g 6!glish, *osi!g %ace, a!$ TaBi!g .ver4 The Metho$ (or Ma$!ess) o" *i ?a!g a!$ His ra3& 6!glish
Pages 1,
198
Dec. 2;;:
/u$ith A. *er!er
New 3or, City
:1, v, 9 +lates
199
/a!. 2;;9
Victor H. Mair
University of Pennsylvania
i, 287
1,;
%eb. 2;;9
Amber 8. 0oo$5ar$
University of Pennsylvania
18
=egi!!i!g 5ith issue !o. 1,1, Sino-Platonic Papers 5ill be +ublishe$ electro!icall& o! the 0eb. Issues "rom !o. 1 to !o. 1,;, ho5ever, 5ill co!ti!ue to be sol$ as +a+er co+ies u!til our stocB ru!s out, a"ter 5hich the& too 5ill be ma$e available o! the 0eb. %or +rices o" +a+er co+ies, see the catalog at 555.si!o1+lato!ic.org
1,1
/oh! De%ra!cis
University of #awaii
The Pros+ects "or hi!ese 0riti!g 8e"orm The .utlooB "or Tai5a!ese *a!guage Preservatio! A >tu$& o" the Histor& o" the 8elatio!shi+ =et5ee! the 0ester! a!$ 6aster! Ha!, 0ei, /i!, Norther! a!$ >outher! D&!asties a!$ the 0ester! 8egio!s >og$ia!s a!$ =u$$hism
29, "igs. 18
1,2
Deborah =easer
1,-
Taisha! ?u
Chinese !cademy of Social Sciences
19,
1,7
Nov. 2;;9
9:
Title The 8ise o" Agricultural ivili3atio! i! hi!a4 The Dis+arit& bet5ee! Archeological Discover& a!$ the Docume!tar& 8ecor$ a!$ Its 6'+la!atio!
Pages -8
1,9
Ma& 2;;,
6ric He!r&
University of North Carolina
-9
1,,
Aug. 2;;,
=everle& Davis
189