Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
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April 1984
Mobilization Construction
Engineer Manual
No . 1110-3-141
9 April 1984
PAUL F . VVANAUGH
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Chief Staff
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-3-141
US Amy Corps of Engineers
Washington, DC 20314
Engineer Manual
No . 1110-3-141 9 April 1984
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Material source . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-1
Suitable materials . . . . . . . . 4-3° 4-1
Additional requirements . . . . . 4-4 4-3
i
Paragraph Page
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft with Class I pavement will accommodate all Army fixed-wing and rotary p~ O
maximum gross weights equal to or less wing aircraft except the CH-47B/C, CH 54A/B and the proposed Heavy Lift W
than 20,000 pounds . Helicopter . This pavement design will be used for all airfield I
facilities other than where Class 11, 111, or IV pavement design is t
required . The design is based on 25,000 passes of the most critical
aircraft in this class .
Rotary-wing aircraft with maximum gross Class 11 pavement design will he used for facilities designated to
weights between 20,001 and 50,000 pounds . accommodate the CH-47B/C and CH-54A/B aircraft . The design is based
on 25,000 passes of the most critical aircraft in this class . (Note :
Accommodation of Heavy Lift Helicopters dependent on further aircraft
development) .
Fixed-wing aircraft with maximum gross Class Ill pavement design is suitable for a large number of fixed-wing
weights between 20,001 and 175,000 pounds aircraft currently in the Air Force inventory . The design is based on
and having one of the indicated gear con- 5,000 passes of the most critical aircraft in this class . Design criteria
figurations . relates only to aircraft having one of the following gear configurations :
Multiple wheel fixed-wing and rotary-wing Class IV pavement will be of special design based on gear configuration
aircraft other than those considered for and gear loads of the most critical aircraft planned to use the facility .
Class III pavement . Class IV pavement design will also be used for facilities normally being
designed as Class III pavements when over 5,000 passes of the most critical
aircraft in that category are anticipated during the expected life of the
pavement . Designs for special gear configurations shall be based on design
curves provided in Air Force Manuals . Curves for Air Force Light, Medium,
Heavy load and short field are included for reference . See table 7-1 .
Type R traffic areas include all runways, primary taxiways, warmup aprons, and traffic lanes across parking aprons . Type C traffic areas
include shoulders, overruns, secondary (ladder) taxiways, parking aprons except for traffic lanes, and other paved areas used by air-
craft not included in Type B traffic areas . Type A and D traffic areas will not he considered for Class l, II, and III pavement loading-,
under mobilization design criteria .
'SURFACE COURSE
flop t-
9~,0 z
o Q W
W
BASE COURSE Qa
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1300
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7
COMPACTED IN-PLACE SOIL OR FILL MATERIAL
1-3
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
SURFACE COURSES
CEMENT-STABILIZED, LIME-
STABILIZED OR BITUMEN-
Hz STABILIZED BASE
W
W
;v W
a .s
SUBBASE
SUBGRADE
CHAPTER 2
2-2
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Z 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 10 13 20 25 30 40 30 .60 70 80 90 li
AASHTO CLASSIFICATION
FEDERAL AVIATION
_d.
.Q .
~" Emu_ ( I I I I
ADMINISTRATION
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 16 20 25 30 40 . 80 60 70 8090 1
PCA Soil Primer (EB007 .068), With Permission of the Portland Cement
Association, Skokie, IL.
2- 3
EN 1110-3-141
g Apr 84
CH - Ieoraa'It clay' of high Prantlcltv. fat reps to fat, u.t ..hall . got ..tlabl, Xedl- Xt,h rr.rtl<a n sM .r"f-, yens, . ,nobly-,ir,a vn_In Is sn_ISu
cuYS u. vt. .. ,1ll,r i<..
Is Gga7u
O11 Org.n1< cl .r. .f -Ins to high P-r to very pony Sot -ultahl, flat salubie X,dias X1ah vurtlrally X..... : ... -11--11.r_, :,n: eO-11e .,-uq
TW so Pl ntletty, orpoll lit . Ispenl-1 relies
11uxLr aeA111e sotLS Pt .am athat highly arpnic .1111 I Xo[ -11.bt. not .altabl" I .w,1 .at.bt . 1.I .h, r,rY nigh Fat, r. " Penn eap.c,t ..e e,., Pra-I-t _
S
%te:
I . Column 3, dtst .ton of M ..d SK {twos ln,a as of d sad u < for roads sad alrrtrldl onto . suWtvl-ion l. u' baste or A[[",brr . Itdta :
ad inn
.arr1R a (sass . tau) aul W saes uWn the It . 1. u.1t 1 . zn er pl ..[Irty mars fa s er t< ..: ,n. .afff. a aul I" < n".a 1,Mrv1 ., .
x. t. cn1oW u, ,W agatparnt u.cod .,tit woauy prodw, th, r,"Ired densities .1[11 . mink numMr of v" -.<s ahem -1-[e rr rlnaui.,ns and lnlrcn-a .
of _,lance Property controlled . in some twtapoes, as r.l types of equlpaw, a s tt . rd~b,<su .e variabl " loll rharar,eriaiirs vlanin ., g1v,n sit
grog ady rpulte different wol= . In same ewbtadtl- of too gprs on, M n«e dry.
_ rr«arses bow 1aerlal. and otWr .-I., w I .-Is . . s
er1.b stool-Meeled std robber-[IrN rollers a -Mod for hard, angular -.-l . ul,h
llatad ti,w .1 sen , MS . RWWr-dyad raameMN [tar setter w «lal- aubrert 'to"d",radati-
b. ilalahiad . aaober-brad equlpret is -=Z 11111.1-11 nR during find ahaptnR opeueson. lay moat .It . aM processed sa ... .I-
for arlleId construrtl .n .
i a0r~l rat sire. 7M (allwpq .lsas of nglitpm .nt s e aecwwrY to aawr, the high *Pnsl[1<. required
C-I.-ree tr.etot -- total wlaht In a .1)0,000 lb . to wv
Wfarr-[1rN is P"at --wheel load to es 11 of 15 .000 lb . vheet loans a1 nigh as " O, . M n<.escarr o ubesln tbr _lrvd a.natl .x
far saw wterlals (Weed m contact preswre Of- .pproslnstely 6S to ISO pan .
Sheepsfpot callsr -- I'll peel"" (on 6- to 12-a4-t- foot) to be In "xc a of 750 p,i sad unit pressures as AtRn as 11511 p.i v n acv , ",
obtan the rpulrad dewltlas tee same ---list- . 7W area of tae I,e, sshoutd be a1 least S percent nt the total D.rlvnru : +r.a t af r,n.sdr
wins ,W dtawtar ad.wrad to the races e( the fast .
3. Color 14 . mat dry wisnn .re for ce+artw wit .r oval. .ounce r1, "u-sto-611, wtnM o loo . a ss rasps;[Inn .(fascia
A. 1' coi.l u, cad waiv oaten tWt on W mans to ., .fan of afritsld" '-to" la, la w., law- . Il.i l .d b, gr .d.1t.. and vla"itrlty c,paicesrnl ..
(Tall. v, MIL-,j -61yg
;' 1r 12 June )gig) -
U. S, Army Corps of Engineers
2-4
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
b. Soil compaction .
(1) Test Method 100 . The soil compaction test described in Test
Method 100 of MIL-STD-621 or AASHTO T 99 will be used to determine the
compaction characteristics of soils except as noted below . The degree
of compaction required is expressed as a percentage of the maximum
density obtained by the test procedure presented in MIL-STD-621 Test
Method 100, Compaction Effort Designation CE 55 . This is usually
abbreviated as CE-55 maximum density.
(2) Other control tests . Certain types of soil may require the
use of a laboratory compaction control test other than Test Method 100 .
This method should not be used if the soil contains particles that are
easily broken under the blow of the tamper unless the field method of
compaction will produce a similar degradation . Also, the unit weight
of certain types of sands and gravels obtained in this method is
sometimes lower than the unit'weight that can be obtained by field
methods ; hence, this method may not be applicable . . Density tests in
these cases are usually made under some variation of the test method,
such as vibration or tamping (alone or in combination) with some type
hammer or effort other than that used in the test in order to obtain a
higher laboratory density . Also, in some cases, it is necessary to use
actual field compaction test sections .
c. Soil resistance .
2-5
EM 1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
2-4 . Fill and subbase borrow areas . During reconnaissance, the site
will be explored for potential borrow sources . See table 2-3 for
comparative values of soils for use as subgrade and subbase ; use field
approximations of classifications as a guide,to desirable sources .
During preliminary exploration, samples of borrow materials will be
taken to a depth of 2 to 4 feet below the anticipated depth of borrow
on 50-foot centers . Surveys of local suppliers to determine the
quality and quantity of commercially available fill materials will be
made .
CHAPTER 3
b . Ground water . The subgrade line will be above the flood plain
and a minimum of 2 feet above wet season ground water level . Where not
practicable, provide for permanent lowering of water table by drainage .
(See EM 1110-3-136) .
3-3 . Subgrade evaluation test by CBR . The basic CBR test is performed
on compacted samples of the subgrade soil after a 4-day soaking .
Samples are prepared at varying moisture contents and with three
differing compactive efforts . The complete procedure is illustrated in
figure 3-1 and the test methods are described fully in MIL-STD-621,
Method 101 . CBR tests can also be performed on the subgrade soil in
place or on undisturbed samples of the subgrade soil . However, for
design the latter test is used only in special cases . See table 3-2
for additional guidance on the use of CBR tests .
3-4 . Subgrade density and compaction . For the CBR method of design,
the in-place densities of the subgrade soils for the design aircraft
must be at least equal to the values specified in table 3-3 . If
natural densities are less than the required values, the subgrade may
be treated by one of the following procedures, as applicable :
Factor Remarks
Strength of subgrade :
3-2
EM 1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
10 X 20
z
0 is
15
120 °- 15
16
115
(L
110 10
105
z
100
95
° 905
10 15 20 25 95 100 105 110 115 120
MOLDING WATER CONTENT IN %DRY WEIGHT MOLDED DRY DENSITY IN POUNDS PER CUBIC FEET
A C
Legend
2. Step B . Plot laboratory CBR (MIL-STD-621 Method 101) for 12 .26 and 55
blows/layer .
3. Step C . Plot CBR versus clay density at constant moisture c-ntent . Plot
attainable limits of compaction from graph A, 110 .6 and 115 pcf for example,
hatched area represents attainable CBR limits for desired compaction
(110 .6 to 115 pcf) and moisture content (13 to 16 percent) . CBR
ranges from 11 (95 percent compaction and 13 percent moisture content)
to 26 (15 percent moisture content and maximum compactions) . For
design purposes use a- CBR -at low-- end of - range - in example use_.CBR
of 12 with moisture content specified between 13 and 16 percent .
Cohesionless
Subgrade
100%
B 1 .0 1 .0 1 .5 1 .0 2 .0 1 .5
C 1 .0 0 .5 1 .0 0 .5 1 .5 1 .5
95%
B 1 .5 1 .5 2 .0 1 .5 4 .0 2 .5
C 1 .5 1 .0 1 .5 1 .5 3 .0 2 .5
90%
B 2 .5 2 .0 3 .0 2 .0 6 .5 4 .0
C 2 .0 1 .5 2 .5 1 .5 4 .5 3 .5
85%
B 3 .0 2 .5 4 .0 3 .0 7 .5 5 .5
C 2 .5 2 .0 3 .5 2 .5 6 .5 5 .0
Cohesive
Subgrade
100%
B 0 .5 0 .5 1 .0 0 .5 1 .0 0 .5
C 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5 0 .5
95%
B 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 2 .0 1 .5
C 1 .0 0 .5 1 .0 0 .5 2 .0 1 .5
90%
B 1 .5 1 .0 1 .5 1 .5 3 .0 2 .0
C 1 .5 1 .0 1 .5 1 .0 2 .5 2 .0
85%
B 1 .5 1 .5 2 .0 1 .5 4 .0 3 .0
C 1 .5 1 .0 1 .5 1 .5 3 .5 2 .5
Require ments for Compa_c_tion of 95 to 100 Percent __Modified AASRTO Maxi mum__ Dens ty
Compacted lift Passes Possible variations
~uipme.nt qpe AeplicabilijY thi ckness, in . or covera gea -Dimensions and weight of eq uipment ._.-_ . ._ in eg niemo_nt --
Sheepsfoot rollers For fine-grained soils 6 Foot Foot For airfield work, drum of
or dirty coarse-Brained contact contact 60-in die ., loaded to 1 .5
soils with more then 20 area, pressures, to 3 tons per lineal foot
percent passing the No . Soil tTpe in2 - ~i of drum generally is uti-
200 sieve . Not suitable 4 to 6 passes Fine-grained to
5 12 250 to 500 lised . For smaller proj-
for clean coarse-grained for fine-grained soil P1 > 30 ects 40-in die . drum,
soils . soil ; 6 to 8 Fine-grained 7 to 14 200 to 400 loaded to 0 .75 to 1 .75 tons
passes for soil PI C 30 per lineal foot of drum is
coarse-grained Coarse-grained 10 to 14 150 to 250 used . Foot contact pres-
soil soil sure should be regulated
Efficient compaction of soils wet of so as to avoid shearing
optimum requires less contact pres- soil on the third or
sures than the same soils at lower fourth pass .
moisture contents
Rubber tire rollers For clean, coarse-grained 10 3 to 5 coverages Tire inflation pressures of 60 to NO wide variety of rubber tire
soils with 4 to 8 percent psi for clean granular material or compaction equipment in
passing the No . 2110 sieve . base course and subgrade compaction . available . For cohesive
Wheat load 18,000 to 25,000 lb . soils, light-wheel loads,
For fine-grained soils or such as provided by wobble-
well-graded, dirty coarse- 6to8 4 to 6 coverages Tire inflation pressures In excess of wheel equipment, maybe
grained soils with more 65 psi for fine-grained soils of high substituted for heavy-wheel
than 8 percent passing plasticity . For uniform clean sands load if lift thickness is
the No . 200 sieve . or silty fine sands, use large size decreased . For cohesion-
tire@ with pressure of 40 to 50 psi . less soils, large-size
tire@ are desirable to
avoid shear and rutting .
Smooth wheel rollers Appropriate for subgrade or 8 to 12 4 coverages Tandem type rollers for base. course 3-wheel rollers obtainable
base course compaction of or subgrade compaction, 10 to 15 ton in wide range of sizes . 2-
well-graded sand-gravel weight, 300 to 500 lb per lineal inch wheel tandem rollers are
mixtures . of width of rear roller . available in the range of 1
to 20 ton weight . 3-axle
May be used for fine- 6toa 6 coverages 3-wheel roller for compaction of- tandem rollers are general-
grained soils other than in fine-grained soil ; weights from S to ty used in the range of 10
earth dams . Not suitable 6 tons for materials of low plasticity to 20 too weight . Very
for clean well-graded sands to 10 tone for materials of high heavy rollers are used for
or silty uniform sands . plasticity . proof rolling of subgrade
or base course .
vibrating baseplete For coarse-grained soils 8 to 10 3 coverages Single pads or plates should weigh Vibrating pads or plates
compactors with less than about 12 no less than 200 lb . May be used in are available, hand-
percent passing No . 200 tandem where working space is avail propelled or self-
sieve . Beat suited for able . For clean coerse-grained,noil, propelled, single or in
materials with 4 to 8 vibration frequency should be no less gangs, with width of cover-
percent paxeing No . 200, than 1,600 cycles per minute . age from 1-1/2 to 15 ft .
place,! thoroughly wet . Various types of vibrating-
drum equipment should be
considered for compaction
in large areas .
Crawler tractor Best suited for coarse- 10 to 12 3 to 4 coveragea No smaller than D8 tractor with Tractor weights up to
grained soils with less blade, 34,500 lh weight, for high 60,000 lb .
then 4 to R percent compaction .
passing go . 700 sieve,
pla-d thoroughly wet .
Power tamp,, r or For difficult access, 4 to 6 in . for 2 coverages 30-lb minimum weight . Considerable Weights up' to 250 lb, foot
reamer trench backfill . Suitable silt or clay, range is tolerable, depending on diameter 4 to 10 in .
for all inorganic soils . 6 in . for coarse- materials and conditions,
grained soils .
Stiff, preconsolidated clays These soils normally classified as CH If undisturbed condition is stronger, do
or occasionally CL, may have greater not attempt to compact . Minimize disturbance
strength in the undisturbed condition as much as possible . Use in-place CBR or
than when reworked and compacted to soaked undisturbed samples for design .
maximum density . Investigate comparative Check table 3-3 to assure compaction
CBR's in both these conditions . Check requirements are met .
expansive tendencies .
Silts and very fine sands These soils, normally classified as Lower water table and dry out if feasible .
ML, become quick or spongy when Otherwise, do not attempt to compact.
compacted in presence of high water Remove and replace or blanket with sand or
table or when saturated . Occasionally well graded granular material . Do not
water may move up into subbase or base place open base or subbase directly on
course during compaction . these soils .
Expansive soils All clay soils have the potential For nominally expansive soils, determine
for expansion under moisture changes . optimium water content, compaction effort
If test in CBR mold shows swell greater and overburden to control swell . Use
than 3 percent, special attention is corresponding CBR and density values
necessary . Certain clays, especially for design . Particular attention should be
in arid areas, are highly expansive directed to areas where soil profile is
and require deep subgrade treatment. nonuniform . Field control of compact.ion
These clays generally slake readily moisture is critical . For highly expansive
and have liquid limits above 40, soils consider (a) replacement to depth of
plasticity index above 25, natural moisture equilibrium, (b) raising grade,
moisture close to the plastic limit, (c) lime stabilization, (d) prewetting or
and activity ratio of 1 .0 or greater . other .
CHAPTER 4
SUBBASE COURSE
Test Standard
MIL-STD-621
Test ASTM AASHTO Test Method
Sampling materials D 75 T 2
Particle-sized analysis
of soils D 422 T 88
Moisture density-
soil cement 3 D 558 T 134
4-2
EM 1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
Maximum Values
Gradation
Maximum
Requirements
Design Size Percent Passing Liquid Plasticity
Material CBR (in .) No . 10 No . 200 Limit Index
Subbase 50 3 50 15 25 5
Subbase 40 3 80 15 25 5
Subbase 30 3 100 15 25 5
Subbase 20 3 - 25 1 351 12 1
1 Suggested limits .
Soaked CBR 41
Maximum size, inches 0 .5
Percent passing No . 10 sieve 85
Percent passing No . 200 sieve 14
Liquid limit 12
Plasticity index 3
4-3
EM 1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
CHAPTER 5
BASE COURSE
5-3 . Design CBR of base course . Base course materials complying with
the requirements of table 5-1 will be assigned CBR values as shown in
the following tabulation .
Limerock 80
Shell sand 80
Coral 80
Shell rock 80
Mechanically stabilized 80
aggregate
Slag Air-cooled, blast-furnace slag Slag is air-cooled, crushed, and Requirements for crushed stone
is by-product of steel manu- and graded to produce dense mix . apply . Slag weight to be not
facturing . Material is Fines from other sources may less than 65 pcf .
competitive in areas adjacent be used for blending . See table
to steel mills . Slag is 5-2 for gradation
lighter in weight than stone,
highly stable, hard, and rough
textured . Slag also has Ability
to drain rapidly
Macadam Crushed stone, crushed slag, or Crushed aggregate is screened and Procedure is to place alter-
crushed gravel graded to produce coarse aggre- nate layers of the various
gate, choker aggregate, key size aggregate to form dry-
aggregate, and screenings . See bound, or wet-bound macadam
Type specifications for gradation base .
Shell Sand The shells are dredged from dead Shells are washed, crushed, Liquid limit not to exceed 25 .
reefs in the gulf coast waters screened and blended with sand Plasticity index not to exceed
of the United States . Shells filler . Ratio of the blend shall 5. Minimum CBR requirement is
consist of oyster and clam shells be not less than 67 percent 60 at 100 percent compaction
shell to 33 percent sand . Refer for layers following construc-
to local guide specificiations tion
where available
Coral Coral consists of hard, cemented Reef coral is removed by blasting Percentage of wear not to
deposits of skeletal origin . and dredging and is stockpiled exceed 50 . Liquid limit not to
Coral is found in the reefs and ashore, prior to crushing and exceed 25 . Plasticity index
inland deposits at atolls and grading . Quarry coral is obtained not to exceed 5 . Minimum
islands in tropical regions . by blasting, and is crushed and CBR requirement is 60 at
Caroline limestone, quarried graded to produce a dense mix . 100 percent compaction for
from inland deposits and Use the following gradation : layers. following construction
designated as quarry coral, is
structurally soundest of the Sieve Designation Percent Passing
various coral materials available .
Other types also useful for base 2 inch 100
material are reef coral and bank 1-1/2 inch 70-100
run coral . Cascajo or "gravelly 3/4 inch 40-90
coral" found as lagoon sediment No . 4 25-60
at Guam, is also useful as base No . 40 5-20
No . 200 0-10
Limerock Limerock is a fossiliferous lime- Limerock is crushed, screened, and Minimum CBR requirement is
stone of the oolitic type . Its uniformly graded from 3-1/2 inches 60 at 95 percent compaction .
main constituents are carbonates maximum to dust . Refer to local Liquid limit not to exceed
of calcium and magnesium . Commer- guide specifications where avail- 25 . Plasticity index not to
cial limerock deposits are located able exceed 5 .
in Florida
Shell-Rock Shell-rock or marine limestone Shell-rock is crushed, screened Percentage of wear not to
are deposits or hard, cemented and graded to a dense mix . Refer exceed 50 . Liquid limit
shells . Deposits are located to local guide specifications not to exceed 25 . Plasticity
in the coastal areas of North and where available . index not to exceed 5 . Mini-
South Carolina mum CBR requirement is 60
at 100 percent compaction for
layers following construction
Mechanically Crushed and uncrushed coarse aggre- A blend of crushed and natural Liquid limit not to exceed 25 ;
Stabilized gate, fine aggregate, and binder materials processed to provide plasticity index not to exceed
Aggregate a dense graded mix . See table 5. Percentage of wear not to
5-2 for gradation exceed 50 .
5-2
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Table 5-2 . Minimum Surface and Base Thickness Criteria
Class I Aircraft
Band C 2 6 8 2 6 8
Class II Aircraft
B and C 2 6 8 3 6 9
B and C 3 6 9 4 6 10
2-inch 100
CHAPTER 6
(1) Asphalts . Asphalt products are the normal choice for use in
bituminous mixes for reasons of availability, serviceability, and
economy .
b. Aggregates .
Item Description
6-2
EM 1110-3141
9 Apr 84
(2) Crushed aggregate . The coarse and fine aggregates used for
airfield pavement surface should be crushed materials, in order to
assure high stability and performance . Bituminous base courses,
however, may include natural materials in the fine fraction .
" (3) Maximum size . In general, the maximum size of aggregate for
the wearing course should not exceed 3/4 inch ; in no case should the
aggregate size exceed one-half the thickness of the compacted wearing
course or two-thirds the thickness of any binder or intermediate
course .
- Penetration grades
- AC viscosity grades
- AR viscosity grades
6- 3
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
0
H b
NEW YOR
o CONNECTICUT
rh
a~ ~y NEW JERSEY
i R
oa IOWA
NEBRASKA OHIO DELAWARE
co NEVADA
ILLINOIS NDIANA ma
r AREA II MARYLAND
UTAH 1~tv'~?r
n \J~e VIRGINIA
H COLORADO
o, o KANSAS MISSOURI -NORTH
z CAROLINA
H
d ARKANSAS SOUTH
OKLAHOMA CAROLINA
Y
0 GEORGIA
NEW MEXICO ALABAMA
a AREA i
b MISSISSIPPI
TEXAS
x
W
a &\NNNI FLORIDA
r MEXICO LOUISIANA
H
C7
AREA Pen Grade Viscosity Grade
z 3
1 120-150 AC-5 or AR-2000
H
11 85-100 AC-10 or AR-4000
111 60-70 AC-20 or AR-8000
Alaska 120-150 AR-1000 or AR-2000 o
or a
'zs w
150-200 -s ,
Hawaii 60-70 AA-8000
NOTE : The penetration of viscosity graded asphalts do not necessarily fall CD
within the ranges indicated. Where specific penetration requirements are
desired, they should be so stipulated .
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Bitumen Specification
6-6
Table 6-4. Aggregate Gradations -for Bituminous Concrete Pavements
Wearing Course
1 1-1/2 inch maximum surface course gradation will be used only for thick-lift pavements (3-inch or more) .
2 Use low-pressure gradation for pavements subjected to aircraft with tire pressures less than 100 psi .
3 Ilse high-pressure gradation for pavements subjected to aircraft with tire pressures of 100 psi or greater.
x
E
v
0
150 Q 4
f-
s Z
0 v
W
3 W
a
z
0 148
3,000 80
~z
o W
> F0-
2,000
rr
do
a zo
F- W W
N U J
w J
W
a U..
1,000 40
40
e 4
O
0
20 z 14
W
U
3
0 W
a
I
a 12
0 10
2 4 6 2 4 6
`BITUMEN CONTENT (PERCENT) BITUMEN CONTENT (PERCENT)
6- 8
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
(2) Check for adequacy of mix for stability, flow; air voids,
and voids filled with asphalt .
Intermediate
Wearing Course and Base Course
Point on Point on
Curve for Curve for
Optimum Adequacy Optimum Adequacy
Bitumen of Mix Bitumen of Mix
Test Property Content Criteria Content Criteria
6-9
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Average 4 .6 percent
At optimum or 4 .6 Criteria
Test Property Percent Bitumen for Adequacy
Percent voids
filled with
bitumen 72 70 to 80 percent
Preferred materials for use as prime coats are the liquid asphalts
MC-70, MC-250, RC-70, RC-250, and the tars RT-2 and RT-3 . Application
rates of the liquid asphalts and tars are between 0 .15 and 0 .4 gallon
per square yard . Sufficient bitumen should be used to seal the voids
but not more than can' be readily absorbed . Asphalt emulsions have been
used experimentally with varying success for prime coats . Emulsions do
not penetrate as do liquid asphalts and may require a sand seal to
prevent tracking . Emulsions used for priming are SS-1 and SS-lh
diluted with 50 percent water and applied at approximately 0 .1 gallon
per square yard .
CHAPTER 7
7-4 : Thickness design . From the procedures included herein, the total
thickness of the pavement, as well as the individual courses, may be
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Table 7-1 . Flexible Pavement Design Curves
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g Apr 84
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EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Item Procedure
a. Design example 1 .
(3) From table 5-2 the minimum required surface and base
thicknesses are 2 inches and 6 inches respectively, for a- total of 8
inches .
top of subgrade
95 percent compaction
(cohesionless subgrade)
90 percent compaction
b. Design example 2 .
7-15
EM 1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
(3) The design CBR of the -subbase material has been determined
to be 30 . Enter figure 7-6(b) at CBR 30 and find that the required
thickness of ba-se and surface is 15 inches for the design aircraft .
From table 5-2, the required minimum thickness of the surface course is
4 inches and of the base, 9 inches . Use 4 inch asphalt concrete
surface and 11 inches of 100 CBR base to provide the 15 inches required
above the 30 CBR subbas-e .
13 in . 30 CBR subbas,el
top of subgrade
95 percent compaction
8 in .
(cohesive subgrade)
90 percent compaction
1 ft - 6 in .
7-16
EM 1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
a . Overrun areas . Pave overrun areas for the full width of the
runway exclusive of shoulders, and for a length of 200 feet on each end
of Class I, II ; and III runways . Surface the overrun areas with double
bituminous surface treatment except for that portion (150 feet long x
7-17
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Table 7- .3 . Equivalency Factors
Equivalency Factors
Material Base Subbase
Asphalt-Stabilized
Cement-Stabilized
Lime-Stabilized
7-18
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
runway width) abutting the runway pavement end which will have wearing
surface of 2 inches .of dense graded asphaltic concrete for blast
protection . Minimum base course CBR values are as follows :
Class II 801
Class I 502
CHAPTER 8
in the wearing course are particularly critical and care must be taken
in bonding the joints to prevent leakage which would result in
deterioration of the asphalt below .
APPENDIX A
AI . General .
A2 . Design .
A-2
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
SIEVE ANALYSIS
m~~®
-200
TOTAL 753 . / /
WEIGHT ORIGINAL SAMPLE WE IGHT ORIGINAL SAMPLE
WASHED GRADATION
3/4 3/4
1/2 1/2
3/8 3/8
NO . 4 50 . 4
90 . g NO . 8
NO . 16 NO . 16
NO . 30 100 NO . 30
NO . 50 9 .4 4.5 95 .5 No . 5o 100
NO . 100 54 .6 26 .0 69.5 No . 100 2 .3 2.0 "0
90 " 200 124 .9 59 .5 10.0 NO . 200 9. 8 .0 90 .0
_ 200 (T) 21.0 05
TOTAL 209 .9 MZZMAVVIA145,NA
(A)
(B)
WEIGHT ORIGINAL SAMPLE
WEIGHT AFTER WASHED
2 9 .2
J .I am
GH (A) WEIGHT ORIGINAL SAMPLE
(B) WEIGHT AFTER WASHED
117 .4
18 .9 -
GM (C) WASH LOSS (A - B) 98 .5
(C) WASH LOSS (A - B GH
(S) -200 FROM SIEVING GK (S) -200 FROM SIEVING 6 .8
(T) TOTAL -200 C + GM (T) TOTAL -2000 C + S 105 .3
USE "T" TO CALCULATE PERCENTAG S --- USE "T" TO CALCULATE PERCENTAGES
A- 3
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
DATE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF $ITUMINOUS MIX COMPONENTS
PROJECT JOB
TYPICAL MIX
COARSE AGGREGATE
A- 5
EM 1110-3-141
g Apr 84
bitumen used in the laboratory tests must be the same as that which
will be used in field construction . The selection of aggregates and
mineral filler for the paving mix is more involved than the selection
of the bitumen . Aggregates and mineral fillers that do not meet the
requirements of the specifications previously discussed should be
eliminated from further consideration . The remaining aggregates and
filler must then be examined from both technical and economical
viewpoints . The final objective is to determine the most economical
blend of aggregates and mineral filler that will produce a pavement
meeting the engineering requirements set forth in this manual . In
general, several blends should be selected for laboratory mix-design
tests . The mix-design gradation (i .e ., job-mix formula) plus or minus
job-mix tolerances must fall within the gradation tolerances specified
in the appropriate guide specification .
A-6
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
A-7
%0 M
SCREEN OPENING, IN . a
3 .0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 .75 .50 .375 .25 .187 .0937 .0787 .0469 .0331 .0232 .0165 .0117 .007 .0059 .0029
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SCREEN NUMBER
LEGEND
Specification Gradation
Specification Tolerances
Blending Of Stockpile Samples
Blending Of Bin Samples
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
illustrated at the top of figure A-4 . The data are shown graphically
in figure A-5 . These fractions must be combined to produce the desired
blend . The percentage of each fraction required to produce this blend
is entered in the form at the middle of figure A-4 ; these percentages
are most easily determined by trial-and-error calculations .
A-9
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
0
Cr F,A 100 100 1 0 99.8 90 .0 71 .0 . 52 .0 34 .5 19.5 8.5 3.0
Sand 100 100 1 100 100 100 100 100 95 .5 69 .5 10 .0
LSF 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98.0 90 .0
BLEND
DESIRED
COMPUTED BY : CBE= BY :
A- 10
SCREEN OPENING, IN .
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EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
--
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BLEND
DESIRED
COMPUTED BT : CHECKED BY :
A-12
SCREEN OPENING, IN .
1 .5 1 .0 .T5 .50 .375 .25 .187 .0937 .0787 .0469 .0331 .0232 .0165 .0117 .007 .0059 .0029 0
.0 2'.S 2.0
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EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
A- 1 4
COMPUTATION OF PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT MIXTURES
-
Project : Typical Mix Description of Blend : Dates
Job No . :
Weight-Grams Specific Gravity Voids - Percent Unit Weight Stability - Lb Flow
Specimen Asphalt Thickness Volume AC by Total Mix Units of
No . Cement - Z Tn . cc Volume - X Total Mix Measured Converted
In Air In Water Actual Theor . Filled lb/Cu Ft 1/100 In .
A B C D E F G H I J R L .!i N 0
(D) BxG _G I
(D-E) (Cx62 .h)
(F) (Sp . Gr . of AC) (100-IOOH) I+J
3 .5 512 .0 2 .399 2020 2020 11
A-3 .5 1 _
2 1219 .5 712 .2 507 .3 2 .404 1862 1936 10
1205 .5 705 .3 500 .2 2 .410 1821 1894 8
3
4 1206 .2 708 .4 497 .8 2 .423 1892 _ 1968 8
Avg 2 .409 ----~-~ 9
Curve 2 .409 2 .579 _ 8 .3 6 .6 55 . - 150 .3
A-4 .0 1 4 .0 ~®
1252 .6 733 .3 2-412 2025 9
2 _519 .3-F-
1243 .5 730 .7 512 .8 2 .425 1995 1995 9
3
4 1230.4 722 .8 507 .6 2 .424 2020 . 2101 9
2 .418 150 .9 2037 - - 9-
Avg
Curve 2 .421 2 .559 9 .5 5 .4 63 .8 151 .1
Avg _ - '
Curve i~-s®®®- ®
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2000 60
m F., 3
N 0
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1000 40
3 5 T
BITUMEN CONTENT, PERCENT
DESCRIPTION OF BLEND :
z 18% 3/4-3/g
O
O 34% ~% - 8
v 45% MINUS 8
20
3 % LSF
0 16
2 4
BITUMEN CONTENT, PERCENT
A- 16
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
(3) Unit weight . The curve for unit weight of total mix is
similar to the curve for stability, except that the peak of the
unit-weight curve is normally at a slightly higher bitumen content than
the peak of the stability curve .
(4) Voids total mix . Voids total mix decreased with increasing
bitumen content in the lower range of bitumen contents . There is a
minimum void content for each aggregate blend and compaction effort
used herein, and the voids cannot be decreased below this minimum
without increasing or otherwise changing the compaction effort . The
void content of the compacted mix approaches this minimum void content
as the bitumen content of the mix is increased .
Average 4 .6 percent
A- 18
EM 1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
Table A-1 . Design Criteria For Use With ASTM Apparent Specific Gravity
This table is for use with aggregate blends showing water absorption up to 2 .5 percent
Unit weight Bituminous-concrete Peak of curve Peak of curve Not used Not used
surface course
Notes :
(a) If the inclusion of bitumen contents at these points in the average causes the voids total
mix to fall outside the limits, then the optimum bitumen content should be adjusted so that
the voids total mix are within the limits .
(b) Sand asphalt will not be used in designing pavements for traffic with tire pressures in
excess of 100 psi .
Table A-2 . Design Criteria For Use With Bulk Impregnated Specific Gravity
This table is for use with aggregate blends showing water absorption greater than 2 .5 percent
Unit weight Bituminous-concrete Peak of curve Peak of curve Not used Not used
surface course
Notes :
(a) If the inclusion of bitumen contents at these points in the average causes the voids total
mix to fall outside the limits, then the optimum bitumen content should be adjusted so that
the voids total mix are within the limits .
(b) Sand asphalt will not be used in designing pavements for traffic with tire pressures in
excess of 100 psi .
Percent voids in
total mix 4 .3 3-5 percent
(bituminous concrete)
A-21
EM 1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
A3 . Plant control .
A-22
HOT
ELEVATOR
ai BITUMEN
W. STORAGE
TANK---"'
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AUTOMATIC WEIGHING SYSTE
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a DUST COLLECTOR
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two separate bins with the fine dried, the fine bin screen size should
not be smaller than 3/8 inch . An additional screen is provided for
further separation of the coarse aggregate in a four-bin plant . When
additional mineral filler is required, usually it is stored and weighed
or proportioned into the mix separately . Plant screens vary in size of
opening, and the size employed is largely dependent upon the type of
mixture being produced . In some cases, it may be necessary to change
the size of screens to obtain a proper balance of aggregate sizes in
each bin .
A-2 6
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
A-2 7
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
A-28
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
weights dumped into the truck . Improper weighing or faulty scales may
be detected readily and corrective measures taken by maintaining close
check of load weights . Other probable causes of paving-mixture
deficiencies for. both batch-and continuous-mixing plants are shown in
,figure A-13 .
A- 29
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
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A- 3 2
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES
Government Publications .
Mi litary Standards .
Nongovernment Publications .
B-2
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
D 490-77 Tar .
B-3
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
D 2993-71 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene
(R 1977) Rubberized Tar .
B-4
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
GPO 908-520