2.

2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

Theory of Conduct Duties

Teaching objectives:
The Principle of deontological ethics --- The right and wrong of an action itself is more important than its conse uences Different !inds of duties and their conflicts The "dvantages and Disadvantages of Deontology Case #tudy $%& --- 'e have the duty to defend ((( Case #tudy $)& --- The #tory of *amala Case #tudy $+& --- The #tory of ,ahab- the Prostitute- and the .sraeli "gents Case #tudy $/& --- Daniel in the 0ions1 Den Case #tudy $2& --- Comparison between 3tilitarianism and *antian Theory

#uggested teaching period: 2 lessons

Teacher shall first prepare:

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2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

Knowledge Content of the Subject (1)Principles of Deontology Knowledge Content of the Subject (2)The Ad !nt!ges !nd Dis!d !nt!ges of Deontology C!se Study (1) """ #e h! e the duty to defend $%%%& C!se Study (2) """ The Story of K!'!l! C!se Study (() """ The Story of )!h!b* the Prostitute* !nd the +sr!eli Agents C!se Study (,) """ D!niel in the -ions. Den C!se Study (/) """ Co'p!rison between 0tilit!ri!nis' !nd K!nti!n Theory

Teaching Process: 11 This ch!pter is the first p!rt of $Deontology&1 Te!chers !re reco''ended to first e2pl!in the Knowledge Content of the Subject (1)3 The Principles of Deontology1 21 Te!cher '!y !s4 students to st!te , 4ey points of Deontology !s conclusion3 #hether ! beh! iour is right or wrong is 'ore i'port!nt th!n its good !nd b!d conse5uences 6'ph!sise on the i'port!nce of r!tion!lity T!4e up responsibility uncondition!lly is of ut'ost i'port!nce Tre!t !ll 'en !li4e without discri'in!tion (1 Te!cher '!y !s4 students to gi e the definition of $Deontology& !s !n introduction to the ne2t the'e3 $There '!ybe conflicts between !rious duties&1 ,1 Di ide the students into groups of ,"/ !nd gi e the' 17 'inutes to discuss on the #or4sheet3 C!se study (1) """ #e h! e the duty to defend $%%%&1 /1 After discussion* !s4 e!ch group to send 1 represent!ti e !nd present the !nswer of his8her group1 91 Te!cher sh!ll conclude the lesson by e2pl!ining Knowledge Content of the Subject (2)3 The Ad !nt!ges !nd Dis!d !nt!ges of Deontology1

2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

:1 Di ide the students into groups of ,"/1 As4 the' to discuss on C!se Study (2) to (,) !nd co'plete the wor4sheets1 ;1 After the discussion* !s4 e!ch group to send 1 represent!ti e to present the !nswer of his8her group1 <1 Te!cher distributes !nd e2pl!ins the !nswers1

2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

*nowledge Content of the #ubject $%&: Principles of Deontology Principles of Deontology

Deontology suggests th!t the ulti'!te st!nd!rd of 'or!lity focuses on the right or wrong of the !ction itself1 +n order words* the right or wrong is not !ffected by e2tern!l f!ctors1 The !ctions !re not !ffected by the goodness or b!dness of their conse5uences1 To consider !n !ction !s 'or!l is only bec!use it cont!ins positi e !lues in n!ture !nd therefore we h! e the responsible to do it1 =or e2!'ple* there !re so'e old s!yings li4e >to 4ill one !s ! w!rning for ! hundred> !nd >se ere punish'ent in troubled ti'es>1 #hether or not these 'ethods c!n reduce the nu'ber of cri'e* so'e innocent people will definitely be in ol ed1 Therefore* these !ctions !re i''or!l under !ny conditions1 Then wh!t 4ind of !ction cont!ins positi e !lues in n!ture? #ill different people '!4e different judge'ent tow!rds the s!'e !ction? A'ong the schol!rs studying deontology* +''!nuel K!nt h!s 'ore e2pl!n!tion on !rious issues concerning deontology1 @is theory is ery influenti!l to l!ter gener!tions1

Se er!l 4ey points of the K!nti!n Theory

11 The i'port!nce of e'ph!sising re!son Any 'or!l beh! iour 'ust be b!sed on ! sense of goodwill1 Aur re!son en!bles us to differenti!te right fro' wrong1 @ence doing good in goodwill is cle!rly the perfect scen!rioB but e en if b!d is done in goodwill !fter !n!lysing the !ction with re!son is still 'or!lly !ccept!ble1 0ncondition!lly t!4ing up responsibility is of ut'ost i'port!nce 6 eryone h!s the responsibility to co'ply with 'or!l principles* but the co'pli!nce of such principles is not 'erely done to !chie e ! cert!in objecti e1 Ane co'plies uncondition!lly since it is the 'or!l thing to do1 K!nt would consider this !s 'or!l1 =or e2!'ple* doing good for other peopleCs co'pli'ent is i''or!l +t is only 'or!l if we do good purely bec!use we thin4 it is the right thing to do1 +t is i''or!l to tell lies under !ny circu'st!nce1 K!nt belie es th!t 'or!ls !nd ethics should be b!sed on integrity1 #ithout integrity* there is no w!y to est!blish !ny ethic!l principles !nd !lues1

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2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

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Tre!ting people e5u!lly with no discri'in!tion +f you !gree th!t cert!in beh! iour !nd the principles behind these beh! iour !re 'or!l* you '!y !lso !ccept th!t these beh! iour be !pplied on yourself1 #e c!nnot !gree on one thing while beh! ing in !nother w!y1 =or e2!'ple* + li4e spicy food1 According to the $do !s you would li4e others to do to you& principle* + w!nt other people to li4e spicy food !s well1 Does this beh! iour co'ply with 'or!lity? The !nswer is neg!ti e1 Assu'ing th!t the principle st!nds " e en if so'eone does not li4e spicy food* we still insist th!t they h! e spicy food !g!inst his8her will " the go!l of tre!ting people e5u!lly with no discri'in!tion c!n not be !chie ed1

2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

Case #tudy $%& --- 'e have the duty to defend (((
Deontology !sserts th!t we h! e the oblig!tion to preser e so'e !lues1 @owe er* which !lues deser e to be preser ed? Since !ncient ti'es* there h! e been '!ny different iews !'ong hu'!ns1 Delow !re so'e e2!'ples1

4ong *ong Core 5alues Declaration

@ong Kong h!d !ccu'ul!ted ! long history of fighting for ! better syste'1 The incess!nt efforts '!de by the @ong Kong people h! e produced ! uni5ue loc!l culture th!t is underpinned by so'e core !lues 'ost tre!sured by the' !nd in line with the glob!l 'odern ci ilis!tion1 These core !lues include3 libertydemocracy- human rights- rule of law- fairness- social justice- peace and compassion- integrity and transparency- plurality- respect for individualsand upholding professionalism6 Eore !nd 'ore @ong Kong people !re con inced th!t in their pursuit of ! higher 5u!lity of life* we 'ust !lso !dhere to the core !lues essenti!l to sust!in!ble de elop'ent3 bro!d"b!sed co''unity p!rticip!tion in public !ff!irs* inter"gener!tion!l e5uity* !nd econo'ic de elop'ent with ! hu'!n focus* en iron'ent!l protection !nd reconcili!tion with n!ture1 http388www1h4core !lues1net

The Three Principles of the People by #un 7at-sen

The Three Principles of the People !re politic!l principles for Chin! i'ple'ented by Sun F!t"sen1 The principles reflected the core !lues of the Chinese people in the e!rly 27th century* including .The People.s )el!tion.* .The People.s Power. !nd .The People.s #elf!re.1 11 The People.s )el!tion3 Appose to !ggression of other countriesB defe!t w!rlords coll!bor!ting with i'peri!lis'* so !s to unite !ll different ethnicities of Chin!* !nd to recognise self"deter'in!tion1 The People.s Power3 The go ern'ent is owned by its people1 The people !re entitled to four rights (power of politics) " election* rec!ll* initi!ti e !nd referendu' " to 'onitor their go ern'ent1 An the other h!nd* the go ern'ent h!s fi e rights (power of go ern!nce) " legisl!tion* jurisdiction* e2ecution* e2!'in!tion !nd control " to go ern the country1 This principle e'ph!sises th!t the go ern'ent holds the power of go ern!nce so th!t it c!n c!rry out the policies effecti elyB while the people h! e the power of politics to 'onitor the
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2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

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go ern'ent1 The People.s #elf!re3 +t in ol es !nother two i'port!nt principles1 =irst is the e5u!lity of l!nd holdings so th!t !ll pe!s!nt f!r'ers h! e their own f!r'l!nd1 This !llows the people to h!ndle b!sic food issues for sur i !l1 Second is the restriction of c!pit!l1 +ndi idu!ls c!nnot control people.s li elihood* so th!t people c!n eng!ge the'sel es in econo'ic !cti ities !nd i'pro e their li ing st!nd!rd1 http388sun1y!tsen1go 1tw8content1php?cidGS71H7(H7( 11 21 #h!t !lues 'entioned in $@ong Kong Core I!lues Decl!r!tion& !nd the $Three Principles of the People& !re we oblig!ted to preser e? #hy !re we oblig!ted to preser e these core !lues?

2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

*nowledge Content of the #ubject $)&: The advantages and disadvantages of deontology The "dvantages of deontology
11 6st!blish the found!tion of 'or!l !lues on ! cert!in recognised 'or!l Deontology e'ph!sises th!t cert!in !ction in ol es 'or!l f!ctors !lre!dy* which re!son!bly '!tches our p!st e2perience1 +n f!ct* so'e f!ctors !re co''only reg!rded !s 'or!l in the society* such !s >honesty> !nd >justice>* etc1 They !re co''on 4nown !nd help to for' the b!sis for peopleCs co''unic!tion !nd inter!ction1 21 @elps est!blish ! set of cle!r 'or!l !lues so th!t we will not be 'o ed e en when the en iron'ent ch!nges1

The disadvantages of deontology

1. +t is difficult to put into pr!ctice since it o erloo4s the effect of e'otions on hu'!n @u'!ns !re not the s!'e !s '!chines1 The st!nd!rd of 'or!lity thus depends on oneCs e'otion !nd interperson!l rel!tionship* etc1 +n re!l life* whether !n !ction is considered !s 'or!l is !lso !ffected by these f!ctors1 =or e2!'ple* $to tre!t !ll 'en !li4e without discri'in!tion& is ! 'or!l !lue nobody denies1 @owe er* if you tre!t !ll 'en !li4e* + belie e your de!r f!'ily !nd close friends will thin4 you !re inhu'!ne !nd gi e the' the cold shoulder1 2. A er"e'ph!sis on the popul!rity !nd ine it!bility 'or!l principles !nd o erloo4s the gener!l situ!tion of indi idu!l !ctions Aur e2periences tell us th!t there is no definite distinction for e erything1 #hether so'ething is good or b!d* right or wrong !lso depends on the ch!nges in the e2tern!l en iron'ent1 =or e2!'ple* under nor'!l circu'st!nces* we !ll !gree th!t honesty is ! irtue* so'ething we should !bide by1 @owe er* the '!jority thin4s th!t white lies !re not i''or!l1 3. Different people h! e different iews on i'port!nt duties 6 eryone h!s his8her own ide! on duty1 K!nt considered $honesty& !s the 'ost i'port!nt duty of !ll* but not e eryone is con inced1 +n conte'por!ry society* so'e '!y priJe $hu'!n rights&* $freedo'&* or $e5u!lity& !s the 'ost i'port!nt1 People who !re 'ore tr!dition!l '!y reg!rd $hu'!nity&* $righteousness* $ritu!l& !nd $wisdo'& !s the 'ost i'port!nt1

2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

4. The conflicts between different duties !re insuper!ble Deontology briefly points out th!t we should !ct !ccording to 'or!l principles !nd not to do !nything th!t !re i''or!l1 +n re!l life* howe er* wh!t f!ce us !re often not the choices of good8e il or right8wrong1 0su!lly* wh!t we do is to choose the less e il between the two !nd other 'or!l dile''!s* for which deontology doesnCt pro ide !ny clues1

2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

Case #tudy $)& --- The #tory of *alamas

Ance when Duddh! isited ! town of the K!l!'! people in the Kos!l! country1 The K!l!'!s he!rd th!t Duddh! h!d co'e so they p!id ho'!ge to hi' !nd s!id* $-ord* there !re so'e priests !nd conte'pl!ti es who co'e to our ill!ge1 They e2pound !nd glorify their own doctrines* but !s for the doctrines of others* they deprec!te the'* re ile the'* show conte'pt for the'* !nd disp!r!ge the'1 And then other priests !nd conte'pl!ti es co'e1 They e2pound !nd glorify their own doctrines* but !s for the doctrines of others* they deprec!te the'* re ile the'* show conte'pt for the'* K disp!r!ge the'1 They le! e us !bsolutely uncert!in K in doubt3 #hich of these ener!ble priests K conte'pl!ti es !re spe!4ing the truth* !nd which ones !re lying?& >+t is proper for you* K!l!'!s* to doubt* to be uncert!inB uncert!inty h!s !risen in you !bout wh!t is doubtful1 Co'e* K!l!'!s1 don.t go by reports* by legends* by ru'ours* by scripture or !uthority of ! cert!in religion* by theories or conjecture* by the !ppe!r!nce of ! '!tter* by subjecti e iews of person!l preferences or conjecture* by prob!bility* or by the thought* .This conte'pl!ti e is our te!cher.* or by the nu'ber of belie er1 K!'!l!sL After det!iled obser !tion* !n!lysis* reflection !nd discussion* when you 4now for yoursel es th!t so'ething is un4ind* wrong or e il* then you should !b!ndon the'MM And when you 4now for sure so'ething is 4ind !nd good* then you should enter !nd re'!in in the'1& The !bo e story w!s !d!pted fro' the NK!'!l! Sutt!O

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=ro' wh!t Duddh! t!ught the K!l!'!s !bo e* wh!t f!ctors sh!ll they consider before '!4ing choices !nd decisions? Deontology belie es people !re r!tion!l enough to '!4e 'or!l decisions1 Do you thin4 the Duddh!Cs te!chings to K!l!'!s !re si'il!r in n!ture?

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2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

Case #tudy $+& --The #tory of ,ahab- the Prostitute- and the .sraeli "gents
After the de!th of Eoses* the prophet* Poshu! bec!'e the le!der of the +sr!elites !nd continued to le!d the' out of the wilderness into the Pro'ised -!nd of 'il4 !nd honey1 To enter the Pro'ised -!nd* he 'ust first fight with the n!ti es li ing there1 As !n !ble !nd wise le!der* Poshu! sent two !gents to the !ll i'port!nt P!lestini!n city of Pericho to collect 'ilit!ry infor'!tion1 The two !gents !rri ed in Pericho !nd hid in the house of )!h!b the prostitute1 So'eone s!id to the King of Pericho* $+sr!elites will co'e here to spy on us tonight1 To ! oid being disco ered* they '!y hide in ! brothel1 Fou need to be c!reful1& Then* the soldiers c!'e to the prostitute* )!h!bCs ho'e !nd s!id to her* $@!nd o er the 'en who h! e co'e into your house1 They !re spying on our 'ilit!ry infor'!tion for the +sr!elites&1 +n f!ct )!h!b 4new the identity of the 'en !nd she h!d !lre!dy 4ept the' on the roof1 She told the soldiers* $Those 'en h!d been here before1 They !re prob!bly outside the town !lre!dy1 Fou better go now to c!tch the' up1& Then the soldiers left1 Then* the soldiers c!'e to the prostitute )!h!bCs ho'e !nd s!id to her* $h!nd o er the 'en who h! e co'e into your house1 They !re spying on our 'ilit!ry infor'!tion for the +sr!elis&1 +n f!ct )!h!b 4new the identity of the 'en !nd she h!d !lre!dy 4ept the' on the roof1 She told the soldiers* $Those 'en h!d been here before1 They !re prob!bly outside the town !lre!dy1 Fou better go now to c!tch the' up1& Then the soldiers left1 )!h!b continued* $Qow* + h! e been 4ind to you* will you swe!r th!t when you !tt!c4 the l!nd of Pericho* you will s! e 'y f!'ily* so th!t de!th '!y not co'e on us?C The 'en s!id to her* R+f you 4eep our business secret* we will tre!t you with 4indness !nd honesty1 #hen we co'e to the l!nd* tie this cord of bright red thre!d !t the window* !nd your f!'ily will be s!fe1 Then she liber!ted the 'en* let the' down fro' the window by ! cord* since the house where she li ed in w!s !t the bound!ry of the town1 The !bo e story is b!sed on 1"2 Doo4 of Poshu!* Ald Test!'ent of the Dible

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2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

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=ro' the perspecti e of deontology* do you thin4 )!h!bCs lying to the soldiers fro' Pericho is ! 'or!l beh! iour? =ro' the perspecti e of deontology* which f!ctors should we consider to deter'ine whether the PerichoCs beh! iour is 'or!l or not? =ro' the perspecti e of utilit!ri!nis'* do you thin4 )!h!bCs lying to the soldiers fro' Pericho is ! 'or!l beh! iour?

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2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

Case #tudy $/& --- Daniel in the 0ion8s Den

D!niel* the Pew* w!s one of three !d'inistr!tors in the Persi!n p!l!ce1 Though D!niel w!s ! '!n in power* he w!s ery dedic!ted !nd f!ithful to Peho !h* the Pewish Sod1 D!niel pr!yed to the Sod three ti'es ! d!y* e ery 'orning* noon !nd e ening* !nd he ne er worshipped !ny other god or spirit1 #ith the blessings of Peho !h* he distinguished hi'self fro' the other !d'inistr!tors !nd the Persi!n King w!nted to set hi' o er the whole 4ingdo'1 An he!ring this* the other !d'inistr!tors en ied D!niel !nd tried to find grounds for ch!rges !g!inst hi' !nd plotted to 4ill hi'* but in !in1 =in!lly they thought of ! tr!p to set hi' up1 They !s4ed the King to est!blish !

roy!l st!tute th!t within thirty d!ys* whosoe er sh!ll !s4 ! petition of* worship or pr!y to !ny god or '!n* s! e the King* should be c!st into ! den of lions !nd be preyed by the lions1
D!niel w!s ! ery 4een worshipper of Christ1 @e too4 no notice of the b!n !nd 4ept worshipping !nd pr!ying to Sod three ti'es e ery d!y1 #hen the !d'inistr!tors !g!inst hi' were infor'ed of his worshipping* they co'pl!ined to the King !nd !ccused D!niel of iol!ting the prohibition* !s4ing the King to throw hi' into the -ionCs Den1 The King felt he w!s in ! dile''! !s he ery 'uch !ppreci!ted D!nielCs t!lents1 @e regretted th!t he h!d issued such ! senseless b!n1 Then* he suddenly re!lised th!t there w!s not !ny e idence to erify the cl!i' th!t D!niel h!d worshipped other SodsB !s long !s he denied the !ccus!tion* he would be s!fe since there h!d not been !ny proof1 An the thirtieth night !fter the order of the b!n* the Persi!n King went to D!nielCs ho'e with his !d'inistr!tors1 @e !s4ed D!niel* $+ issued the b!n on worshipping !ny Sod !nd hu'!n beings e2cept 'e " those who ignore the b!n will be thrown into the -ionCs Den1 Dut now + thin4 th!t this is ! senseless order* !nd if + w!s !llowed to choose !g!in* + would h! e ne er issued such ! di ine order1 +n the p!st few d!ys* there h!d been !ccus!tion th!t you h! e iol!ted the b!n1 Fou !re 'y 'ost belo ed ser !nt1 +f + do not see you iol!te the b!n with 'y own eyes or he!r you !d'it th!t you h! e disobeyed the order* + would not belie e in !ny !ccus!tion !g!inst you1 Qow

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2.2 Normative Ethics --- Theory of Conduct --- Duties

+ !' !t your ho'e !nd do not see you worship !ny other god1 C!n you tell 'e if you h! e worshipped !ny other god in the p!st thirty d!ys?& Although the Persi!n King 4new D!niel h!d disobeyed this b!n* his words ob iously i'plied D!nielCs deni!l to the !d'inistr!torsC !ccus!tion1 =in!lly* D!niel preser ed his own f!ith !nd principle !nd !d'itted the ch!rge in front of the 4ing !nd the !d'inistr!tors* though he understood the 4ingCs thought1 The 4ing thus h!d no choice but to order the soldiers to throw hi' into the den of lions1 11 The !d'inistr!tors h! e no e idence to pro e the !ccus!tion of Rworshipping other godC1 D!niel will not be 4illed if he denied it1 #hy did he still !d'it the !ccus!tion? =ro' the perspecti e of deontology* do you thin4 D!niel !d'itting the !ccus!tion w!s ! 'or!l decision? =ro' the perspecti e of utilit!ri!nis'* do you thin4 D!nielCs decision c!n be considered !s 'or!l?

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Case #tudy $2&: Comparison between 3tilitarianism and *antian theory

Any 'e!ns necess!ry e en deception is f!ir pl!y in w!r +n !ncient ti'es* it w!s belie ed th!t !ny 'e!ns necess!ry* e en deception is f!ir g!'e in the w!r1 To !chie e ictory* e en conspir!cy !nd plots c!n be deployed in order to le!d to the 'isjudg'ent of the ene'y1 #h!t is w!r? #hen 'ore th!n one n!tion or org!nis!tion f!il to resol e 'utu!l conflicts i! nor'!l !nd non" iolent 'e!ns* in the for' of iolence* ! $w!r& t!4es pl!ce until one of the p!rties loses the !bility to induce iolence or surrenders1 +t is ! procedure during which psychologic!l process !s well !s consu'ption !nd production of '!teri!l coe2ist1

Ple!se refer to the website3 http388edu1oc!c1go 1tw8inter!ct8eboo48(9story8inde21ht' Study the RThirty"si2 Str!tegiesC before !nswer the following 5uestions1 11 21 (1 ,1 #h!t !re the purposes of w!ging ! w!r? Pudging fro' the perspecti e of deontology* decide which ones of the RThirty"si2 Str!t!ge'sC !re 'or!l1 #hy? Pudging fro' the perspecti e of utilit!ri!nis'* decide which ones of the RThirty"si2 Str!t!ge'sC 'entioned !bo e !re 'or!l1 #hy? Pudging fro' the perspecti e of deontology* do you thin4 'ost c!ses th!t rel!ted to w!r of choice"'!4ing !nd decisions !re i''or!l? #hy?

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