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Miscellaneous
08%
Transport vehicle
16%
Electrocution
11%
Fall of Object Fall of Person
08%
57 %
WORKING AT HEIGHT
We shall discuss about; Preventing Fall of Materials & Person while working on:
LADDERS SCAFFOLDS WORKING PLATFORM WORKING ON ROOFS SAFETY EQUIPMENT & DEVICES
LADDERS
LADDER
If the only means of doing the task is using a ladder.
PORTABLE
STOCK (SINGLE) EXTENSION (2 or 3) SECTIONAL STEP (FLAT STEP) TRESTLE (CIRCULAR)
Stock / Single Ladder ( IS 3696 1966 ) Side rails may be parallel or wide spread at
bottom Length (L) not more than 10 m Distance between rungs NOT LESS THAN 250 mm NOT MORE THAN 350 mm Must support 4 times the maximum load. Width between side rails;
290 mm +6 mm - Up to 3 m L - for every 0.3m L
Sectional Ladder
Sectional Ladder
Overall Length not more than 10 m Section Length
Bottom & intermediate Top section -2m -3m
EXTENSION LADDER
Overall length not to exceed 18 m. Sliding section not to exceed two in number.
STEP LADDER
Shape of A, hinged at upper end Flat step at one end only & other strut. Overall height not more than 6 m & chained mid-way & Bottom. Do not use the top platform of the stepladder unless designed
LADDER
BUILT-UP / FIXED LADDER Rung spacing 300 mm c/c max. Rungs to be recessed at least 12 mm into rails Cage or well, and multiple ladder sections, each section not exceeding 50 feet Distance between the inner face of the fixed ladder.
290 mm for 3 m & 6 mm for every 0.3 m increase in length.
ROPE LADDER
Diameter of the rope not less than 25mm. Planks forming the steps not less than 38 mm thick. Rope to pass through holes in rungs
Contd.
Make sure that only one person at a time is on the ladder. Don't stretch or reach beyond the side rails of a ladder. You could lose your balance. Never stand any higher than the third rung from the top of a ladder. Keep metal and wet wooden ladders away from live electrical circuits. Face the ladder when ascending or descending.
Contd.
Secure the top of the ladder, as needed. In aisles or where there may be the danger of traffic, have someone hold the ladder. Post a warning sign, if necessary. Secure the top and bottom of a ladder when using it to access a platform or scaffold. Hoist materials or attach them to a belt. Do not carry materials in your hands
This ladder is not secured; Ladder not placed on a stable surface; The ground not leveled; Placed near the aisle.
SCAFFOLD
Scaffold
Temporary structure that supports one or more platforms; Support workmen, plant and materials during the construction, maintenance, repairs and demolition.
TYPES OF SCAFFOLD
Three basic types: Supported scaffolds -platforms supported by rigid, load bearing members, such as Standards, legs, frames, &
outriggers Suspended scaffolds -platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid, overhead support
Scaffold
TTPES OF SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS
Independent scaffold Putlog scaffold. Mobile scaffold. Truss-out scaffold Trestle scaffold Birdcage scaffold Cantilever scaffold .
Scaffold
COMPONENTS OF A GOOD SCAFFOLD
Sole plate Base plate Standards Ledgers Transoms Bracings Ties Guard rails Toe guard Ladders Miscellaneous i.E couplers, planks etc.,
L&T Formwork
Safety In Formwork
Formwork Engineer / Site Engineer / Formwork Charge Hand should check the arrangement of scaffolding as per scheme drawing before concreting and follow tagging system. Before erecting the staging check the availability of components as per the scheme and system.
Collection of materials
Collect & stack required components & tools near the work place before erecting
HOUSE KEEPING
Erection Sequence
Mark the Longer & Shorter span dimension of 2.250 M & 1.525 using measuring tape2.
Mud sills
Contd..
Assemble the tower spindle with foot plate using spring locked pin
Place the tower spindle with foot plate using spring locked pin at all the four leg of tower
Contd..
Erect the basic frame 1.80
Contd..
Place the bracing H225 between the Basic frame
Contd..
Place the Horizontal Bracing H 225 between the Basic frame at upper level
Contd..
Place the plan bracing D12.225 to Check the diagonal of tower at top level
Contd..
Align the tower using line thread
Contd..
Tie the Safety Belt at top of the basic frame
Insert the HD coupler top of the basic frame using spring locked pin
Contd..
Insert the HD coupler top of the basic frame using spring locked pin all the four legs
Contd..
Erect the basic frame 1.20 at other end and insert the spring locked pin at four legs
Place the diagonal bracing D 12.225 and Horizontal bracing H 225 between the basic frame 1.20
Contd..
Contd..
Date of Inspection:
Scaffold Inspection
Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible defects before each shift and after any alterations Defective parts must be immediately repaired
Deformed bearer
Assembly
Assembly
Assembly
Assembly
Ensure That the diagonal, horizontal and plan bracing are in position Bracings between towers / tower and permanent structure used, required at every 6.0 m intervals in height. That the couplers are provided in each basic frame at every level and they are secured by the spring lock pin at top and bottom of each joint.
Assembly
Foot plates / UHeads are used wherever necessary along with the tower spindles The Tower Spindle Extension should not be more than 450 mm
Assembly
Place Walk way Jally / Scaffold board top of tower during assembly. Horizontal bracings should be locked here Dont Place the walk way Jally over bracings Dont use H-Beams
Assembly
Insert HD coupler top of the basic frame using spring locked pin all the four legs. Spring locked pins to be provided on top & bottom of the couplers. Tie the Safety Belt at top of the Basic frame with permanent Member. Dont tie Bracings. the Safety Belt with
De-shuttering
Deshuttering
Do not throw the materials from height. It can damage itself or men and material underneath.
Hazards in Scaffoldings
HOUSE KEEPING
In sufficient Bracings
Scaffold Near TL
WORKING PLATFORM
WORK-PLATFORM
Closely board & adequately secured Not less than 200 mm wide and & 50 mm thk Supported at least over 3 supports Minimum width 460 mm Overhang
Minimum 50 mm Maximum 4 times the thk of the board.
Guardrails
Top Rail Mid- Rail Toeboard
Top rails between 39 and 45 inches tall Toe boards at least 3 1/2 inches high
WORKING ON ROOF
Working on Roofs
FRAGILE ROOF WORKING ON SLOPING ROOFS INDUSTRIAL ROOFING WORKING ON FLAT ROOF
Working on Roofs
Falls generally occur :
From edge of roofs. Through gaps or holes in roofs. Through fragile roof materials & roof lights. Wind.
Unprotected edge
This 1/4" nylon rope alone is not a proper way to guard this open floor
Floor Holes
Improperly Covered
Working on Roofs
Precautions for all works: Is the work necessary Risk assessment and method statements Getting on and off the roof Edge protection Work platforms Fall arrest equipment Falling material Training Weather conditions Short-duration work
Working on Roof
Prevent fall by
Perimeter edge protection (pitch more than 10 o) Flat roof walkway / Crawling board / Roof ladder safety nets Fall harnesses used with running line system short duration ( substitution). Legal Obligation The employer shall ensure at a construction site of a building or other construction work that all practicable measures are provided to protect the building workers against sliding when carrying our work on steep roofs.
(BOCWR Rules, 1998 ; Rule 169)
Max.gap 470 mm
In residential construction, you must be protected if you can fall more than 6 feet
Crawling board
For ascending / egress on the sloped roofs. With Edge protection. Shall not carry tools while in travel. BOCWR, Rules about Crawlers board.
Crawling board
SAFETY BELT
For more than 2.0 m height. Lanyard to be anchored to a fixed point. Free-fall not to exceed 1.80m Lanyard not more than 3m.
LIFE LINE
It is a static line Used while moving at height. Nylon / PP rope of 25 mm minimum. Must facilitate shifting of lanyard.
Structural Erection
Rope Grab type Fall arrester
To support a minimum 250 pounds Minimum 5/8 diameter fiber ( PP / Nylon rope ) having a breaking strength of at least 6000 lbs.. For height not more than 91 m Wind speed less than 10 km / hr Seat not less than 12 x 24 & 1 thick Separate lifeline to be tied
SAFETY NET
SAFETY NETS PROTECTS;
Person from falling Protect person working below Safety net distance should not exceed 7.5 m Net shall extend upto 1.5 m 1.5 to 3.0 m more than 3.0 m Tie cord at every 1 mtr Border rope to withstand 5000 lbs Drop test - 180 kg from 1 mtr above the working area 2.40 m 3.00 m 4.00 m
Safety net
Preventable Accidents, if not prevented due to negligence, its nothing short of a murder.
Dr.S.Radhakrishnan