Power Quality and Voltage Regulation

Doug Dorr Director Project Development EPRI Solutions 407-968-3010 ddorr@epri.com

Presentation Overview
Electronic Equipment Overviews Power quality performance Voltage regulation capability Energy efficiency performance New Variations on Energy Savings Super efficient power supplies (www.80plus.org) Conservation voltage reduction Energy savings controllers and magic boxes EPRI Perspectives on Energy Efficiency
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Electronic Equipment Categories and Technology/Efficiency Advances

AC to DC conversion equipment computers, logic controllers, home entertainment, office equipment Linear power supplies to high frequency switching buck boost converters Induction devices motors, pumps, compressors Traditional high loss designs to design E motors and variable speed drives Resistive and inductive lighting technologies Magnetic ballasts and resistance elements to HF electronic power converters
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Issues with the Changes

The first go around resulted in a rash of concerns and application issues referred to as Power Quality or System Compatibility Problems
Digital clocks running fast because variable speed drives cause voltage transients Electronic lighting interfered with remote controls, hearing aids and power line carriers Industrial and commercial processes and controllers became much more sensitive to voltage fluctuations
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We are in the Second Go Around

The first go around has been resolved to the best extent possible in terms of application solutions, system optimization and standards This time around there are new questions and concerns
How will the newer high efficiency designs be impacted by conservation voltage reduction? Will the power system need to be redesigned to meet the needs of the new equipment and the needs of a high tech digital society? Have the system compatibility concerns been addressed?
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The system compatibility concept

Utilities, the end users, and manufacturers must share the responsibility of ensuring process integrity and continuity Standards groups, research organizations, architect/engineering firms all share in the responsibility

Power Conditioning Equipment Manufacturers

Standards Organizations (IEEE, ANSI)

Consultants

Utility Customer Manufacturer

Research Organizations (EPRI)

Monitoring Equipment Manufacturers

Architects/Engineers Facility Designers

Criteria for compatibility

System compatible equipment should: Function as intended during the majority of electrical variations Survive the electrical environment Not introduce undesirable side effects (this includes energy efficiency) Electrically speaking, many define system compatibility as Power Quality
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What is Power Quality?

According to the IEEE Emerald Book The recommended practice for powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment, Power Quality is The concept of powering and grounding sensitive equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment.

Shape Amplitude Frequency

What is Considered Suitable? Voltage Ranges From ANSI C84.1

Voltage (120-V Base)
104 108 112 116 120 124 128

Utilization Voltage Service Voltage: 120- to 600-V Systems Service Voltage: Systems 600 V or Greater

Range A

Utilization Voltage Service Voltage: 120- to 600-V Systems Service Voltage: Systems 600 V or Greater Nominal System Voltage

Range B

Voltage Profile in a Radial System

Generation

Transmission Subtransmission

Distribution Load

Step-Up Transformer

LTC Regulator

Nominal Voltage Voltage Profile of a Heavy Load

Nominal Voltage Voltage Profile of a Light Load

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Voltage Profile on Radial System

Substation Primary Feeder Distribution Transformer First Customer Secondary Last Customer

128 125 Secondary Voltage 120

2-V Bandwidth

3 Volts Primary Feeder Utilization Voltage First Customer 3 Volts Distribution Transformer 3 Volts Secondary 4 Volts Customer Wiring

115

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110

2-V Bandwidth Utilization Voltage Last Customer

US power quality data

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Expected range for 95% of all sites

0-19 per year

>700 per year

0-6 per year

0-200 per year

120%

110% 106% 87% 80% 70%

ANSI C84.1 Steady State Limits >240 per year 0.01 sec
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20-140 per year

0-16 per year 0.02 sec

0-10 per year 3 sec steady state

Standards For Equipment Tolerance

C B E M A C u r v e (R e v is e d 1 9 9 6 )
500

400

Percent of Nominal Voltage (RMS or Peak Equivalent)

300

A p p lic a b le t o S in g le - P h a s e 1 2 0 - V o lt E q u ip m e n t
200

140 120 100 80 70 40

V o lt a g e T o le r a n c e E n v e lo p e

110 90

0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 1 us .0 00 00 1 0c1 0. .0 c 00 .0 01 01 0 .0 0 1 1 ms 3 ms 1 c 0. 01 20 m s 1 00 .1c 100 1 c 0 .5 s 10 10 s St e0 a0 dy 1 S ta te

D u r a t io n in C y c le s ( c ) a n d S e c o n d s ( s )

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Semiconductor Standard for Low Voltage Tolerance

Duration of Voltage Sag in Seconds 0.05 100 90 Percent of Equipment Nominal Voltage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1

Equipment must continue to operate without interrupt during voltage sags above the line.
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Conservation Voltage Reduction as a Means of Short Term Voltage Regulation

The practice of voltage reduction to reduce power demand has been used by utilities for decades under the conservation voltage reduction (CVR) scheme CVR measures have primarily been implemented during system peak hours to relieve capacity, However, more recent investigations have proposed CVR as a method of energy conservation. There are a number of technologies and devices that use the principle of voltage reduction for direct application to end-use appliances or to an aggregate load (such as the whole house) for energy conservation The rationale that voltage reduction reduces demand and energy consumption is based on the fact that as the supply voltage is reduced, resistive loads will draw less current, according to the equation Watts =V2/R. The reduction that might be expected is based on the postulate that the resistance is a constant term

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Will Conservation Voltage Reduction be Effective?

The answer depends on the application Even for resistive loads, the impact of voltage reduction on energy savings is not apparent One common, purely resistive load but with a closed-loop control (thermostat) is the electric water heater Assume that the heater element is 4000 W. A voltage reduction to 95% would result in a considerable reduction of power consumption to 3600 W. However, in order to achieve the same amount of water heating, the element will need to operate for a longer time Such loads, which can be classified as closed-loop loads, are a large percent of total aggregate load
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CVR Impacts on electronic equipment

Loads where CVR questions need to be answered Loads that produce motion to accomplish a given mechanical task, typically motor driven appliances Loads in which power output will be reduced by voltage reduction, but a fixed, controlled outcome will prolong the duration of operation, typically heating and cooling loads such as heat-pumps, water heaters, air conditioners; Loads that are controlled to maintain constant power in their output, typically AC-DC power supplies used in electronic appliances such as TVs, PCs, electronic lighting, etc. Understanding the impact of voltage reduction through a comprehensive regime of testing is critical to evaluate the impact of voltage reduction, not only on demand but also on energy consumption.
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Testing CVR Impacts on Equipment and Evaluating Power System Impacts

EPRI has done a number of tests thus far on equipment and CVR products in partnership with Oak Ridge National Lab Building Technology Test Center This work is organized into two distinct project sets: Project Set A addresses the voltage reduction impact on demand and energy savings, and assesses technologies and devices that are currently in the market as energy saving products using voltage reduction as the primary means for energy savings Project Set B addresses the dynamic response of enduse loads when subjected to voltage sags of different magnitude and duration and assesses impacts on the power system
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Effects of Voltage Variations on Induction Motor Characteristics

Motor Characteristic Starting and Maximum Running Torque Percent Slip Full-Load Speed Starting Current Full-Load Current No-Load Current Temperature Rise Full-Load Efficiency Full-Load Power Factor Magnetic Noise
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Voltage Variation 90% of Nameplate 110% of Nameplate 19% +23% 0.2 to 1.0% 10% +5 to +10% 10 to 30% +10 to +15% 1 to 3% +3 to +7% Slight Decrease +21% 19% +2.0 to 1.0% +10% 5 to 10% +10 to +10% 10 to 15% +1 to +3% 1 to 7% Slight Increase
(from IEEE Std 141-1993)

Equipment Voltage Sensitivity Evaluation

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Undervoltage Ride-Through Profile for a Universal Power Supply

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Duration in Cycles

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Percent of Vnominal

PFC SMPS With 85-264Vac Universal Input

100 %Vn o min al 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30
This Thiscurve curverepresents representspower power supply performance when supply performance when operated operatedat at208Vac 208Vac SEMI SEMI2844 2844 This Thiscurve curverepresents representspower powersupply supply performance when operated at 120Vac performance when operated at 120Vac

40

50

60

Cycles (60Hz)
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EPRIs Renewed Energy Efficiency Efforts

Will help all power providers in their efforts to reduce peak demand during critical periods If carefully integrated with existing and emerging standards will save customers many many millions of dollars not only in energy costs but additionally in bottom line productivity and profitability Initial project efforts will supply recommendations and a roadmap to the future where energy and energy costs during critical periods can be effectively and efficiently managed
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EPRI Preliminary thoughts on the building blocks for success

Communications infrastructure Will add new functionality to the electricity system and allow for prices, market data, and decisions to flow in two directions: between electricity supplier/devices and consumers Innovative rates and regulation Regulations are needed to provide adequate incentives for energy efficiency investments for electricity suppliers and consumers alike Innovative markets Market design must ensure that energy efficiency measures instituted by regulation become self-sustaining in the marketplace Smart end-use devices Direct linkage of prices and other parameters to devices would allow dynamic energy management and coordination of networked devices, all on behalf of the customer and the energy company.

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Conclusions
During the last go around with energy efficiency improvements, equipment suffered from some unexpected application and system compatibility setbacks This time around with careful planning, solid design standards and the knowledge gained from the prior lessons learned we anticipate real success

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