UMTS Optimization Question & Answer

February 1, 2011 Radio Network 1. What are the optimization tools you use? Drive test, analysis, others? 2. Are System In ormation !lo"#s $SI!% transmitte& all the time? No, system information block is multiple ed with synchroni!ation channel" #ynchroni!ation channel occupies the first time slot $%#& and #'( occupies the other ) time slots" '. (ow &oes U) "amp $syn"hronize% to a *o&e!? 1" *+ uses the primary synchroni!ation channel $,-#./& for slot ali0nment $%# synchroni!ation&" 2" 1fter ali0nin0 to Node( time slot, *+ then uses secondary synchroni!ation channel $##./& to obtain frame synchroni!ation and scramblin0 code 0roup identification" 2" *+ then uses scramblin0 code 'D to obtain .,'./, thus campin0 to a Node("

+. What "oul& ,e the "ause o so t han&o-er ailure?

*+ issue" Resource unavailable at tar0et Node(" 'nade3uate #/4 threshold defined" o +tc"

.. What are the three sets in han&o-er? %he 2 sets in handover are5

1ctive set 6 the list of cells which are in soft handover with *+" 7onitored set 6 the list of cells not in active set but RN. has told *+ to monitor" o Detected set 6 list of cells detected by the *+ but not confi0ured in the nei0hbor list"

/. What are the ma0or &i eren"es ,etween 1SM an& UMTS han&o-er &e"ision? 8#75

%ime-based mobile measures of R 9ev and R :ual 6 mobile sends measurement report every #1./ period $;<0ms&" o (#. instructs mobile to handover based on these reports"

*7%#5

+vent-tri00ered reportin0 6 *+ sends a measurement report only on certain event =tri00ers>" o *+ plays more part in the handover decision"

2. What are the e-ents 1a3 1,3 1"3 et".?

e1a 6 a ,rimary .,'./ enters the reportin0 ran0e, i"e" add a cell to active set" e1b 6 a primary .,'./ leaves the reportin0 ran0e, i"e" removed a cell from active set" e1c 6 a non-active primary .,'./ becomes better than an active primary .,'./, i"e" replace a cell" e1d5 chan0e of best cell" e1e5 a ,rimary .,'./ becomes better than an absolute threshold" o e1f5 a ,rimary .,'./ becomes worse than an absolute threshold"

4. What are e-ent 2a52& an& 'a5'&? +vents 2a-2d are for inter-fre3uency handover measurements and events 2a-2d are for 'R1% handover measurements"

e2a5 the *7%# cell 3uality has moved below a threshold and a 8#7 cell 3uality had moved above a threshold" e2b5 the 8#7 cell 3uality has moved below a threshold" e2c5 the 8#7 cell 3uality has moved above a threshold" e2d5 there was a chan0e in the order of best 8#7 cell list"

6. What may happen when there7s a missin8 nei8h,or or an in"orre"t nei8h,or?

1ccess failure and handover failure5 may attempt to access to a wron0 scramblin0 code" Dropped call5 *+ not aware of a stron0 scramblin0 code, stron0 interference" ,oor data throu0hput" ,oor voice 3uality" +tc"

19. What "an we try to impro-e when a""ess ailure is hi8h? ?hen access failure is hi0h we can try the followin0 to improve R1./ performance5

'ncrease ma imum *+ transmit power allowed5 7a @allowed@*9@%A@,ower" 'ncrease power 3uickly5 power@4ffset@,0" 'ncrease number of preambles sent in a 0iven preamble cycle5 preamble@Retrans@7a "

'ncrease the number of preamble cycles5 ma @,reamble@.ycle" 'ncrease number of RR. .onnection Re3uest retries5 N200"

11. What are the "on&itions you typi"ally set to tri88er I:AT han&o-er? R#., and +cB'o are used to tri00er 'R1% handover5

R#., C -100d(m" +cB'o C -1Dd(m"

12. What are the typi"al ;<Is you use to measure a networ# an& what "riteria?

1ccess failure rate $C 2E&" .all setup time $.#5 over )FE of the time G D-second for mobile-to-,#%N, )-second for mobile-mobile" ,#5 over )FE of the time G F-second&" Dropped call rate $C 2E&" (9+R5 over )FE of the blocks C 2E" 1vera0e D9B*9 throu0hput for ,#D5 210kbps for loaded, 2;0kbps for unloaded"

1'. What is the typi"al U) transmit power? Haries 6 most of the time below 0d(m" 1+. (a-e your use& )ri"sson T)MS? I so=

Do you know how to create command se3uence? ?hat are the call se3uences you typically have? .# lon0 call, .# short call, ,#D call, etc" ?hat are the typical commands you have for .# and ,# call? Do you re0ularly stop and restart a new lo0 file? ?hy and when to stop and start a new file? /ow do you stop a lo0 file? #top command se3uence first, wait and make sure all e3uipment are in idle mode before stop lo00in0"

1.. >i& you wor# on nei8h,or prioritization? 1/. What is the typi"al e-ent se?uen"e o I:AT (an&o-er rom '1 to 21

+vent 2d 6 enterin0 into compressed mode 6 measurement of 28 candidates 6 +vent 2a 6 Herification of 28 resources 6 /andover from *%R1N .ommand from 28 RN. to *+

12. What are the possi,le "auses or an I:AT @ailure?

7issin0 28 relations Non availability of 28 Resources ,oor 28 .overa0e

7issin0 28 Relations

14. What is <a8in8 Su""ess :atio? What is the typi"al <S: that you ha-e seen in a UMTS networ#?

,#R 6 ,a0in0 Responses to the ,a0in0 1ttempts 1bout )0E

16. What are the possi,le "auses or a lower <S:?

Non-continuous RF .overa0e 6 *+ 0oin0 in and out of covera0e area fre3uently Hery /i0h I,eriodic 9ocation *pdate %imerJ 6 Keepin0 *+s in H9R lon0 time after it moved out of covera0e 9ower ,a0in0 .hannel ,ower 1ccess .hannel ,arameter 'ssues Delayed 9ocation *pdate when crossin0 the 91 B .N (oundaries

29. What are the possi,le "auses or a >rop Aall on a UMTS networ#?

,oor .overa0e $D9 B *9& ,ilot ,ollution B ,ilot #pillover 7issin0 Nei0hbor #. .ollisions Delayed /andovers No resource availability $.on0estion& for /and in 9oss of #ynchroni!ation Fast Fadin0 Delayed 'R1% %ri00ers /ardware 'ssues + ternal 'nterference

21. A U) is ser-e& ,y 2 or ' SA in AS. It is i&enti yin8 a SA rom 'r& tier3 Stron8er an& meets the "riteria or )-ent1a or )-ent1". !ut S(O &i& not happen ,e"ause o missin8 nei8h,or relations? (ow &o you optimize this issue?

#tudy the ,ilot spillover from the 2rd %ier #. and control its covera0e +ven after controllin0 the covera0e, if the spillover is there, 1dd the nei0hbor"

22. A U) is ser-e& ,y 2 SA in AS3 a SA is "omin8 in to Monitore& Set an& )-ent1a is tri88ere&. !ut U) is not re"ei-in8 A"ti-e Set Up&ate rom *o&e! an& the "all &rops. What "oul& ,e possi,le "auses or this &rop?

Delayed /andover 9oss of #ynchroni!ation Fast Fadin0 ,ilot ,ollution B #pillover issues

2'. What is (ar& (an&o-er in UMTS? When will it happen?

/ard /andover in *7%# is a break before make type /andover 't can happen in the inter RN. boundaries where there is no 'ur link"

2+. What is the typi"al Aall Setup Time or a '1 U) to '1 U) Aall? What are the possi,le :@ relate& "auses or a &elaye& AST in this type o "all?

D to ) seconds 7ultiple RR. 1ttempts $*+ is on poor covera0e 6 need more than 1ccess 1ttempt& Delayed ,a0e Responses /i0h 9oad on ,a0in0 andBor 1ccess .hannel ,a0in0 B 1ccess ,arameters

2.. What is So t (an&o-er O-erhea&? What is the typi"al -alue in UMTS networ#?

#oft /andover 4verhead is calculated in two ways" 1& 1vera0e 1ctive #et #i!e 6 %otal %raffic B ,rimary %raffic" 2& #econdary B %otal %raffic %ypical Halues are like 1"L $1v0 1ctive #et #i!e& or 2FE $#econdary B %otal &

2/. What will happen to the So t (an&o-er O-erhea& when you apply OA*S on the networ#? An& Why?

?ith 4.N#, the interference $load& increases" %his leads to reduction in +cB'o of a ,ilot, which reduces the pilot spillovers" Reduction in ,ilot #pillover will reduce the #oft /andover 4verhead"

22. What are the possi,le "auses or an A""ess @ailure in UMTS?

7issin0 Nei0hbors ,oor .overa0e ,ilot ,ollution B #pillover ,oor .ell Reselection .ore Network 'ssues Non 6 availability of resources" 1dmission .ontrol denies /ardware 'ssues 'mproper R1./ ,arameters + ternal 'nterference

24. $@O: ):IASSO* )B<):I)*A)>% What is :TW<? What is the si8ni i"an"e o it?

Received %otal ?ide-band ,ower 't 0ives the %otal *plink ,ower $'nterference& level received at Node(

26. $@O: ):IASSO* )B<):I)*A)>% What is the System :e eren"e <oint at whi"h all the <ower Ce-els are measure& in )ri"sson *o&e!?

#ystem Ref ,oint for +BBB Node( is at the output of %71 $(etween %71 and 1ntenna&

'9. What are the typi"al -alues or Dreportin8ran8e1a7 an& Dreportin8ran8e1,7?

2 d( and F d( respectively"

'1. What will ,e the impa"t when you "han8e Dreportin8ran8e1a7 rom ' to + &! an& Dtimetotri88er1a7 199 to '29 ms3 without "han8in8 any other parameters?

Reduction in number of +vent1a Delayed +vent1a tri00er Reduction in 1vera0e 1ctive #et #i!e Delay in +vent1a could increase D9 interference, which could lead to a drop call or increase in 1vera0e ,ower ,er *ser $reduction in cell capacity&

'2. What is A&mission Aontrol?

1dmission .ontrol is an al0orithm which controls the Resource 1llocation for a new call and additional resource allocation for an e istin0 call" 'ncase, if a cell is heavily a loaded and enou0h resources in terms of power, codes or .+s are not available, admission control denies permission for the additional resource re3uirement"

''. What is Aon8estion Aontrol?

.on0estion .ontrol monitors the dynamic utili!ation of specific cell resources and insures that overload conditions do not occur" 'f overload conditions do occur, .on0estion .ontrol will immediately restrict 1dmission .ontrol from 0rantin0 additional resources" 'n addition, .on0estion .ontrol will attempt to resolve the con0estion by either down switchin0, or terminatin0 e istin0 users" 4nce the con0estion is corrected, the con0estion resolution actions will cease, and 1dmission .ontrol will be enabled"

:elate& Arti"les

UMTS <lannin8 Question & Answer

February 1, 2011 Radio Network 1. What are the ma0or + ;<Is in propa8ation mo&el tunin8 an& typi"al a""epta,le -alues? %he ; K,'s are standard deviation error, root mean s3uare error, mean error and correlation coefficient" %he typical acceptable values are5

#tandard deviation error5 the smaller the better, usually L to )d(" 7ean error5 the smaller the better, usually 2 to2" Root mean s3uare error5 the smaller the better, usually .orrelation coefficient5 the lar0er the better, usually L0E to )0E"

2. What is the minimum num,er o ,ins re?uire& or a "ertain propa8ation mo&el? %he more bins the more likely to come up with a 0ood model" *sually a minimum of 2,000 bines is considered acceptable, but sometimes as low as F00 bins may be accepted" '. (ow many s"ram,lin8 "o&es are there? %here are F12 scramblin0 codes in the downlink and 1D,LLL,21D codes in the uplink" +. (ow many s"ram,lin8 "o&e 8roups are there or &ownlin#? %here are D; code 0roups, each 0roup has < scramblin0 codes" .. Aan we assi8n same s"ram,lin8 "o&es to sister se"tors $se"tors on same site%? No, because scramblin0 code on the downlink is used for cell identity" 1s a re3uirement, scramblin0 codes have to maintain a safe separation to avoid interference" /. Are s"ram,lin8 "o&es ortho8onal? No, scramblin0 codes are not ortho0onal since they are not synchroni!ed at each receiver" %hey are pseudo random se3uences of codes" 2. Aan we assi8n s"ram,lin8 "o&es 13 2 an& ' to sister se"tors? Mes" 4. In IS56. we ha-e a <* reuse a"tor $<* step size% an& there ore "annot use all .12 <* "o&es3 why isn7t it ne"essary or UMTS s"ram,lin8 "o&es? (ecause '#-)F is a synchroni!ed network, different ,N codes have the same code se3uence with a time shift, therefore we need to maintain a certain ,N step si!e to avoid multi-path problem" For e ample, if two sectors in the nei0hborhood have a small ,N separation then si0nal arrivin0 from cell 1 may run into the time domain of cell (, causin0 interference" *7%#, on the other hand, is not a synchroni!ed network and all scramblin0 codes are mutually ortho0onal so no need to maintain a step si!e" 6. What are "o-era8e threshol&s in your UMTS &esi8n an& why?

%he covera0e thresholds are based on *+ sensitivity, fadin0 and penetration loss" 1ssumin0 *+ sensitivity of -110d(m, fade mar0in of Fd(5

4utdoor5 -110d(m sensitivity N Fd( fade mar0in O -10Fd(m" 'n-vehicle5 -110d(m N Fd( N <d( in-vehicle penetration loss O -)Ld(m" 'n-buildin05 -110d(m N Fd( N 1Fd( in-buildin0 penetration loss O -)0d(m"

19. What is the )"EIo tar8et in your &esi8n? %he +cB'o tar0et typically is between -12 to -1;d(" /owever, if a network is desi0ned for data then the +cB'o tar0et could 0o hi0her to around -10d( because server dominance is more critical for a data network 6 since there isnJt software in the downlink" 11. What is FMonte Aarlo simulationG? #ince *7%# covera0e is dependent on the loadin0, static covera0e and 3uality analysis $R#., and +cB'o& represents the network performance in no-load condition" 7onte .arlo simulation is therefore used to illustrate network performance under simulated loadin0 consition" 12. What is the #ey &i eren"e ,etween a stati" analysis an& a Monte Aarlo simulation? #tatic analysis can only show R#., and +cB'o in no-load condition" 7onte .arlo simulation not only can show R#., and +cB'o in simulated loadin0 condition but also can show many more others5 mean served, cell loadin0, uplink and downlink capacity limits reached, etc" 1'. What shoul& ,e run irst $what in ormation shoul& ,e rea&y an& loa&e&% ,e ore runnin8 a Monte Aarlo simulation? (efore runnin0 7onte .arlo simulation, the followin0 should be completed or in place"

Run prediction" #pread the traffic" Define terminal types"

1+. (ow many snap shots an& iteration &o you usually ha-e when runnin8 Monte Aarlo simulation? $Depend on software tool recommendations&" 1.. What are the &esi8n ;<I7s? $R#.,, +cB'o, mean served, soft handover ratioP& 1/. What plots &o you usually "he"# a ter runnin8 Monte Aarlo or trou,le spots? $R#.,, +cB'o, service probability, reasons for failureP&

12. What are the typi"al reasons o ailure in Monte Aarlo simulation?

Downlink +bBNo failure $.apacity&" Downlink +bBNo failure $Ran0e&" *plink +bBNo failure" 9ow pilot #'R" Noise rise limit reached" +tc"

14. What &oes Ftra i" sprea&G mean? =%raffic spread> means spreadin0 traffic $number of terminals& in a cell covera0e area" 16. >o you use li-e tra i" or e-en5loa& tra i" in your &esi8n? $Depends&" :elate& Arti"les

UMTS UT:A* Question & Answer

February 1, 2011 Radio Network 1. What are the inter a"es ,etween ea"h UT:A* "omponent? *u5 *+ to Node( 'ub5 Node( to RN. 'ur5 RN. to RN. 'u5 RN. to 7#. 2. !rie ly &es"ri,e the U) to UT:A* proto"ol sta"# $air inter a"e layers%. %he radio interface is divided into 2 layers5 1" <hysi"al layer $9ayer 1, 91&5 used to transmit data over the air, responsible for channel codin0, interleavin0, repetition, modulation, power control, macro-diversity combinin0" 2" Cin# layer $92&5 is split into 2 sub-layers 6 7edium 1ccess .ontrol $71.& and Radio 9ink .ontrol $R9.&"

71.5 responsible for multiple in0 data from multiple applications onto physical channels in preparation for over-the-air transmition" R9.5 se0ments the data streams into frames that are small enou0h to be transmitted over the radio link"

2" Upper layer $92&5 vertically partitioned into 2 planes5 control plane for si0nalin0 and user plan for bearer traffic"

::A $Radio Resource .ontrol& is the control plan protocol5 controls the radio resources for the access network"

'n implementation5 1" 2" 2" *+ has all 2 layers" Node( has ,hysical 9ayer" RN. had 71. layer and RR. layer"

'. !rie ly &es"ri,e UMTS air inter a"e "hannel types an& their un"tions. %here are 2 types of channels across air interface 6 physical channel, transport channel and lo0ical channel5 1" 2" 2" ,hysical .hannel5 carries data between physical layers of *+ and Node(" %ransport .hannel5 carries data between physical layer and 71. layer" 9o0ical .hannel5 carries data between 71. layer and RR. layer"

+. 1i-e some eHamples o <hysi"al3 Transport an& Co8i"al "hannels. 1"

9o0ical .hannel5 .ontrol channel5 (../, ,../, .../, D../" %raffic channel5 D%./, .%./" %ransport .hannel5

2"

.ommon control channel5 (./, F1./, ,./, R1./, .,./" o Dedicated channel5 D./, D#./" ,hysical .hannel5

2"

.ommon control channel5 ,-..,./, #-..,./, ,-#./, #-#./, .,'./, 1'./, ,'./, ,D#./, ,R1./, ,.,./, .DB.1-'./"

Dedicated channel5 D,D./, D,../"

.. What are the ::A operation mo&es? 'dle mode and connected mode" /. What are the ::A states? %here are ; RR. #tates5 .ell@D./, .ell@F1./, *R1@,./ and .ell@,./" *R1 O *%R1N Re0istration 1rea" 2. What are transparent mo&e3 a"#nowle&8e& mo&e an& una"#nowle&8e& mo&e?

%ransparent mode corresponds to the lowest service of the R9. layer, no controls and no detection of missin0 data" *nacknowled0ed mode offers the possibility of se0ment and concatenate of data but no error correction or retransmission therefore no 0uarantee of delivery" 1cknowled0ed mode offers, in addition to *7 mode functions, acknowled0ement of transmission, flow control, error correction and retransmission"

4. Whi"h layer$s% per orm "ipherin8 un"tion? RR. 6 for acknowled0ed mode $17& and unacknowled0ed mode $*7&" 71. 6 for transparent mode $%7&" 6. What is OIS@? 4rtho0onal Hariable #preadin0 Factor" 19. (ow many OIS@ "o&e spa"es are a-aila,le?

%otal 4H#F codes O 2FD" Reserved5 1 #FD; for #-..,./, 1 #F2FD for .,'./, ,-..,./, ,'./ and 1'./ each" o %otal available code space O 2FD 6 ; $1 #FD;& 6 ; $; #F2FD& O 2;<"

11. Aan "o&e spa"e limit the "ell "apa"ity? Mes, cell capacity can be hard-limited by code space" %ake .#-12"2k for e ample5

1 .#-12"2k bearer needs 1 #F12< code" %otal available codes for .#-12"2k O 12< 6 2 $1 #FD;& 6 2 $; #F2FD& O 12;" .onsider soft-handover factor of 1"<5 12; B 1"< O D< uersBcell"

12. Aan a user ha-e OIS@ "o&e as F1111G?

No, because =1111P> $2FD times& is used by .,'./" 1'. What are the sym,ol rates $,its per sym,ol% or !<S;3 Q<S;3 4<S; an& 1/QAM?

(,#K5 1" :,#K5 2" <,#K5 2" 1D:175 ;"

1+. !rie ly &es"ri,e UMTS rame stru"ture.

*7%# frame duration O 10ms" +ach frame is divided into 1F timeslots" +ach timeslot is divided into 2FD0 chips" %herefore 2FD0 chipsB%# Q 1F %#Bframe Q $1000msB10ms& frameBsec O 2,<;0,000 chipBsec"

1.. What is "ell sele"tion "riterion? .ell selection is based on5

:mean5 the avera0e #'R of the tar0et cell" :min5 minimum re3uired #'R" ,compensation5 a correction value for difference *+ classes"

# O :mean 6 :min 6 ,compensation

'f #R0 then the cell is a valid candidate" 1 *+ will camp on the cell with the hi0hest #"

1/. !rie ly &es"ri,e Aapa"ity Mana8ement an& its un"tions= .apacity 7ana0ement is responsible for the control of the load in the cell" 't consists of 2 main functions5

Dedicated 7onitored Resource /andlin05 tracks utili!ation of critical resources of the system" 1dmission .ontrol5 acceptsBrefuses admission re3uests based on the current load on the dedicated monitored resources and the characteristics of the re3uest .on0estion .ontrol5 detectsBresolves overload situations

UMTS Cin# !u&8et Question & Answer

Sanuary 22, 2011

Radio Network 1. What is a typi"al *o&e! sensiti-ity le-el? %he service and load determines the Node( sensitivityT in 0eneral, in a no-load condition, the sensitivity is between -11Fd(m to -12Fd(m" For +ricsson, the Node( sensitivity level is calculated at around5 .#12"25 ,#-D;5 ,#-12<5 ,#-2<;5 -12; d(m -11) d(m -11F d(m -11F d(m

2. What is a typi"al U) sensiti-ity le-el? %he service and load determines the *+ sensitivityT in 0eneral, in no-load condition, the sensitivity is between -10Fd(m and -120d(m" For +ricsson, the *+ sensitivity level is calculated at around5 .#12"25 ,#-D;5 ,#-12<5 ,#-2<;5 /#D,15 -11) d(m -112 d(m -110 d(m -10F d(m -)F d(m

'. What is a typi"al *o&e! maHimum output power? %he ma imum Node( output power is usually 20? or ;0?, that is, ;2d(m or ;Dd(m" +. What is U) maHimum transmit power in your lin# ,u&8et? 21d(m" .. What is a typi"al antenna 8ain? %he antenna 0ain depends on antenna modelT in link bud0et we use around 1Ld(i" /. What is a typi"al maHimum path loss?

%he ma imum path loss is dependent on the service and vendor recommendationsT typically it is in between 12F to 1;0d( for urban areas and between 1F0 to 1D0d( for rural areas" 2. What is &i eren"e ,etween &!i an& &!&? d(i is the 0ain in d( from isotropic sourceT d(d is the 0ain from a dipole source" d(d N 2"1F O d(i" 4. What is the &i eren"e ,etween &! an& &!m? d(m is a unit of power level, measured in milli-watts in lo0arithm scale, that is, d(m O 10 Q lo0$?Q1000& where ? is the power in ?atts d( is not a unit, it is the difference in d(m" 6. What is 9&!m? 0d(m O 1 milli-watt" 19. (ow &oes TMA wor#? 1 %71 reduces system noise, improves uplink sensitivity and leads to lon0er *+ battery life" #ensitivity is the minimum input power needed to 0et a suitable si0nal-to-noise ratio $#NR& at the output of the receiver" 't is determined by receiver noise fi0ure, thermo noise power and re3uired #NR" %hermo noise power is determined by bandwidth and temperature, #NR is determined by modulation techni3ue, therefore the only variable is noise fi0ure" %he cascadin0 noise fi0ure can be calculated by Friis e3uation $/erald Friis&5 NFt O NF1 N $NF2-1&B81 N $NF2-1&B$81Q82& N P N $NFi-1&B$81Q82QPQ8i& 1s the e3uation shows, the first block imposes the minimum and the most prominent noise fi0ure on the system, and the followin0 blocks imposes less and less impact to the system provided the 0ains are positive" 9inear passive devices have noise fi0ure e3ual to their loss" 1 %71 typically has a 0ain of 12d(" %here are typically top Uumper, main feeder and a bottom Uumper between antenna and (%#" 1 %71 placed near antenna with a short Uumper from antenna provides the best noise fi0ure improvement 6 the noise fi0ure will be restricted to the top Uumper loss $NF1& and %71 $$NF21&B81&, and the remainin0 blocks $main feeder and bottom Uumper& have little effect" %o summari!e, a %71 has a 0ain thatJs close to feeder loss"

11. What are the pros an& "ons $a&-anta8es an& &isa&-anta8es% o TMA? 4n the upside, a %71 reduces system noise, improves uplink sensitivity and leads to lon0er *+ battery life" 4n the downside, %71 imposes an additional insertion loss $typically 0"Fd(& on the downlink and increases site installation and maintenance comple ity" 12. What is typi"al TMA 8ain? %71 typically has a 12 d( 0ainT however, the effective 0ain comes from noise fi0ure reduction and the 0ain is close or e3uivalent to the feeder loss" 1'. Why TMA are installe& at the top near the antenna an& not the ,ottom near the *o&e!? (ased on Friis +3uation, havin0 a %71 near the (%# will have the top Uumper and main feeder losses $noise fi0ures& cascaded in and a %71 will not be able to help suppress the losses" 1+. What is UMTS "hip rate? 2"<;7/!" 1.. What is pro"essin8 8ain? ,rocessin0 0ain is the ratio of chip rate over data bit rate, usually represented in decibel $d(& scale" For e ample, with 2"<;7/! chip rate and 12"2k data rate, the processin0 0ain is5 ,812"2k O 10 Q lo0 $2,<;0,000 B 12,200& O 2Fd( 1/. What are the pro"essin8 8ains or AS an& <S ser-i"es? .#12"25 ,#-D;5 ,#-12<5 ,#-2<;5 /#D,15 2Fd( 1<d( 1Fd( 10d( 2d(

12. (ow to "al"ulate maHimum num,er o users on a "ell? %o calculate the ma imum number of users $M& on a cell, we need to know5 W5 chip rate $for *7%# 2,<;0,000 chips per second&

EbNo5 +bBNo re3uirement $assumin0 2d( for .#-12"2k& i5 other-cell to in-cell interference ratio $assumin0 D0E& R5 user data rate $assumin0 12,200 kbps for .#-12"2k& V5 loadin0 factor $assumin0 F0E& %ake 12"2kbps as e ample5 7 O ? B $+nNo Q $1 N i& Q R& Q V O 2,<;0,000 $2 Q $1 N 0"D& Q 12,200& Q 0"F O 22"< %he number of users could also be hard-limited by 4H#F code space" %ake .#12"2k for e ample5

1 .#-12"2k bearer needs 1 #F12< code" %otal available codes for .#-12"2k O 12< 6 2 $1 #FD;& 6 2 $; #F2FD& O 12;" .onsider soft-handover factor of 1"< and loadin0 factor of F0E5 12; B 1"< Q"0F O 2; uersBcell"

14. What is ),E*o? (y definition +bBNo is ener0y bit over noise density, i"e" is the ratio of the ener0y per information bit to the power spectral density $of interference and noise& after dispreadin0" +bBNo O ,rocessin0 8ain N #'R For e ample, if +bBNo is Fd( and processin0 0ain is 2Fd( then the #'R should be -20d( or better" 16. What are the ),E*o tar8ets in your &esi8n? %he +bBNo tar0ets are dependent on the service5

4n the uplink, typically .# is F to Dd( and ,# is 2 to ;d( 6 ,# is about 2d( lower" o 4n the downlink, typically .# has D to Ld( and ,# is F to Dd( 6 ,# is about 1d( lower"

29. Why is ),E*o re?uirement lower or <S than or AS? ,# has a better error correction capability and can utili!e retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower +bBNo" .# is real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a hi0her +bBNo to maintain a stron0er RF link" 21. What is )"EIo?

+cB'o is the ratio of the ener0y per chip in .,'./ to the total received power density $includin0 .,'./ itself&" 22. Sometimes we say )"EIo an& sometimes we say )"E*o3 are they &i erent? 'o O own cell interference N surroundin0 cell interference N noise density No O surroundin0 cell interference N noise density %hat is, 'o is the total received power density includin0 .,'./ of its own cell, No is the total received power density e cludin0 .,'./ of its own cell" %echnically +cB'o should be the correct measurement but, due to e3uipment capability, +cBNo is actually measured" 'n *7%#, +cBNo and +cB'o are often used interchan0eably" 2'. What is :SA<? R#., stands for Received #i0nal .ode ,ower 6 the ener0y per chip in .,'./ avera0ed over F12 chips" 2+. What is SI:? #'R is the #i0nal-to-'nterference Ratio 6 the ratio of the ener0y in dedicated physical control channel bits to the power density of interference and noise after dispreadin0" 2.. What is the loa&in8 a"tor in your &esi8n? %he desi0ned loadin0 typically is F0ET however, sometimes a carrier may want to desi0n up to LFE load" 2/. 1i-e a simple &e inition o pole "apa"ity? %he uplink noise increases with the loadin0 e ponentially" ?hen the uplink noise approaches infinity then no more users can be added to a cell 6 and the cell loadin0 is close to 100E and has reached its =pole capacity>" 7athematically, to calculate the uplink pole capacity we need to know5 W5 chip rate $for *7%# 2,<;0,000 chips per second& R5 user data rate $assumin0 12,200 kbps for .#-12"2k& f5 other-cell to in-cell interference ratio $assumin0 DFE& EbNo5 +bBNo re3uirement $assumin0 Fd(& 1F5 1ctivity factor $assumin0 F0E&

,ole .apacity O $?BR& B $$1Nf& Q 1F Q 10W$+bNoB10&& O 120"D %o calculate the downlink pole capacity we also need to know5 5 downlink channels ortho0onality factor $assumin0 FFE& ,ole .apacity O $?BR& B $$1- Nf& Q 10W$+bNoB10&& O D;"0D 22. What is typi"al pole "apa"ity or AS512.23 <S5/+3 <S5124 an& <S5'4+? ?ith same assumptions as above5

.#-12"2k5 120"D $*9&, D;"1 $D9&" ,#-D;k5 2;"< $*9&, 12"<$D9&" ,#-12<k5 1D"2 $*9&, <"; $D9&" o ,#-2<;k5 1D"2 $*9&, 2"< $D9&"

,#-2<;k has only 12<k on the uplink, therefore the uplink capacity is the same for both" 24. (ow many types o han&o-ers are there in UMTS? #oft handover, softer handover, inter-fre3uency handover, inter-R1% handover, inter-R1% cell chan0e $*+ movin0 out of *7%# covera0e into 8#7B8,R#B+8D8+ covera0e&" 26. What is so t han&o-er an& so ter han&o-er?

#oft handover5 when a *+ is connected to cells owned by different Node(" #ofter handover5 when a *+ is connected to cells owned by the same Node("

'9. (ow &oes so tEso ter han&o-er wor#?

#oftBsofter handover downlink5 *+ rake receiver performs ma imum ratio combinin0, i"e" *+ combines multi-path si0nals and form a stron0er si0nal" #oft handover uplink5 RN. performs selection combinin0, i"e" RN. selects the better si0nal comin0 from multiple Node(" #ofter handover uplink5 Node( performs ma imum ratio combinin0, i"e" Node( rake receiver combines si0nals from different paths and forms a stron0er si0nal"

'1. Why is there Fso t han&o-er 8ainG? #oft handover 0ain comes from the followin05

7acro diversity 0ain over slow fadin0" 7icro diversity 0ain over fast fadin0" Downlink load sharin0 over multiple RF links" (y maintainin0 multiple links each link could transmit at a lower power, resultin0 in lower interference therefore a 0ain"

'2. !rie &es"ri,e the a&-anta8es an& &isa&-anta8es o so t han&o-er? 1dvanta0es5

4vercome fadin0 throu0h macro diversity" Reduced Node ( power which in turn decreases interference and increases capacity" o Reduced *+ power $up ;d(&, decreasin0 interference and increasin0 battery life"

Disadvanta0es5

*+ usin0 several radio links re3uires more channeli!ation codes, and more resources on the 'ub and 'ur interfaces"

''. What are ast a&in8 an& slow a&in8? Fast fadin0 is also called multi-path fadin0, as a result of multi-path propa0ation" ?hen multipath si0nals arrivin0 at a *+, the constructive and destructive phases create a variation in si0nal stren0th" #low fadin0 is also called shadowin0" ?hen a *+ moves away from a cell the si0nal stren0th drops down slowly" '+. What are ast a&in8 mar8in an& slow a&in8 mar8in? %o factor in the fast fadin0 and slow fadin0, we need to have a mar0in in the link bud0et and they are called fast fadin0 mar0in and slow fadin0 mar0in" 'n link bud0et, the fast fadin0 mar0in is usually set to 2-2T slow fadin0 mar0in is set to L-10" '.. What is a typi"al so t han&o-er 8ain in your lin# ,u&8et?

.#-12"2k5 2d( $*9&, 2d( $D9&" ,#-D;k5 1d( $*9&, 0d( $D9&" ,#-12<k5 1d( $*9&, 0d( $D9&" o ,#-2<;k5 1d( $*9&, 0d( $D9&"

'/. What is the per"enta8e in time a U) is eHpe"te& to ,e in so t or so ter han&o-er? %ypically a *+ should be in soft handover mode at no more than 2F to ;0E of the timeT in softer handover mode at about FE of the time" '2. What is a typi"al )i:<? %he +iR, depends Node( transmit power, cable and connector loss and antenna 0ain" ?ith a sample system of ;2d(m transmit power, a 2d( cable and connector loss and a 1Ld(i antenna 0ain, the +iR, O ;2 6 2 N 1L O FLd(m"

'4. (ow mu"h power usually a *o&e! is allo"ate& to "ontrol "hannels? %he power allocated to control channels may depend on e3uipment vendor recommendation" %ypically no more than 20E of the total Node( power is allocated to control channels, includin0 .,'./" /owever, if /#D,1 is deployed on the same carrier then the total power allocated to control channel may 0o up to 2F to 20E because of the additional /#D,1 control channels re3uired" '6. What is a typi"al A<IA( power? .,'./ power typically takes about 10E of the total Node( power" For a 20? $;2d(m& Node(, .,'./ is around 2? $22d(m&" 'n urban areas where in-buildin0 covera0e is taken care of by in-buildin0 installations, the .,'./ may sometimes 0o as low as FE because5

%he covera0e area is small since users are close to the site, and 7ore power can be allocated to traffic channels"

+9. (ow mu"h is your (S><A $maH% lin# power? /#D,1 link power is typically ; to Fd( below the ma imum Node( ma imum output power" For e ample, for ;2d(m ma imum Node( power the /#D,1 link power is 2)d(m" +1. Aonsi&er &ownlin# only3 what are the ma0or "omponents in "al"ulatin8 maHimum path loss3 startin8 rom *o&e!?

Node( .,'./ transmit power" Sumper and feeder connector loss" 1ntenna 0ain" 4ver-the-air loss" (uildin0 B vehicle penetration loss" (ody loss" +tc"

+2. What is maHimum path5loss? %he ma imum path-loss is how much si0nal is allowed to drop from a transmitter to a receiver and maintains as 0ood si0nal" +'. Simple lin# ,u&8et= with a '9&!m A<IA( an& a 5199&!m U) sensiti-ity3 i8norin8 anythin8 in ,etween3 what is the maHimum path loss? 20 6 $6100& O 20 N 100 O 120d("

++. Suppose I ha-e a maHimum path5loss o 1'9&!m3 what is the new path5loss i a .&! ,o&y loss is a&&e&? 12Fd(" +.. What is "hannelization "o&e? .hanneli!ation codes are ortho0onal codes used to spread the si0nal and hence provides channel separation, that is, channeli!ation codes are used to separate channels from a cell" +/. (ow many "hannelization "o&es are a-aila,le? %he number of channeli!ation codes available is dependent on the len0th of code" 'n the uplink the len0th is defined as between ; and 2FD" 'n the downlink the len0th is defined as between ; and F12" +2. Are "hannelization "o&es mutually ortho8onal? I so3 why is FOrtho8onality @a"torG re?uire& in the lin# ,u&8et? Mes, channeli!ation codes are mutually ortho0onal" Nonetheless, due to multi-path with variable time delay, channels from the same cell are no lon0er perfectly ortho0onal and may interfere with each other" 1 =Downlink 4rtho0onality Factor>, typically F0-D0E, is therefore needed in the link bud0et to account for the interference 6 and hence reduces pole capacity" +4. What is s"ram,lin8 "o&e? (ow many s"ram,lin8 "o&es there are? #cramblin0 codes are used to separate cells and *+s from each other, that is, each cell or *+ should have a uni3ue scramblin0 code" %here are F12 scramblin0 codes on the downlink and millions on the uplink" +6. What is s"ram,lin8 F"o&e 8roupG? %he F12 scramblin0 codes are divided into D; code 0roups 6 each code 0roup has < scramblin0 codes" .ode 0roup i $i O 0 to D2& has codes from iQ< to $iN1&Q<-1, i"e" $0-L& $<-1F&P$F0;-F11&" .9. >o you &i-i&e s"ram,lin8 "o&e 8roups into su,8roups? <lease 8i-e an eHample. Mes, we divide the D; code 0roups into sub0roups5

7acro layer 0roup5 2; code 0roups reserved for macro $outdoor& sites" 7icro layer 0roup5 1D code 0roups reserved for micro $in-buildin0& sites" + pansion 0roup5 2; code 0roups reserved for future e pansion sites"

.1. Whi"h ser-i"e usually nee&s hi8her power3 AS or <S? .onsider downlink and take .#-12"2 and ,#-2<;k for e ample" %he processin0 0ain is 2F for .#-12"2 and 10 for ,#-2<;" %he +bBNo re3uirement is L for .#-12"2 and F for ,#-2<;" %herefore the power re3uirement is hi0her for .#-12"2 than ,#-2<;" .2. What is ),E*o re?uirement or (S><A? %he +bBNo re3uirement for /#D,1 varies with user bit rate $data rate&, typically 2 for LD<kbps and F for 27bps" .'. What is Fnoise riseG? What &oes a hi8her noise rise mean in terms o networ# loa&in8? For every new user added to the service, additional noise is added to the network" %hat is, each new user causes a =noise rise>" 'n theory, the =noise rise> is defined as the ratio of total received wideband power to the noise power" /i0her =noise rise> value implies more users are allowed on the network, and each user has to transmit hi0her power to overcome the hi0her noise level" %his means smaller path loss can be tolerated and the cell radius is reduced" %o summari!e, a hi0her noise rise means hi0her capacity and smaller footprint, a lower noise rise means smaller capacity and bi00er footprint" .+. What is Fpilot pollutionG? #imply speakin0, when the number of stron0 cells e ceeds the active set si!e, there is =pilot pollution> in the area" %ypically the active set si!e is 2, so if there are more than 2 stron0 cells then there is pilot pollution" Definition of =stron0 cell>5 pilots within the handover window si!e from the stron0est cell" %ypical handover window si!e is between ; to Dd(" For e ample, if there are more than 2 cells $besides the stron0est cell& within ;d( of the stron0est cell then there is pilot pollution" ... What is a typi"al han&o-er win&ow size in your networ#? 1 handover window si!e is usually between ; to Dd(" ./. What is Fso t han&o-erG an& Fso ter han&o-erG? =#oft handover> is when *+ has connection to multiple cells on different Node(" =#ofter handover> is when *+ has connection to multiple cells on same Node(" 'n downlink a *+ can combine si0nals from different cells, improvin0 the si0nal 3uality" For uplink and soft handover, RN. selects the best si0nal from different Node(" For uplink and softer handover, a Node( combines the si0nal from different sectors"

.2. >urin8 a han&o-er3 i one "ell sen&s a power &own re?uest an& two "ells sen& a power up re?uest3 shall the U) power up or power &own? ,ower down" 1s lon0 as a 0ood link can be maintained it is not necessary to power up in order to maintain multiple links" 7aintainin0 unnecessary multiple links increases noise rise and shall be avoided" .4. Suppose we are &esi8nin8 a AS networ# an& a <S networ#3 is there a ma0or &i eren"e in the &esi8n "onsi&eration? #erver dominance is the key difference" 'n a .# network we shall limit the number of stron0 servers in any 0iven area to no more than the active set si!e to avoid pilot pollution $in the downlink&" 'n a ,# network, however, there isnJt soft handover in the downlink so the server dominance is very important 6 meanin0 ideally there should be only one dominant server in a 0iven area" .6. What is the a"ti-e set size on your networ#? 2" /9. (ow many in8ers &oes a U) ra#e re"ei-er ha-e? ;" /1. What is F"ompresse& mo&eG? (efore *+ can perform inter-fre3uency or 'R1% handover, it needs to have some time to lock on to the control channel of the other fre3uency or system and listen to the broadcast information" .ertain idle periods are created in radio frames for this purpose and is called =compressed mode>" /2. >es"ri,e the power "ontrol s"hemes in UMTS?

4pen loop 6 for *+ to access the network, i"e" used at call setup or initial access to set *+ transmit power" .losed outer loop5 RN. calculates the #'R tar0et and sends the tar0et to Node( $every 10ms frame&" .losed inner loop5 Node( sends the %,. bits to *+ to increase or decrease the power at 1,F00 times a second"

/'. What is the re?uen"y o power "ontrol $how ast is power "ontrol%?

4pen loop5 depends on parameter settin05

%200 6 time to wait between RR. retries $100ms to <000 ms, typical 1F00ms&

.losed outer loop5 100 times a second" .losed inner loop5 1,F00 times a second"

/+. !rie ly &es"ri,e why open loop power "ontrol is nee&e& an& how it wor#s?

?hen a *+ needs to access to the network it uses R1./ to be0in the process" R1./ is a shared channel on the uplink used by all *+, therefore may encounter contention $collision& durin0 multiple user access attempts and interfere with each other" +ach *+ must estimate the amount of power to use on the access attempt since no feedback from the Node( e ists as it does on the dedicated channel" %he purpose of open loop power control is to minimi!e the chance of collision and minimi!e the initial *+ transmit power to reduce interference to other *+"

'nitial *+ transmit power O ,rimary@.,'./@,ower 6 .,'./@R#., N *9@'nterferrnce N constant@Halue@.prach

'nstead of sendin0 the whole messa0e, a =test> $preamble& is sent" ?ait for answer from Node(" 'f no answer from Node( increase the power" %ry and try until succeed or timeout"

/.. What is power "ontrol Fhea&roomG? ,ower control =headroom> is also called =power rise>" 'n a non-fadin0 channel the *+ needs to transmit a certain fi ed power" 'n a fadin0 chennel a *+ reacts to power control commands and usually increases the transmit power" %he difference between the avera0e power levels of fadin0 and non-fadin0 channels is called =power rise> or =headroom>" //. When in '5way so t han&o-er3 i a U) re"ei-es power &own re?uest rom one "ell an& power up re?uest rom the other 2 "ells3 shoul& the U) power up or &own an& why? ,ower down" 7aintainin0 one 0ood link is sufficient to sustain a call and havin0 unnecessary stron0er links creates more interference" /2. Suppose two U) are ser-e& ,y the same "ell3 the U) with wea#er lin# $poor :@ "on&ition% uses more F"apa"ityG3 why &oes this mean? %he *+ with weaker RF link will re3uire Node( to transmit hi0her traffic power in order to reach the *+, resultin0 in less power for other *+ 6 therefore consumes more =capacity>" /4. Un&er what "ir"umstan"es "an a *o&e! rea"h its "apa"ity? What are the "apa"ity limitations? Node( reaches its ma imum transmit power, runs out of its channel elements, uplink noise rise reaches its desi0n tar0et, etc"

/6. What is F"ell ,reathin8G an& why? %he cell covera0e shrinks as the loadin0 increases, this is called cell breathin0" 'n the uplink, as more and more *+ are served by a cell, each *+ needs to transmit hi0her power to compensate for the uplink noise rise" 1s a conse3uence, the *+ with weaker link $*+ at 0reater distance& may not have enou0h power to reach the Node( 6 therefore a covera0e shrinka0e" 'n the downlink, the Node( also needs to transmit hi0her power as more *+ are bein0 served" 1s a conse3uence *+ with weaker link $0reater distance& may not be reachable by the Node(" 29. Is UMTS an uplin#5limite& or &ownlin#5limite& system? 1 *7%# system could be either uplink-limited or downlink-limited dependin0 on the loadin0" 'n a li0htly loaded system, the *+ transmit power sets a covera0e limitation therefore it is uplink-limited" 'n a heavily loaded system, the Node( transmit power limits the number of *+s it can serve therefore it is downlink-limited" 21. What is the impa"t o hi8her &ata rate on "o-era8e? /i0her data rate has lower processin0 0ain and therefore a Node( needs to transmit more power to meet the re3uired +bBNoT this means the covera0e is smaller for hi0her data rate" 22. What is OA*S? 4.N# stands for 4rtho0onal .hannel Noise #imulator" 't is a simulated network load usually by increasin0 the noise rise fi0ure in the Node("

492.11 *etwor# Ar"hite"ture

7arch ;, 2011 <02"11 QU)STIO* 1 1ccordin0 to the '+++ <02"11 standard, how much separation is specified between the center fre3uencies o 4FD7 $clause 1L& channels? 1" 10 7/! (" 11 7/! ." 20 7/! D" 22 7/!

+" 2F 7/! F" 20 7/!

Answer: C

QU)STIO* 2 ?hat are three operational channel widths specified by the <02"11 .lause 20 $/i0h %hrou0hput& ,/M? 1" 20 7/! (" 20B;0 7/! ." ,.4 D" 22 7/! +" 10B20 7/! F" /%@8F
Answer: ABC

QU)STIO* ' 'n an <02"11 +R,-4FD7 system, what channel pairs are considered non-overlappin0? 1" .hannels ; and 10 (" .hannels 1 and ; ." .hannels 2 and L D" .hannels 1 and 10+" .hannels < and 11 F" .hannels F and <
Answer: AD

QU)STIO* + /ow many /RBD### channels are specified by the '+++ <02"11-200L standard, without reference to a specific 0overnmental re0ulatory domain? 1" 1 (" 11 ." 12 D" 1;

Answer: D

QU)STIO* . ?hat carrier sense mechanisms are deployed by the '+++ <02"11-200L standard that aid in collision avoidance? 1" ,assive (" ,seudo-random ." Hirtual D" 1ctive +" ,hysical F" Data 9ink8" 'nterframe
Answer: CE

QU)STIO* / 'n an <02"11 4FD7 (asic #ervice #et $(##&, what prevents each station from usin0 the full network bandwidth $F; 7bps& when multiple stations are actively transmittin0 and receivin0 within the (##? 1" %he 3ueuin0 buffer memory si!e of the access point (" ?91N devices have a default fra0mentation threshold value of 22;D bytes ." *se of a distributed coordination function containin0 abackoff al0orithm D" ?91N devices operate in a half duple medium +" ?91Ns use the .#71B.D protocol
Answer: CD

QU)STIO* 2 %he '+++ <02"11 standard specifies the use of D### and 4FD7 spread spectrum technolo0y for data transmission within the 2"; 8/! '#7 band in accordance with re0ulatory a0ency re3uirements of the F.. $*#&, '. $.anada&, and +%#' $+urope&" ?hat is the specified fre3uency ran0e for data transmission within the 2"; 8/! '#7 band? 1" 2";020 2";)F0 8/!

(" 2";010 6 2";LF0 8/! ." 2";000 6 2";L2F 8/! D" 2";000 6 2";<2F 8/!
Answer: D