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Fig. 2.7 Using a free energy gradient to keep metabolism away from equilibrium

Fig 2.8 Substrate level phosphorylation

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Fig. 1.6 Macronutrient fuel sources that supply substrates for regenerating ATP

From: Exercise Physiology 5th edition. McArdle, Katch and Katch

LECTURE 3; The life of a barley sugar

Key Concepts (the big picture): glucose is the universal fuel for human cells glucose is converted in a ten-step reaction sequence to two molecules of the three carbon compound pyruvate the principal functions of glycolysis are the conversion of glucose to pyruvate to facilitate its eventual complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O and the generation of ATP during strenuous exercise when oxygen is limiting the end product of glycolysis is lactate.

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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!! You should: be familiar with the overall pathway of glycolysis understand the roles of hexokinase and glucokinase in the first step of glycolysis understand the importance of substrate level phosphorylation for ATP generation in glycolysis understand the importance of the electron acceptor NAD+ for continuous operation of the glycolytic l l ti pathway th and d the th role l of f lactate l t t dehydrogenase in generating NAD+ under anaerobic conditions. understand the role of the Cori cycle understand the regulation of glycolysis

Reading: (for onon-line testing testing) )

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Fig 3.1 Schematic representation of facilitated transport of glucose through the cell membrane.

Fig 3.2: Conversion of glucose to glucose6-phosphate

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Fig. 3.3a Properties of hexokinase and glucokinase

ax

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Fig. 3.4: An overview of cellular respiration

Fig. 3.5 The energy input and output of glycolysis

Energy investment phase Glucose

2 ADP + 2 P

2 ATP

used

Energy payoff phase 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed

2 NAD+ + 4 e + 4 H+

2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O

Net Glucose 4 ATP formed 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e + 4 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+

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Fig. 3.6: Stages of glycolysis

From: Biochemistry, 5th Edition, Berg, Tymoczico and Stryer

Fig. 3.7 NAD+ as an electron shuttle

2 e + 2 H+

2 e + H+

NADH
Dehydrogenase Reduction of NAD+

H+

NAD+

2[H]
Oxidation of NADH Nicotinamide (reduced form)

+ H+

Nicotinamide (oxidized form)

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Fig. 3.4: An overview of cellular respiration

Fig. 3.8: Some fates of glucose

From: Biochemistry, 5th Edition, Berg, Tymoczico and Stryer

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Fig. 3.9: Production of lactate during anaerobic glycolysis

From: Exercise Physiology, 5th Edition, McArdle, Katch and Katch

Fig. 3.10: Blood lactate as an energy source: the Cori cycle

From: Biochemistry, 5th Edition, Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer

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Fig. 3.6: Stages of glycolysis

10

From: Biochemistry, 5th Edition, Berg, Tymoczico and Stryer

Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate No O2 p present: Fermentation O2 present: Aerobic cellular respiration

CYTOSOL

MITOCHONDRION Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA

Citric acid cycle

10