MA9001: Introduction to Energy

Topic 9: Solar Energy (Part 1)

- The Sun - Solar Thermal - Solar Photovoltaics
Dr. Seri Lee School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Email: serilee@ntu.edu.sg serilee@ntu edu sg Tel: 6790 6940

The Sun

earth

Jupiter

The Sun
Main source of energy Was born about 4.5 billion years ago Di 1 Dia. 1.4 4 x10 106 km, k Mass M = 2 x 1030 kg k 74% Hydrogen + 24% Helium + 2% other elements A continuous nuclear fusion reactor: Hydrogen Helium + Energy (E = mC2) 400-600 million tons of Hydrogen y g burnt p per sec. Will be here for another 5 billion years, before Hydrogen runs out. It will contract and gets hotter, then it will burn Helium.. It expands and become larger andexplodes, engulfing the entire solar system (red giant) You dont want to be here when that happens.. 3

The sun (cont.)

Core: - 23% of Radius - 1.2% 1 2% of Volume - 40% of mass - 90% of f energy produced - 14 million degree K - 100,000 kg/m3
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Solar_rad iation

core

- It takes 100,000 yrs for a photon from core to reach surface - From surface, it takes 8 mins to reach the earth. 4

The Sun

Convective zone
g 3 T ~14 x105 K ~70 kg/m

Radiative zone
40% of Mass 1 2% of Volume 1.2%

photosphere
T ~5800 K ~ 2x10-4 kg/m g 3

Core
90% of energy T~14 x106 K ~105 kg/m g 3

0.7R

Solar Energy

Solar luminosity: power emitted by the sun = 3.86 x 1026 W Surface Area = 6.07 x 1012 km2 = 6.07 x 1022 cm2 Surface heat flux ~ 6,400 W/cm2

Solar Energy
Solar constant: Solar intensity 1 au from the e su sun, , a at su surface ace abo above e the ea atmosphere osp e e -Centauri = 3.86 x 1026 /(4(au)2) = 1360 W/m2
Earth
(1 mm)

1 au 150 million km
(11 m)

Sun
(25 cm)

Due to absorption by gasses above the atmosphere, solar constant on earth surface at zenith on a clear day y is about 1,000 , W/m2.
Note: au=ASTRONOMICAL UNIT
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Solar Radiation: Electromagnetic Wave

(0.4m)
http://www.revisionworld.com/

(0.7m)

Solar radiation reaching earth is mainly from wavelength : 0.3 m to 2.5 m

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Solar Radiation Spectrum

9% UV ( 0.40 m), 38% visible i ibl ( 0 0.40 40 0.70 0 70 m), ) 53% infra-red ( 0.70 m).

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Law of Thermal Radiation

Stefan-Boltzmanns Law of radiation T [K]: - Radiation emitted by y a surface at temperature p [ ]

y, heat-flux* [ where q = emissive p power density, [W/m2] = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10-8 [W/m2K4] = surface emissivity, 0-1 For the Sun; T = 5800K , = 1 (blackbody) 64 MW/m2
* Area under the spectral irradiance curve.
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Solar Energy cont

When smeared over the surface of earth sphere it is reduced by a factor of 4.. Disk: A=R2 Sphere: A= 4 x R2

It is further reduced by a factor of approx. 2 after the atm. absorption Hence, the time & area averaged solar intensity on the ground level ~ 1360/4/2 = 170 W/m2 Or, in terms of energy, 170 W/m2 x 24 hrs/day ~ 4 kWh/m2/day (~ one barrel of oil/m2) For one year, we get 5.4GJ/m2 (
*BOE: barrel of oil equivalent = 42 USG 159 litres 6.12 GJ
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Solar Irradiance Map

Averaged solar irradiance ~ 4 kWh/m2/day

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Total Available Power

Annual Global Consumption by Humans (at 15TW)
Oil Gas Coal Uranium Hydro Wind

Annual Solar (at 120,000TW)

less than 0.02% meets the global need every hour ~ global consumption/year Photosynthesis

Source: National Petroleum Council, 2008

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Solar Energy: Heat or Electricity Solar Thermal:

Using direct sun rays for living space and water heating Use heat energy collected for refrigeration and cooling: e.g. g absorption p cycle. y Use heat in producing electricity, i.e. thermoelectricity

http://www.makeitsolar.com/solar-energyinformation/05-solar-panels.htm

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Solar Energy: Heat or Electricity Solar Photovoltaic:

Convert sun rays to electrical energy for various applications using photovoltaic or solar cells Batteries may be used for storage of the energy to be used when there is no sunlight

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Solar Thermal Energy (classifications)

Can be classified into: 1.Low temperature: for heating swimming pool 2.Medium Temperature: Water heating for home and commercial buildings 3.High temperature: concentrated for thermal electric production

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Solar Thermal Energy (classifications)

Can also be classified into: Passive Solar Heating Direct exposure to sun rays rays. Building design incorporating direct harvesting of suns heat without external assisting devices. Use air circulation for space heating Active Solar Heating g Use thermal collector e.g. for hot water or swimming g pools Solar Thermal Engines (concentrator solar) Extension of active solar heating g using g complex p collectors to get high temperature fluids to run 18 steam turbines or refrigeration systems

Passive Solar Thermal

Buildings incorporating p g passive solar heating design ideas capture heat from sun for heating. heating

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS ENGINEERING THE COMPLETE GREEN BUILDING DESIGN RESOURCE PETER GEVORKIAN

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Active Solar Water Heating

1. Fluid-filled pipes (painted black and are laid on a silver-coloured reflective base) ) exposing p g to suns rays. g y gg glasses with fluid2. Combination of magnifying filled pipes y carry y special heat-absorbing g fluid 3. Pipes may such as bromide that heats up rapidly. 4. A small pump may be used to circulate the fluid.

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Active Solar Thermal: Pool Heating

e.g. For hot water shower or for warming the water of swimming g pool. p 4 types of solar collectors: 1.Rigid Black Plastic Panel 2 Rubber Mat 2.Rubber 3.Tube and Fin metal panel 4 Plastic pipe systems 4.Plastic-pipe

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Pool Heating (cont)

1. Rigid Black Plastic Panel Modular panel (4ft wide and 8, 10, or 12 ft length). Avd: Light, Light chemically inert inert, durable and high efficiency Disavd: it has numerous system surface attachment that limits mounting locations. locations

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Pool Heating (cont): Rigid Black Plastic Panel

http://www.heliocol.com/gallery/res.php

http://www.heliocol.com/gallery/res.php

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http://www.heliocol.com/gallery/res.php

Pool Heating (cont)

2. Rubber Mat Avd: flexibility in dimensions as the length an wide are adjustable adjustable, hence it can adapt to roof obstructions. b t ti Requires R i few roof penetration and are highly efficient. Disavd: Di d M Mats t are glued l dt to th the roof f and d can b be difficult to remove. It cannot be applied in rack type installations rack-type installations.
http://www.heliocol.com/gallery/res.php

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Pool Heating (cont): Rubber mat

htt // http://www.heliocol.com/gallery/res.php h li l / ll / h

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http://www.heliocol.com/gallery/res.php

Pool Heating (cont)

3. Tube and Fin metal panel It is constructed from copper tubes with aluminum or copper fins to collect solar radiation. Avd: rigid and durable in construction. Disavd: requires more areas, has low efficiency and has no manufacturers warranty. warranty
http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/WaterHeating/Woodsy1K/Woodsy1K.htm

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Pool Heating (cont) Tube and Fin metal panel

http://www.solar.net.cn/image_thum/suneco-solar-glass-tube-collector.JPG

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Pool Heating (cont)

4. Plastic-pipe systems Plastic pipes are connected in parallel or in circular pattern. Avd: cheap installation cost Disavd: requires significant larger surface area. It carries no manufacturers manufacturer s warranty.

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Pool Heating (cont) Some vacuum tube-solar collectors

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Pool Heating: Panel Selection

In temperate countries, heats to 25 to 30oC. The panel surface area exposed to sun rays must be sufficient: express in terms of % multiplier p of p pool surface area. Depending on the locations: panel area ranges from 50%-120% of the pool surface area.

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Pool Heating: Sizing Example

There are 10 questions for sizing a system. 1. How many months of the year is the pool used? 2. Taking into account the geographic location, how long can the season reasonably be? 3. Will there be a backup heating system? If so, what kind? 4 Does the pool have a screen enclosure? 4. 5. Will a blanket be used? 6. Is there a solar window? 7. Is wind going to be a problem? 8. Is shading going to be a problem? If so, how many hours a day? 9. What direction and at what angle will the collectors be mounted? 10. What is the surface area of the pool? p
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Collector Data

Specifications of solar panels

Collector Model Size, Nominal Width Length Area (sq. ft.) Manifold Diameter Weight, Dry Volume Capacity Working Pressure Burst Pressure Recommende d Flow HC-50 4'x12.5' 47" / 120cm 152.1" / 380cm 50.0 / 4.65m^2 2" / 5.08cm 22lbs / 10kg 3.7gal / 14L 90 PSI 270 PSI 5 GPM HC-40 4'x10.5' 47" / 120cm 127" / 323cm 41.6 / 3.88m^2 2" / 5.08cm 19lbs / 8.5kg 3.1gal / 12L 90 PSI 270 PSI 4 GPM HC-30 4'x8' 47" / 120cm 91" / 231cm 30.0 / 2.77m^2 2" / 5.08cm 15lbs / 6.8kg 2.4gal / 9L 90 PSI 270 PSI 4 GPM HC-12.5 1'x12.5' 11.75" 151.5" 12.2 2" 5.5lbs .93gal 90 PSI 270 PSI 1.25 GPM HC-10 1'x10.5' 11.75" 127" 10.2 2" 4.75lbs .78gal 90 PSI 270 PSI 1 GPM 32

http://www.heliocol.com/gallery/res.php

Pool Heating: Sizing Example

Sizing of solar panel depends on: wind conditions, climates, flow rates, orientation and shading of the pool and/or d/ collectors. ll t Example using Helicol Solar Collector Pool size: 14 ft x 28 ft =392 ft2 Location: Las Vegas From Chart, Las Vegas is located in zone 5 which has a 0.52 multiplier. The collector area is 392 ft2 x 0.52 = 203.8 ft2. No. No of panels Helicol HC-40 HC 40 (40.1ft (40 1ft2) is 5.1 5 1 5 panels
http://www.heliocol.com/
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Concentrated Solar Power, CSP

Concentrator Solar Power Tech is to produce high temperature (500C - 3000C, and beyond) heat, which is th converted then t d into i t electricity, l t i it also l called ll d solar l thermal th l electricity. 3 most advanced CSP technologies: Parabolic Troughs (PT): most efficient Central Receivers (CR) or Solar Tower Dish Engines (DE) PT & CR suitable for large power plants 30 to 200 MW, or higher. DE is more suitable for distributed power, 10kW to 10 MW.
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Benefits of CSP
Zero greenhouse gas (NOx and SOx) emission Reliable With the economy of scale, cost can drop below US$0.04/kWh (US$0.10 now), in the next 15 years. Use existing technology, easily easily scaled up. Successfully applied in thermal electric power generation. e.g. A 354 354-MW MW solar power generated electric plant using PT in California Mojave Dessert.
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Example of CSP:
For a 46 MW solar farm using CSP (CT) there will be 24,000 1-meter-square q mirrors p per 1 tower (all 12 towers). Mirrors are adjusted and calibrated real time using solar sensors with a land-to-power ratio of 4 acres (1 acre4047 m2) per 1 megawatt. Based on the above example, Singapore (680 km2) with a power capacity/consumption of ~12 12 GW will need 180 km2 (27% of land area) if CSP is used.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrating_solar_power

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Parabolic Trough
It has a long parabolic mirror (usually coated silver or polished aluminum) with a Dewar tube running its length at the focal point. Sunlight is reflected by the mirror and concentrated on the Dewar tube. The trough is usually aligned on a north-south axis, and rotated to track the sun as it moves across the sky each day.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_trough)

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Parabolic Trough (cont)

A working fluid (eg molten salt) is heated t 150350C to 150 350C as it flows through the receiver and is then used as a heat source for a power generation system system. Trough systems are the most developed CSP technology.

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Parabolic Trough Solar Farm (cont)

Built in 1984, the parabolic trough technology of the 354MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) in i California C lif i USA is still the largest solar power plant in the world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems

Concentrated solar p power p plant using gp parabolic trough g design. g

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy#Dish_designs

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Solar Tower Technology

It concentrates solar radiation on a tower-mounted heat exchanger. Power towers focus the sun ray with thousands of tracking mirrors (called heliostats) in roughly a 5 square km field field. The heliostats focus concentrated sunlight on a receiver which sits on top p of the tower to heat molten salt to over 500C. The heated molten salt then flows into a thermal storage tank where it is stored, maintaining 98% thermal efficiency and eventually pumped to a steam generator efficiency, generator. The steam drives a standard turbine to generate electricity. y
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Solar Tower Technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations

The PS10 concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats onto a central tower. (Spain, 11 MW) 41

Solar Tower Technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations p p g _ _ _ _p _

Solar Towers from left:PS10, PS20. (Spain, 11 MW, 20 MW)

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Solar Tower Technology

The advantage over Parabolic Trough: 1. It is higher temperature hence higher thermal efficiency 2. Less need to flatten the ground area (can be built on a hillside) 3 Flat mirrors 3. 4. Plumbing is concentrated in the tower. The disadvantage: 1. Each mirror must have its own dual-axis control, while in the parabolic trough design one axis can be shared for a large array of mirrors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy#Dish_designs

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Solar Dish Engine

Dish Di h engine i systems t eliminate li i t th the need dt to t transfer f h heat t to a boiler by placing a Stirling engine at the focal point.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrating_solar_power

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Solar Dish Engine (cont)

For high temperature solar, heat engine can be used to convert heat to electricity. Up to 600C, steam turbines, the thermal efficiency is up to 41%. For higher temperature 700 800C using 700-800C, i multilti stage system, the conversion efficiency of 50% or more is achievable.
A parabolic solar dish concentrating the sun's rays on the heating element of a Stirling engine. The entire unit acts as a solar tracker. 45

Solar Air-Conditioning System

Absorption air conditioning system (liquid absorber) ) Adsorption air conditioning system (solid absorber) ) 1.They use heat energy from the sun to drive the system for cooling & heating purposes. 2.As compare to the conventional air-con air con system, they are general bulky. 3.Suitable 3 Su tab e for o commercial co e c a app applications cat o s where eet the e heat source can be obtained. 46

Conventional Air-Conditioning System

High P Low T Liquid

rejecting heat out of room

condenser
Expansion Valve Compressor (power input)

High P High T Vapor

Low P Low T Liquid

evaporator

Low P High T Vapor

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absorbing heat from room

Solar Absorption Air-Con System

Example: p Ammonia & water system

Rejecting heat out of room

Liquid refrigerant

condenser

Gas refrigerant

Expansion Valve
Gas refrigerant

desorption
Liquid Pump absorption p

evaporator

absorbing heat from room

Liquid absorbent (i.e. Lithium Bromide)

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Solar Adsorption Air-Con System

rejecting heat out of room Liquid refrigerant Expansion Valve

condenser

Gas refrigerant
desorption

Silica gel
adsorption

evaporator t
Gas refrigerant absorbing heat from room

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Photovoltaics: From Sun Light to DC

In a single-junction PV cell, from the whole spectrum p of the sunlight, g only y those p photons whose energy is equal to or greater than the band gap of the cell material can free an electron for an electric circuit. The lowerenergy photons are not used. In Multi-junction PV cell: cell materials with different band gaps are used in cascade or stack manner manner. Drawbacks: weather dependent, large surface area needed needed.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/

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Photovoltaics: Solar Cell Physics MA9001: Introduction to Energy

T i 9 Topic 9: S Solar l E Energy (P (Part t 2)

N P

e e

- by Prof. Christian Kloc S h l of School fM Materials t i l S Sciences i and dE Engineering i i

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Photovoltaics
Using solar collector to convert sun rays to electricity, y directly. y Silicon cells or multi-junction solar cells (100 times more expensive) Concentrated PV:
1. Low Concentrated PV (LCPV) 2 Medium Concentrated PV (MCPV) 2. 3. High Concentrated PV (HCPV)
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Low Concentrated PV (LCPV)

A solar concentration of 2-100 suns. The heat flux is low, do not need to be actively cooled. Since a low concentration ratio can have a high acceptance angle, may not require active solar tracking. g

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrating_solar_power

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Medium Concentrated PV (MCPV)

A solar concentration of 100 - 300 suns. two axes solar The CPV systems require two-axes tracking and cooling (whether passive or active), which makes them more complex. p

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrating_solar_power

High Concentrated PV (HCPV)

A solar concentration of > 300 suns. p y concentrating g optics p consisting g of dish It employs reflectors or fresnel lenses. The solar cells require high-capacity heat sinks. Multijunction solar cells are currently favored over silicon as they are more efficient. Typically 8 A/cm2 at 500 suns. Though the cost of multijunction solar cells is roughly 100 times that of f comparable bl silicon ili cells, ll the h cell ll cost remains i a small fraction of the cost of the overall concentrating PV system, system so the system economics might still favor the multijunction cells.55

Concentrated Photovoltaics and Thermal (CPVT)

Th The CPVT t technology h l produces d b both th electricity l t i it and thermal heat in the same module. Thermal heat that can be employed for hot tap water water, heating and heat-powered air conditioning (solar cooling), desalination or solar process heat.

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Thermal Challenges and Opportunities in Concentrated Photovoltaics

Seri Lee, Ph.D. y g Technological g University y Nanyang

+65 6316-8976 serilee@ntu.edu.sg

Agenda
Introduction to ERI@N CPV Overview Power Matrix and Thermal Solutions CPV Dependencies
- Performance P f - Efficiency Effi i - Reliability R li bilit

Cost and Economics Summary and Conclusions

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

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ERI@N - Energy Research Institute @ NTU

Official opening: 15 June 2010 65 participating professors 17 commercial partnerships 3 dedicated laboratories totaling 2500 m2 5 joint, international university partnerships 17 joint research projects 112 graduate d t students t d t 65 research fellows/associates
Seri Lee, EPTC 2010 59

ERI@N: Centres of Excellence

Centre for Sustainable Energy Research (CSER) Wind / Marine Renewables Energy Storage Green G &S Smart Buildings Fuel Cells

Centre for Maritime Energy Research (CMER)

Solar Energy & Solar Fuels Centre (SEFC)

Centre for Electromobility (CEM) with TUM

Green Ships Green Ports

Photovoltaics Solar Thermal Photocatalysis, y Photoelectrochem conversions

Energy Storage Systems E-Car Technology, Infrastructure and Systems

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

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Concentrated Photo-Voltaics (CPV)

Concentration at 500 - 600 suns typical; done up to 1,000 - 2,000 suns Multi-junction j cells, , as compared p to silicon cells, , are ~100X more expensive per size but >2X more efficient favored choice for CPV Conversion efficiency: ~40% at cell; 30% at module; 25% at system level

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

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Total Available Power

Annual Global Consumption by Humans (at 15TW)
Oil Gas Coal Uranium Hydro Wind

Annual Solar (at 120,000TW)

less than 0.02% meets the global need every hour ~ global consumption/year Photosynthesis

Source: National Petroleum Council, 2008

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Solar Irradiation
CPVs sweet spot is >5 kWh/m2/day

Excellent for CPV Good for CPV

Source: Pharabod and Philibert, 1991

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

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CPV Installations - Projected

The CPV Challenge Report, July 2009

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

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CPV Modules and Systems

Secondary mirror Primary mirror Fresnel lens Optical rod Solar cell

Reflection and Transmission Types yp

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

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CPV Power Matrix at 1000 suns

Heat Load Power Produced

Cell Size (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cell Area (mm^2) 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

Voltage (V) 2 68 2.68 2.68 2.68 2.68 2 68 2.68 2.68 2.68 2.68 2.68 2.68

Current (A) 01 0.1 0.4 1 1.7 27 2.7 3.9 5.3 6.9 8.8 10.9

Concent. (Suns) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Power In (W) 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

Mod eff (%) 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

Elec out (W) 03 0.3 1.1 2.5 4.5 70 7.0 10.1 13.7 17.9 22.7 28.0

Heat out (W) (W T) 07 0.7 2.9 6.5 11.5 18 0 18.0 25.9 35.3 46.1 58.3 72.0
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Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

Thermal Management - Perspectives

104 103 Heat Flux (W/cm2) 102 101 100 10-1 10-2
CPUs (00s) 1000X CPVs CPUs (90s) g Chips p Logic (80s)
Thermal Management

Surface of Sun Rocket Nozzle Nuclear Blast (1 Mt, 1 mile) Earth Orbit Entry

100W Light Bulb Solar Heating Body Heat

100

1000
Temperature (K)

10000

at 1000X, CPV heat density is ~70W/cm2 exceeding that of an earth orbit entry need low cost, light weight and high performance thermal solutions

Power Matrix and Thermal Solutions

CPV heat dissipation in watts, WT , at 28% efficiency
diesize size cell (mm) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 200 0.6 2.3 5.2 9.2 14 21 28 400 1.2 4.6 10 18 29 41 56 600 1.7 6.9 16 28 43 62 85 suns 800 2.3 9.2 21 37 58 83 113 1000 2.9 1200 3.5 1400 4.0

Todays sweet 12 spot 14 16

26 46 72 104 141 31 55 86 124 169

36 65 101 145 198

Need low cost, light weight, high performance and uniform temperature solutions
Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

Simulated Temperature Distribution (4 x 4 module)

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CPV Performance Dependency

- Concentration, Concentration Temperature, Temperature Irradiation

Output voltage decreases with increase in temperature - weak Output current decreases with decrease in irradiation - linear
Seri Lee, EPTC 2010 69

CPV Reliability Dependency

Tj = 100oC, lifetime expectancy is ~20 kHr 10oC cooling extends lifetime by ~40% Tj ~ 70oC required for 50 - 60 kHr of lifetime

Lifetime (kHr)

Cooling improves long-term reliability Longer lifetime increases net $ gain

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010 70

CPV Optical Efficiency

Primary/Fresnel Lens

Irradiance distribution over rod entry aperture (11 mm sq.)

Optical Rod Irradiance distribution over cell (5.5 mm sq.)

Power generation is limited by die hot-spot temperatures and the minimum density of irradiation
Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

PrimaryLensEfficiency p RodEfficiency y Optical SystemEfficiency

Model 89% 96% 85%

Measured 84% 95% 80%

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Secondary Entry Irradiation Distribution

Projected area into the secondary aperture is much smaller for tolerance to whole system

(L) with no deviation

(R) with 1o deviation 10% loss

Poor system thermal management increases optical ti l misalignment, i li t causing further losses in efficiency
Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

Acceptance p half-angle (1o)

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CPV Economics
Cost ($/kWh)

Bring installed cost down below $2/W, and d the h world ld is i yours! !

Price: grid electricity

Grid Parity

Cost: CPV electricity

Time (years)

Strategy driver Lowest $/W

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010 73

CPV Cost Break-Down (Example)

S t C System Cost tB Break kDown D ($/W)

2010 System 6.25 Installed PowerModule 2.50 ~40%ofSystem RestofSystem 3.75 60%ofSystem ~60% 2011 5.25 2.10 3.15 2012 3.00 1.20 1.80 2015 2.00 0.80 1.20 Notes allinclusive optics,die, heatsink tracker,inverter, deployment

Typical thermal budget : 10 - 15% of module cost

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010 74

- Simple Si l constant value l analysis l i (case ( example) l )

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 25 30 Efficiency (%) 35 40

CPV Economics
LT (kHrs) XLT (kHrs) 55 5
60 10 65 15 70 20

Net Gain ($ $)

Default conditions:
10mm die size 1,000 suns $0.28/kWh elec. price

Net gain increases with increase in: long-term reliability

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

conversion efficiency
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Heat-Sink Temperature p Distribution

Need low cost, light weight, high performance, uniform temperature solutions

Tj Management
Tj_typ = 100oC for long term reliability gain ~3% over 20oC cooling g Performance g InGaP/GaAs cells have excellent reliability up to 125oC Lowering Tj below 100oC for efficiency gain alone is usually not compelling comes at a higher cost

Proper thermal management can improve optical characteristics and efficiency by minimizing thermally induced distortions Light weight thermal solutions reduce the weight and cost of tracking system and improves overall system reliability

Thermal Solutions
Passive aluminum heat-sink heat sink solution Design 10mm 10 die 1000 suns 72 WT Active liquid cooling solution

Thermal Weight

Max HS temp = 90C 3.45 kg (attached to tracker)

Max HS temp < 90C 0.15 kg (95% reduction)

Light weight solution reduces the tracker loading, Serireducing Lee, EPTC 2010 system cost and increasing reliability

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Summary and Conclusions

Ensure Tj_typ 100oC for meeting minimum reliability requirement Lowering Tj improves efficiency, but usually not compelling enough Enhance cooling for longer-term reliability to increase net gain in ROI Proper system thermal management can prevent steep-loss of efficiency d t due to thermally th ll induced i d d di distortions t ti and dd deterioration t i ti of f optics ti Light weight thermal solutions (attached to the local frame) reduce the mechanical load on the tracker and improve system cost & reliability Need low cost, high-performance, light weight thermal solutions CPV thermal management should focus on: 1) improving long-term reliability 2) maintaining and improving the power conversion efficiency

Seri Lee, EPTC 2010

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Thank You!

Thats That s all all, folks! Bye for now. now

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