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The Thin Convex Lens


PHYS 1314 Spring 00 Prof. T.E. Coan Version: 28 Dec

Introduction !n a pre"io#s e$peri%en&' (o# o)ser"e* &+e p+eno%enon of refrac&ion for a rec&ang#,ar piece of g,ass. T+e )en*ing or refrac&ion of &+e ,ig+& -as o)ser"e* for &-o para,,e, in&erfaces' one fro% air &o g,ass' an* &+e o&+er fro% g,ass &o air. .eca,, &+a& &+e a%o#n& of refrac&ion *epen*s on )o&+ &+e ang,e of inci*ence an* &+e c+ange in in*e$ of refrac&ion a& &+e in&erface /Sne,,0s ,a-1. 2o-' &+ere is no&+ing specia, a)o#& &+e s+ape of &+e rec&ang,e &+a& -as #se* )efore. .efrac&ion -i,, occ#r for g,ass s+apes of o&+er 3in*s as -e,,. 4 par&ic#,ar,( in&eres&ing s+ape is &+e s+ape of a ,ens. T+ere are &-o specific genera, ,ens s+apes &+a& +a"e %an( prac&ica, #ses. 5ne of &+ese s+apes is -+ere &+e g,ass )o-s inwards &o-ar* &+e cen&er of &+e ,ens. T+is is a so6ca,,e* 7conca"e8 s+ape. T+e o&+er no&a),e s+ape is -+ere &+e g,ass )o-s outwards fro% &+e ,ens cen&er. T+is is a so6 ca,,e* 7con"e$8 s+ape. 9i&+ a con"e$ ,ens' &+e s#rface of &+e refrac&ing %a&eria, /g,ass1 is c#r"e* in s#c+ a -a( as &o pro*#ce a grea&er refrac&ion for ra(s &+a& are inci*en& #pon &+e o#&er par&s of &+e ,ens &+an for &+ose passing &+ro#g+ &+e cen&er. 4 con"e$ ,ens +as &+e :#a,i&( &+a& ra(s &+a& are para,,e, &o eac+ o&+er -i,, a,, in&ersec& a& &+e sa%e poin& af&er passing &+ro#g+ &+e ,ens. T+e poin& a& -+ic+ ra(s &+a& are para,,e, &o eac+ o&+er an* perpen*ic#,ar &o &+e p,ane of &+e ,ens in&ersec& is ca,,e* &+e 7foca, poin&8 of &+e ,ens. T+e *is&ance fro% &+e p,ane of &+e ,ens &o &+is poin& -i,, )e -ri&&en as f. !n a**i&ion' ra(s &+a& pass &+ro#g+ &+e cen&er of a &+in ,ens -i,, con&in#e &+ro#g+ #nrefrac&e*. T+e fo,,o-ing *iagra% i,,#s&ra&es +o- &+ese ,ig+& ra(s pass &+ro#g+ a &+in con"e$ ,ens:

4n in&eres&ing res#,& of &+is proper&( of &+in con"e$ ,enses is &+a& &+e( can pro*#ce 7rea, i%ages.8 4n i%age is sai* &o )e rea, )eca#se ,ig+& ac&#a,,( passes &+ro#g+ &+e ,oca&ion -+ere &+e i%age appears. 4 rea, i%age is for%e* -+en ra(s fro% a gi"en poin& on an o)<ec& pass &+ro#g+ a ,ens an* con"erge a& a respec&i"e poin& on &+e o&+er si*e of &+e ,ens.

Differen& poin&s on &+e o)<ec& pro*#ce *ifferen& poin&s of con"ergence on &+e o&+er si*e of &+e ,ens. To *e%ons&ra&e &+is' consi*er an o)<ec& /an arro-1 of +eig+& 5 p,ace* a *is&ance Do fro% &+e ,ens. Eac+ poin& on &+e o)<ec& -i,, pro*#ce ra(s in e"er( *irec&ion e"en &+o#g+ on,( so%e of &+e% -i,, ac&#a,,( pass &+ro#g+ &+e ,ens. .eca,,' +o-e"er' &+a& for a &+in con"e$ ,ens' a,, of &+e ra(s -+ic+ are perpen*ic#,ar &o &+e p,ane of &+e ,ens -i,, pass &+ro#g+ &+e foca, poin& af&er passing &+ro#g+ &+e ,ens' an* a,, of &+e ra(s -+ic+ pass &+ro#g+ &+e cen&er -i,, con&in#e #nrefrac&e*. 9e can ass#%e &+a& one ra( fro% &+e &ip of &+e o)<ec& -i,, )e perpen*ic#,ar &o &+e ,ens an* ano&+er -i,, pass &+ro#g+ &+e cen&er. Tracing &+e ,ines &+ro#g+ &+e ,ens' -e no&ice &+a& &+e( in&ersec& on &+e o&+er si*e. T+is is &+e posi&ion of &+e rea, i%age of &+e arro-. f Di 5 ; ! Do ;ro% &+e geo%e&r( of &+e *iagra%' -e see &+a& &+e *is&ance fro% &+e ,ens &o &+e rea, i%age is Di' &+e foca, poin& ;' an* &+e i%age +eig+& is !. T+e rea, i%age /!1 for%e* a)o"e is #psi*e *o-n or 7in"er&e*.8 T+ere is a si%p,e re,a&ions+ip )e&-een &+e o)<ec& *is&ance Do' &+e foca, ,eng&+ f an* &+e i%age *is&ance Di: => T+e :#an&i&ies f, D0 an* Di are a,ge)raic :#an&i&ies an* can &+erefore )e posi&i"e or nega&i"e. 5)<ec& an* i%age *is&ances are consi*ere* posi&i"e if &+e( are on opposi&e si*es of &+e ,ens. /T+e i%age *is&ance -o#,* )e nega&i"e if &+e i%age is no& for%e* on &+e rig+& of &+e ,ens.1 T+e foca, ,eng&+ f is consi*ere* posi&i"e for con"e$ ,enses an* nega&i"e for conca"e ,enses. Yo# are #se* &o ,oo3ing &+ro#g+ a ,ens an* seeing an i%age &+a& is of&en ,arger or s%a,,er &+an &+e ac&#a, o)<ec&. T+e ra&io of i%age +eig+& &o o)<ec& +eig+& is -+a& -e %ean )( 7%agnifica&ion.8 ?e a-are &+a& &+e %agnifica&ion @ %a( )e ,arger or smaller &+an 1. Asing &+e proper&ies of si%i,ar &riang,es' &+e ra&io of i%age +eig+& /!1 &o o)<ec& +eig+& /51 is fo#n* e:#a, &o &+e ra&io of i%age *is&ance /Di1 &o o)<ec& *is&ance /Do1. Hence' -e +a"e &+e si%p,e re,a&ions+ip for %agnifica&ion: @ == T+e %in#s sign co%es a)o#& )eca#se of o#r sign con"en&ion for i%age an* o)<ec& *is&ances.

!& is -or&+ no&ing &+a& an o)<ec& p,ace* -i&+in a *is&ance f of &+e ,ens -i,, for% no rea, i%age. !ns&ea*' &+e i%age (o# see -+en ,oo3ing )ac3 &+ro#g+ &+e ,ens -i,, appear &o )e a& a poin& -+ere ,ig+& ra(s are no& ac&#a,,( presen&. 9e ca,, s#c+ an i%age 7"ir&#a,8 in con&ras& &o &+e rea, i%ages -e are fa%i,iar -i&+. T+e *iagra% )e,o- i,,#s&ra&es &+e i*ea. .epea&ing &+e ra(6&racing proce*#re' -e ge& &+is *iagra%: "ir&#a, i%age ! 5 ; f

Do Di

!n &o*a(s e$peri%en&' (o# -i,, o)ser"e a rea, i%age crea&e* )( ,ig+& fro% a f,as+,ig+& )#,)' -+ic+ is refrac&e* &+ro#g+ a &+in con"e$ ,ens. Equipment: %e&er s&ic3 op&ica, )enc+' po-er s#pp,(' s%a,, ,a%p an* screen. Procedure Yo# -i,, )e #sing &+e %e&er6s&ic3 as an op&ica, )enc+. 4,, of &+e op&ica, co%ponen&s s+o#,* )e p,ace* on &+e %e&er6s&ic3 perpen*ic#,ar &o i&. 1. P,ace &+e f,as+,ig+& )#,) near &+e Bero en* of &+e )enc+ sca,e. Connec& i& &o &+e po-er s#pp,( an* increase &+e "o,&age #n&i, &+e )#,) s+ines %o*era&e,( )rig+&. 2. P,ace &+e screen a)o#& CD c% fro% &+e )#,) an* p,ace &+e con"ergen& ,ens )e&-een &+e%. 3. @o"e &+e ,ens a,ong &+e op&ica, )enc+ #n&i, a s+arp,( *efine* i%age of &+e )#,) is for%e* on &+e screen. 4gain' %o"e &+e ,ens #n&i, (o# see ano&+er i%age for%e*. T+ere s+o#,* )e &-o p,aces -+ere &+e i%age appears. 2o&e &+a& for one @E1 -+i,e for &+e o&+er @F1. 3. 2o-' caref#,,( re&#rn &+e ,ens &o &+e posi&ion &+a& pro*#ce* &+e firs& i%age. .ecor* &+e o)<ec& *is&ance Do an* &+e i%age *is&ance Di in &+e )o$ )e,o-. /2o&e: Do or Di -i,, )e &+e *ifference )e&-een &+e ,ens0 posi&ion an* &+e o)<ec& or screen0s posi&ion' respec&i"e,(.1 Ase a r#,er &o %eas#re &+e o)<ec& siBe 5 an* &+e i%age siBe !. Pa( a&&en&ion &o #ni&s. .ecor* &+ese "a,#es for 5 an* !.

4.

.epea& s&ep 3 for &+e o&+er ,ens posi&ion &+a& pro*#ce* &+e s+arp i%age. Co%p,e&e &a),e 2 )e,o-.

Analysis Ase &+e *a&a co,,ec&e* a)o"e &o *e&er%ine &+e foca, ,eng&+ of &+e ,ens. Yo# s+o#,* ge& &-o "a,#es for &+e foca, ,eng&+' one for eac+ &a),e. Ase &+e *is&ance ra&ios &o *e&er%ine &+e %agnifica&ion of eac+ rea, i%age. Ase a r#,er &o draw ra( *iagra%s /,i3e &+e one for &+e rea, i%age a)o"e1 for eac+ of &+e config#ra&ions &+a& pro*#ces a s+arp i%age. Conclusions 1. Question 1 S#%%ariBe (o#r res#,&s for &+is e$peri%en&. 2. Question ! /4ns-er a,, 3 par&s.1 4re &+e &-o "a,#es for &+e foca, ,eng&+ si%i,arG !s &+is -+a& (o# e$pec&e*G Do &+e &+eore&ica, %agnifica&ions e:#a, &+e ra&io of o)<ec& &o i%age siBesG 3. Question " 9+( *o (o# &+in3 &+ere are &-o posi&ions of &+e ,ens &+a& pro*#ce a s+arp i%ageG Error Analysis Question # !*en&if( an* e$p,ain &+e %os& significan& so#rce of error in *e&er%ining &+e foca, ,eng&+ of &+e ,ens.

T+e T+in Con"e$ Hens


PHYS 1314 Spring 00 Prof. T.E. Coan Version: 28 Dec

2a%e: IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII A'stract

Sec&ion: P$%& 1"1#

!%age 5ne (')ect *istance *o + Ima,e *istance *i + (')ect &i-e (+ Ima,e &i-e I+

Ca,c#,a&ions Ca,c#,a&e &+e foca, ,eng&+ of &+e ,ens.

Ca,c#,a&e &+e %agnifica&ion of &+e i%age.

Diagra%:

!%age T-o (')ect *istance *o + Ima,e *istance *i + (')ect &i-e (+ Ima,e &i-e I+

Ca,c#,a&ions Ca,c#,a&e &+e foca, ,eng&+ of &+e ,ens.

Ca,c#,a&e &+e %agnifica&ion of &+e i%age.

Diagra%:

Conclusions 1 ! " #

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