PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE COMUNICACIN LINGSTICA Y LITERATURA ESCUELA DE LEAI

FOREING POLICY

RUMANIA

STALIN TAYUPANTA

INDEX 1.- INTRODUCTION 1.1.- BACKGROUND 1.2.- PROFILE 2.- HISTORY 3.- GEOGRAPHY 4.- PEOPLE AND SOCIETY 5.- GOVERNMENT 6.- ECONOMY 7.- MILITARY 8.- FOREING RELATIONS 8.1.- EUROPEAN AFFAIRS 8.2.- REGIONAL COOPERATION 8.3.- BILATERAL RELATIONS 8.4.- INTERNATIONAL SECURITY 8.5.- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 8.6.- GLOBAL ISSUES 8.8.- ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY 8.8.- PUBLIC AND CULTURAL DIPLOMACY 8.9.- PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 8.10.- DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION DIPLOMACY

1.- INTRODUCTION 1.1.- BACKGROUND Rumania is a country located at the intersection of Central and Southeastern Europe, bordering on the Black Sea. Rumania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south. At 238,400 square kilometers, Rumania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU, with a population of around two million. The United Principalities emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. In 1881, Carol I of Rumania was crowned, forming the Kingdom of Rumania. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Rumania. Greater Rumania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until the eve of World War II. That war caused the rise of a military dictatorship in Rumania, leading it to fight on the side of the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944. It then switched sides in 1944 and joined the Allies. By the end of the war, many north-eastern areas of Rumania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Rumania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact. With the fall of the Iron Curtain and the 1989 Revolution, Rumania began its transition towards democracy and a capitalist market economy. After a decade of postrevolution economic problems and living standards decline, extensive reforms fostered economic recovery. As of 2010, Rumania is an upper middle-income country with high human development. Rumania joined NATO on 29 March 2004, the European Union on 1 January 2007 and is also a member of the Latin Union; the Francophonie; the OSCE; the WTO; the BSEC; and the United Nations. Today, Rumania is a unitary semi-presidential republic, in which the executive branch consists of the President and the Government1. 1.2.- PROFILE GENERAL The name of Rumania was adopted in 1862, after the founding of the nation-state by joining the two Rumanian principalities, Wallachia and Moldova in 18592.

THE WORLD FACTBOOK, Rumania, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/ro.html, Sunday, October 07, 2012, 17:57 2 RUMANIAN PRESIDENCY, General Data, http://translate.google.com.ec/translate?hl=en&sl=ro&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ro%2F%3 F_RID%3Dhtm%26id%3D15, Sunday, October 07, 2012, 18:09

Capital: Bucharest (pop. 1.94 million) Other Cities: Lasi (309,000), Constanta (302,000), Timisoara (316,000), Cluj-Napoca (306,000), Craiova (299,000), Galati (291,000), Brasov (278,000) Population: 21,623,849 (July 1, 2005, source: National Institute of Statistics) The population of Rumania is the 9th biggest population in Europe and the 43rd in the world. The 54.9% of the populations lives in cities and towns and the 45.1% in rural areas. The 48.8% of the Rumanias population is male and the 51.2% is female. Annual population growth rate: -0.247%. Education: Attendance: 98%; Literacy: 97.3%. Health: Infant mortality rate (2010): 11.32/1,000; Life expectancy: Men: 70.26 years, Women: 77.42 years. Nationality: Rumanian 89.5%, Hungarian (including Szkely) 6.6%, Roma (Gypsy) 2.5%, other 1.4%. Religion: Orthodox, 86.8%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, Protestants 3.2%, Pentecostal 1.5%, others 3.8%. Official language: Rumanian is the native language and it is spoken by the 91% of the population. The Ethnic minorities are free to use their own language in their jurisdictions. Hungarian is spoken by the largest ethnic minority in the country. The Saxon and Swabian speak German. The main languages used in Rumania are English, French and German. International abbreviation: ROU3. GEOGRAPHY Rumania is located in southeastern Central Europa, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube. Area: 237,499 sq. km.; slightly smaller than Wyoming. Terrain: Consists mainly of rolling, fertile plains; hilly in the eastern regions of the middle Danube basin; and major mountain ranges running north and west in the center of the country, which collectively are known as the Carpathians. Boundaries: Rumania has 3,149.9 km of boundaries. Two thirds of them (2,064.4 km) are determined by the Danube and Tisza rivers and follows the sea coast (one
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Id. Cfr., US DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Rumania, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm#profile, Sunday, October 07, 2012, 19:09

third: 1,085.5 km) land border. Rumanian territorial waters extend to 12 nautical miles off the Black Sea. Neighborhood: Rumania is bordered by five states and the Black Sea. Northeast and East: Moldova North and East: Ukraine Southeast: Black Sea South: Bulgaria, Serbia Hungary4

GOVERNMENT Constitution: December 8, 1991, amended by referendum October 18-19, 2003. Form of Government: Republic
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RUMANIAN PRESIDENCY, General Data, http://translate.google.com.ec/translate?hl=en&sl=ro&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ro%2F%3 F_RID%3Dhtm%26id%3D15, Sunday, October 07, 2012, 18:09 Cfr., US DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Rumania, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm#profile, Sunday, October 07, 2012, 19:09

Status: NATO and UE member Administration: 41 counties plus the city of Bucharest. Political Parties Represented in the Parliament: Democratic Liberal Party (Partidul Democrat Liberal--PDL); Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social Democrat--PSD); National Liberal Party (Partidul National Liberal--PNL); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Uniunea Democrata Maghiara din Romania--UDMR); National Union for the Advancement of Romania (Uniunea Nationala pentru Progresul Romaniei--UNPR); Conservative Party (Partidul Conservator--PC) Suffrage: From 18 years old. Defense: 1.4% of GDP (2010) Branches: Executive: Rumanian Government is headed by the Prime Minister. The president of Rumania shall designate a candidate for prime minister that has to be approved by the Parliament. The Executive branch carries out the countrys domestic and foreign policy and oversees public administration. The Executive is politically responsible only to Parliament for all its work President: Brian Basescu The president is elected by universal, equal, direct, secret and freely expressed and can hold a maximum of two terms of 5 years. The Rumanian president is Commander of Armed Forces and Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Defense. Legislative: The Parliament of Rumania is bi-cameral. It is divided in the Rumanian Senate (471 members in the legislature 2008-2012) and the Chamber of Deputies (334 members). The Parliament members are elected by single vote, according to the principle of proportional representation for a four-year period. Judiciary: Constitutional Court, High Court of Cassation and Justice, and lower courts. 5

RUMANIAN PRESIDENCY, General Data, http://translate.google.com.ec/translate?hl=en&sl=ro&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ro%2F%3 F_RID%3Dhtm%26id%3D15, Sunday, October 07, 2012, 18:09 Cfr., US DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Rumania, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35722.htm#profile, Sunday, October 07, 2012, 19:09

ECONOMY National Currency: Leu (ROL) since 1991 GDP (purchasing power parity): $263.9 billion (2011 est.) GDP (official exchange rate): $185.3 billion (2011 est.) GDP real growth rate: 1.5% (2011 est.); -1.3% (2010 est.); -7.1% (2009 est.) GDP per capita: $12,300 (2011 est.) GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 7.9%, industry: 32.9%, services: 59.2% (2011 est.) Population below poverty line: 21.1% (2010) Labor force: 9.252 million (2011 est.) Labor force by occupation: agriculture: 30%, industry: 20.2%, services: 49.8% (2010) Unemployment rate: 5.1% (2011 est.) Investment (gross fixed): 24.6% of GDP (2011 est.) Budget: Revenues: $59.56 billion, Expenditures: $67.38 billion (2011 est.) Public debt: 38.6% of GDP (2011 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.1% (2011 est.) Agriculture products: wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep. Industries: electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining Industrial production growth rate: 5.6% (2011 est.) Electricity production by source: fossil fuel: 62.5%, hydro: 27.6%, nuclear: 9.9% Oil proved reserves: 600 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.) Oil production: 107,100 bbl/day (2010 est.) Oil consumption: 196,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) Oil exports: 74,080 bbl/day (2010 est.) 7

Oil imports: 163,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) Natural gas proved reserves: 63 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.) Exports: $62.5 billion (2011 est.) Exports commodities: machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels Exports partners: Germany 18.6%, Italy 13.1%, France 7.5%, Turkey 6.4%, Hungary 5.5% Imports: $70.82 billion (2011 est.) Imports commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products Imports partners: Germany 16.8%, Italy 11.4%, Hungary 8.5%, France 5.8%, China 4.8%, Kazakhstan 4.4%, Russia 4.3% (2009) Debt external: $136.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.) 6

RABOBANK, Country Report Rumania, http://overons.rabobank.com/content/images/Romania201202_tcm64-158320.pdf, Sunday, October 07, 2012, 20:06

PROFILE

5.- GOVERNMENT RUMANIAN CONSTITUTION

Article 1: The Rumanian State

(1) Rumania is a national, sovereign, independent, unitary and indivisible. (2) The form of government of the Rumanian State is a Republic. (3) Rumania rule of law, democratic and social, in which human dignity, rights and freedoms, the free development of human personality, justice and political pluralism represent supreme values, in the spirit of the Rumanian people's democratic traditions and ideals of the Revolution of 1989 , and are guaranteed. (4) The State is organized according to the principle of separation and balance of powers legislative, executive and judicial within constitutional democracy. (5) In Rumania, the Constitution, its supremacy and the laws are mandatory.

6.- ECONOMY http://overons.rabobank.com/content/images/Romania-201202_tcm64-158320.pdf http://www.indexmundi.com/romania/economy_profile.html

8.- FOREING POLICY http://www.mae.ro/en/taxonomy/term/558/2 RUMANIAN CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE 10: International Relations

Rumania fosters and develops peaceful relations with all countries and, within this framework, good neighborly relations, based on principles and other generally recognized rules of international law.
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ARTICLE 11: International law and domestic law

(1) The Rumanian State pledges to fulfill as such and in good faith its obligations as deriving from the treaties it is a party. (2) Treaties ratified by Parliament by law part of law. (3) Where a treaty Rumania is to become part contains provisions contrary to the Constitution, its ratification can take place only after the Constitution.

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