185301 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 3 0 0 3 (Common to Civil, CSE, IT & Biom !

i"#l D $% &%o$%#mm '( )nit I ENVIRONMENT, ECOS*STEMS AND BIODIVERSIT* 1+ Definition, scope and importance of environment need for public awareness concept of an ecosystem structure and function of an ecosystem producers, consumers and decomposers energy flow in the ecosystem ecological succession food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the (a) forest ecosystem (b) grassland ecosystem (c) desert ecosystem (d) aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries) Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity biogeographical classification of India value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values iodiversity at global, national and local levels India as a mega!diversity nation hot!spots of biodiversity threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man!wildlife conflicts endangered and endemic species of India conservation of biodiversity: In!situ and e"situ conservation of biodiversity# $ield study of common plants, insects, birds $ield study of simple ecosystems pond, river, hill slopes, etc# )nit II ENVIRONMENTAL &OLL)TION 8 Definition causes, effects and control measures of: (a) %ir pollution (b) &ater pollution (c) 'oil pollution (d) (arine pollution (e) )oise pollution (f) *hermal pollution (g) )uclear ha+ards soil waste management: causes, effects and control measures of municipal solid wastes role of an individual in prevention of pollution pollution case studies disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides# $ield study of local polluted site ,rban - .ural - Industrial - %gricultural# / )nit III NAT)RAL RESO)RCES 10 $orest resources: ,se and over!e"ploitation, deforestation, case studies! timber e"traction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people &ater resources: ,se and over!utili+ation of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams!benefits and problems (ineral resources: ,se and e"ploitation, environmental effects of e"tracting and using mineral resources, case studies $ood resources: &orld food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgra+ing, effects of modern agriculture, fertili+er!pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies 0nergy resources: 1rowing energy needs, renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources# case studies 2and resources: 2and as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification role of an individual in conservation of natural resources 0quitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles# $ield study of local area to document environmental assets river forest - grassland - hill - mountain# )nit IV SOCIAL ISS)ES AND T,E ENVIRONMENT $rom unsustainable to sustainable development urban problems related to energy water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management resettlement and rehabilitation of people3 its problems and concerns, case studies role of nongovernmental organi+ation! environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions climate change, global warming, acid rain, o+one layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust, case studies# wasteland reclamation consumerism and waste products environment production act %ir (4revention and 5ontrol of 4ollution) act &ater (4revention and control of 4ollution) act &ildlife protection act $orest conservation act enforcement machinery involved in environmental legislation! central and state pollution control boards! 4ublic awareness# )nit V ,)MAN &O&)LATION AND T,E ENVIRONMENT . 4opulation growth, variation among nations population e"plosion family welfare programme environment and human health human rights value education 6I7 - %ID' women and child welfare role of information technology in environment and human health 5ase studies# *otal 8 9: *0;* <<=' ># 1ilbert (#(asters, ?Introduction to 0nvironmental 0ngineering and 'cience@, And edition, 4earson 0ducation (ABB9)# A# enny Coseph, ?0nvironmental 'cience and 0ngineering@, *ata (c1raw!6ill, )ew Delhi, (ABBD)# .0$0.0)50 <<=' ># .#=# *rivedi, ?6andbook of 0nvironmental 2aws, .ules, 1uidelines, 5ompliances and 'tandards@, 7ol# I and II, 0nviro (edia# A# 5unningham, &#4# 5ooper, *#6# 1orhani, ?0nvironmental 0ncyclopedia@, Caico 4ubl#, 6ouse, (umbai, ABB># E# Dharmendra '# 'engar, ?0nvironmental law@, 4rentice hall of India 47* 2*D, )ew Delhi, ABBF# 9# .aGagopalan, ., ?0nvironmental 'tudies!$rom 5risis to 5ure@, <"ford ,niversity 4ress (A

)NIT/I &ART/A D 1in Envi%onm nt2 4hysical, chemical and biological presence of living and non!living things outside an individual species is called as its environment# %ccording to I'< >9BB>, environment can be defined as, H'urroundings in which an organi+ation operates, including air,water,land, natural resources,flora,fauna,humans and inter relationI# 30 45#t #% #ll t5 "#t $o%i ' o1 nvi%onm nt2 *he main categories of environment are biotic and abiotic environments# *he abiotic environment can further be classified into atmosphere (air),lithosphere(soil),and hydrosphere(water)# *he biotic environment is called as biosphere# 30 4%it t5 "om6on nt' o1 nvi%onm nt2 ># %ir(%tmosphere) A# 2and(2ithosphere) E# &ater(6ydrosphere) +0 M ntion #n7 t8o #8#% n '' 6%o$%#mm o1 nvi%onm nt#l i''9' ' to 't9! nt2 ># 4articipating in seminars and courses related to environment issues# A# Discussion with people about the environmental problems# 50 D 1in ! 1o% 't#tion2 Deforestation refers to the removal of plants in the forest# .0 Li't t5 C#9' ' o1 ! 1o% 't#tion2 ># 'lash and urn farming# A# 5ommercial agriculture# E# 5attle ranching and livestock gra+ing# 9# (ining and petroleum e"ploration# :# Infrastructure development# D# $uel wood collection# F# *ree 4lantations# -0 D 1in S9%1#" 8#t %2 4recipitation that does not soak into the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration is called surface water# It forms streams, lakes, wetlands, and artificial reservoirs# 80 45#t i' G%o9n!8#t %2 *he subsurface area where all available soil and rock spaces are filled by water is called the +one of saturation, and the water in these pores is called ground water# :0 45#t i' Ro";2 .ock is any material that makes up a large natural, continuous part of the earth@s crust# 'ome kinds of rock, such as limestone (calcium carbonate, or 5a5<E) and quart+ite(silicon dio"ide or 'i<A), contain only one mineral,but most rocks consist of two or more minerals# 100 Giv t5 "l#''i1i"#tion o1 Min %#l R 'o9%" '# 0nergy resources (coal,oil,natural gas, uranium, and geothermal energy3 metallic mineral resources (iron,copper,and aluminium) and nonmetallic minerals resources(salt,gypsum,and clay, sand, phosphates, water, and soil)# 110 Cl#''i17 1oo! 6%o!9"tion# *here are two types of food production ># Industriali+ed %griculture 'ubsistence %griculture A# *raditional %griculture Intensive %griculture 130 D 1in T%#!ition#l A$%i"9lt9% # *raditional %griculture can be classified as *raditional 'ubsistence agriculture and *raditional Intensive agriculture# *raditional 'ubsistence agriculture produces enough crops or live stock for a farm family@s survival and in good years, a surplus to sell or put aside for hard times# In *raditional Intensive agriculture farmers increase their inputs of human and draft labour, fertili+er, and water to get a higher yield per area of cultivated land to produce enough food# 130 Li't 'om o1 t5 1oo! % 'o9%" ' #v#il#<l in t5 8o%l! # (aGor food sources available in the world to cater the human@s hunger are >A types of seeds and grains, E root crops, AB common fruits and vegetables, D mammals, A domestic fowl, few fishes and other forms of marine life,etc# 1+0 Cl#''i17 n %$7 % 'o9%" '2 %vailable conventional energy sources can be divided into two categories >) .enewable 0nergy 'ources A) )on .enewable 0nergy 'ources 150 D%#8 t5 1lo8 "5#%t o1 6 t%ol 9m 1%#"tion#tion 6%o" ''0 $uel gas, 4ropane 1asoline =erosene $urnace Diesel 2ubricants %sphalt utane liquefied gas oil 6eated crude oil 1.0 4%it t5 #!v#nt#$ ' #n! !i'#!v#nt#$ ' o1 6 t%ol 9m #' # n %$7 % 'o9%" '2 %s a source of energy petroleum has many advantages >) It is relatively cheap to e"tract and transport 10

A) It requires little processing to produce desired products and E) It has relatively high net and useful energy yield# 6owever it has certain disadvantages also, >) 4roduces 0nvironmental pollution A) <il spills, in ocean cause water pollution and is e"pensive to clean up# 1-0 4%it '5o%t not ' on 6 t%ol 9m $#'0 It is the mi"ture of three hydrocarbons butane, propane and ethane# *he main constituent of petroleum gas is butane# *he above gases are in gaseous state in ordinary pressure but they can be liquefied under high pressure# 'o it is called as 241# (2iquefied petroleum 1as)# % domestic cylinder contains >9 kg of 241# % strong smelling substance called ethyl mercaptian is added to 241 gas cylinder to help in the detection of gas leakage# 180 45#t i' 1i''ion n 9t%on'2 *he fission process is accompanied not only by the release of energy also it releases neutrons called as fission neutrons# 1:0 N#m t5 ' v %#l t76 ' o1 n9"l #% % #"to%'2 ># 2ight water .eactor(2&.) A# 6eavy water .eactor(6&.) E# 1as 5ooled .eactor(15.) 9# oiling &ater .eactor( &.) :# 4ressurised &ater .eactor(4&.) D# 2iquid (etal $ast reeder .eactor(2($ .) 300 Li't 'om o1 t5 % n 8#<l n %$7 'o9%" '0 ># 'olar energy A# &ind energy E# 6ydro energy 9# 1eo!thermal energy :# <cean thermal energy D# iogas 3104%it '5o%t not ' on Ti!#l n %$70 *ides, the alternate rise and fall of sea water possess lot of energy# *he identified tidal power potential in India is around /BBB (&# 5urrently $rance, .ussia, china and 5anada are effectively utili+ing the tidal energy to produce A to EJ of their energy demand# 330 N#%%#t t5 #!v#nt#$ ' #n! !i'#!v#nt#$ ' o1 t5 ,7! l 6o8 %0 6ydel power has the following advantages# ># 5lean 'ource of energy A# 4rovides irrigation facilities E# 4rovides drinking water to the people living around It also has some environmental and socio!economic problems like submerged forests and agricultural land, loss of biodiversity, water logging and silting etc# 330 D 1in Soil E%o'ion# 'oil erosion is the movement of soil components, especially surface litter and top soil, from one place to another# *he two main movers are flowing water and wind# 3+0 4%it '5o%t not ' on D ' %ti1i"#tion# It is a problem where by the productive potential of arid or semiarid land falls by >BJ or more and is caused mostly by human activities# Desertification is classified into three categories ># (oderate ! 6aving >B to A:J drop in productivity A# 'evere ! 6aving A: to :BJ drop in 4roductivity E# 7ery 'evere! 6aving :BJ or more, creating huge gullies and sand dunes# 350 Li't 'om 8#7' to 6%ot "t 'oil0 ># &hen the buildings are constructed, all the trees shall be saved# A# 'etting a composite bin and it shall be used for producing mulch and soil conditioner for yard and garden planets# E# <rganic methods can be used for growing vegetables# 9# 'trictly enforcing laws and policies that minimi+es soil erosion, salt buildup and water logging# &ART = B ># A# E# 9# :# &hat are conventional energy resourcesK Discuss about solar energy and <cean thermal energy# Discuss the maGor causes L consequences of deforestationK 0"plain the maGor impacts of timber e"traction and mining# 0numerate the various benefits and drawbacks of constructing dams# &hat are the uses and over!e"ploitation of waterK 0"plain with a case!study#

)NIT/II &ART/A 10 D 1in "o'7't m0 0cosystem has been defined as a system of interaction of organisms with their surroundings# )umerous dynamic interaction are occurring with in an ecosystem and these are comple"# 30 Li't #n7 1o9% "5#%#"t %i'ti"' o1 "o'7't m0 (i)# 0cosystem is the maGor ecological unit (ii)# It contains both biotic and abiotic components# (iii)# *he boundary of the ecosystem is not rigidly defined and it is fle"ible# (iv)# *hrough the biotic and abiotic components nutrient cycle and energy flow occur# 30 45#t #% t5 !i11 % nt t76 ' o1 "o'7't m ># )atural 0cosystem A# %rtificial 0cosystem E# Incomplete 0cosystem +0 45#t #% t5 <ioti" "om6on nt' o1 #n "o'7't m2 ># 4roducers (%utotrophs) A# 5onsumers (6eterotrophs) E# Decomposers 50 45#t #% t5 #9tot%o65'2 4roducers or %utotrophs are organisms that are capable of making their required food themselves# (%uto 8self, troph8feeder)# 1reen plants, grasses, mosses, shrubs, etc#, are some of the e"amples of autotrophic components# .0 D 1in 5 t %ot%o65'2 *hose organisms which depend on others (4roducers!%utotrophs) for their energy requirements are known as 5onsumers or 6eterotrophs# 'ince the animals are not having chlorophyll, they are unable to produce their own food#(6etero8other,troph8feeder)# -0 Li't t5 #<ioti" "om6on nt' o1 #n "o'7't m0 ># 5limatic factors!'olar radiation, *emperature, &ind, &ater current, rainfall, etc# A# 4hysical factors!2ight, $ire, pressure, etc#, E# 5hemical factors %cidity, 'alinity, Inorgaanic nutrients, etc#, 80 Di11 % nti#t < t8 n >in ti" n %$7 #n! &ot nti#l n %$70 =inetic energy is the energy possessed by virtue of its motion from one place to another# *his is measured by the amount of work done in bringing the body to rest# :0 D 1in "olo$i"#l '9"" ''ion0 0cological succession is defined as the process in which communities of plant and animal species in a particular area are replaced over time by a series of different and often more comple" communities# 100 D 1in 6%im#%7 '9"" ''ion0 *he succession taking place in areas that have not already been occupied by any community is known as primary succession# 110 D 1in ' "on!#%7 '9"" ''ion0 Development of a new community in an area where the previously e"isting community was removed and the ecological conditions are favourable is termed as secondary succession# 130 45#t !o 7o9 ;no8 #<o9t #9to$ ni" '9"" ''ion #n! #llo$ ni" '9"" ''ion2 %llogenic succession (%llo8outside, genic8related) is the type of development occured in the ecosystem due to the interaction of e"ternal physical forces acting on it# %utogenic succession (%uto8inside, self propelling) is the type of development occured in the ecosystem due to the developmental process generated with in the system# 130 45#t #% t5 "5#%#"t %i'ti"' o1 6ion % '6 "i '2 ># It has less population# A# Its nutrient requirement is very less# E# *he rate of growth should be as low as possible# 9# It should be more dynamic to face interspecific and intraspecific competitions# 1+0 D 1in ' %#l 't#$ 0 'eral stage is defined as the development of secondary community from the pioneers# 0ach seral stage appears, grows and finally disappears as the environmental changes occur# 0ach seral stage has its particular community called seral community# 150 45#t #% t5 t5% t5 o%i ' % l#t ! to "lim#? "omm9niti '2 ># (ono clima" theory A# 4oly clima" theory E# 5lima" pattern theory# 1.0 45#t !o 7o9 ;no8 #<o9t 1oo! "5#in #n! 1oo! 8 <2

% food chain is a picture or model that shows the flow of energy from %utotrophs to a series of organisms in an environment# *he network like interaction of organisms is called as food web# 1-0 N#m t5% t76 ' o1 1oo! "5#in'0 a# 1ra+ing food chain b# Detrius or Decomposer food chain c# 4arasitic food chain 180 D 1in "olo$i"#l 67%#mi!'0 *he representation of amount of energy stored in the bodies of living thing is 5alled as 0cological pyramids# 1:0 45#t i' # 1o% 't2 % forest is a living community of various species of trees and smaller forms of vegetation# *his type of biome contains moderate to high average annual rainfall# 300 ,o8 "#n 7o9 "l#''i17 1o% 't'2 ># *ropical rain forests A# *emperate forests E# 4olar (or) oreal forests 310 45#t !o 7o9 ;no8 #<o9t $%#''l#n!'2 1rasslands are grassy, windy, partly!dry biome# %lmost one! fourth of the 0arth@s land area is covered by grassland# %ny more, the land would become a forest# %ny less, the land would become a desert# *he grasslands mostly separate forests from deserts# (ost of the grasslands are found in the interiors of continents and rain shadows# 330 45#t #% t5 t76 ' o1 $%#''l#n!'2 ># *ropical grasslands ('avannah) A# *emperate grasslands E# 4olar grasslands (*undra) 330 Li't t5 t5% t76 ' o1 '#v#nn#5'2 a# 5limatic savannah b# 0dapic savannah c# Derived savannah# 3+0 45#t #% m#@o% 59m#n im6#"t' on $%#''l#n!'2 ># 5onversion of grassland to cropland A# <vergra+ing of grassland by farm animals# E# Damage by oil production, air and water pollution and vehicles movement# 350 ,o8 !o t5 ! ' %t 6l#nt' #!o6t to t5 "lim#t 2 (ost of the plants have the ability to lack of rainfall# *hey have widespread roots which are close to the surface# *his enables the roots to absorb water quickly, before it evaporates# 4lants like ?5actus@ survives because of their thick wa"y layer on the outside of its stems and leaves# *his helps to retain water and protect tissues severe sunlight# 3.0 45#t #% t5 !i11 % nt t76 ' o1 ! ' %t <iom 2 ># 6ot and dry deserts A# 'emiarid deserts E# 5oastal deserts 9# 5old deserts# 3-0 D 1in 1% '58#t %0 $reshwater is defined as water with less than >J salt concentration# 4lants and animals live in freshwater are adGusted to its low salt concentration# 380 ,o8 "#n 7o9 !i11 % nti#t 6on!' #n! l#; '2 4onds are small fresh water bodies surrounded by land and lakes are large fresh water bodies surrounded by land# (ost of the ponds are seasonal and e"ist for Gust few months of a years or more# 3:0 45#t #% t5 !i11 % nt Aon ' o1 6on!'2 ># 2ittoral +one, A# 2imnetic +one, and E# 4rofundal +one# 300 45#t #% 't9#%i '2 *he place where freshwater streams or rivers connect together with the salt water are called estuaries# &ART/B ># 0"plain the components, characteristics and biodiversity of $orest ecosystem# A# 0"plain the structure and functional features of %quatic ecosystem# E# Discuss in detail about 0cological succession stating the various stages# 9# &hat are trophic levelsK 0"plain the flow of energy and minerals in ecosystem# :# 0"plain the two models of energy flow in an ecosystem#

)NIT III &ART/A 10 D 1in Ai% 6oll9tion0 %ir pollution may be defined as the presence of impurities in e"cessive quantity and durationto cause adverse effects on plants, animals, human beings and materials# 30 45#t #% t5 !i11 % nt 'o9%" ' o1 #i% 6oll9tion2 *he two main sources of air pollution are a# )atural 'ources b#(an made or anthropogenic sources )atural sources include dust storms, volcanoes, lightening sea salt, smoke, forest fires, ect# *he man made sources are agricultural activities, industrial growth, domestic wastes, automobile e"hausts, etc, 30 45#t !o 7o9 ;no8 #<o9t 6#%ti"9l#t 2 In general the term ?particulate@ refers to all atmospheric substances that are not gases# *hey can be suspended droplets or solid particles or mi"tures of the two# 4articulates can be composed of materials ranging in si+e from >BBmm down B#> mm and less# *he chemical composition of particulate pollutants is very much dependent upon the origin of the particulate# +0 45#t #% t5 6%im 'o9%" ' o1 6#%ti"9l#t m#tt %2 i# 5oal fired power plants ii# %utomobiles 50 D 1in '9'6 n! ! 6#%ti"9l#t m#tt %2 'uspended 4articulate (atter('4() is a comple" mi"ture of small and large particles with si+e less than >BBu varying origin and chemical composition# .0 Di11 % nti#t < t8 n Mi't #n! Bo$0 Mi't (ist is made up of liquid droplets generally smaller than >Bum which are formed by condensation in the atmosphere or are released from industrial operations# Bo$ $og is similar to mist but the droplet si+e bigger(M >Bu) and water is the liquid#$og is sufficiently dense to incomprehensible vision# -0 45#t #% $#' o9' 6oll9t#nt'2 *hese are to"ic and poisonous gases such as carbon mono"ide, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulphate, sulphur dio"ide, nitrogen o"ides and carbon dio"ide# 80 45#t #% t5 m#@o% 'o9%" ' o1 #i% 6oll9tion 1%om #9tomo<il '2 *he maGor sources of air pollution from automobiles are 0"haust pipe !MFBJ 5rank case emission !MABJ 0vaporations from fuel tank and 5arburettor !M>BJ :0 45#t #% 11 "t' o1 #i% 6oll9tion on #nim#l'2 %nimals take up fluorides of air through plants# *heir milk production falls and their teeth and bones are affected# *hey are also prone to lead poisoning and paralysis# 100 Li't 'om o1 t5 11 "t' o1 #i% 6oll9tion on 657'i"#l 6%o6 %ti ' o1 #tmo'65 % 0 NDecrease in the visibility Nreduction of 'olar radiation N0ffects on weather conditions N0ffects on atmospheric constituents 110 B%i 1l7 ! '"%i< #<o9t t5 im6#"t' o1 "#%<on mono?i! on 59m#n 5 #lt50 %t lower doses, they can impair concentration and neurobehavioral function whereas in higher doses they can cause heart pain and even death# &hen inhaled it has the ability to combine with haemoglobin of blood and reduce its ability in transfer of o"ygen to the brain, heart, and other important organs# ut carbo"yaemoglobin contents of blood depend on the 5< contents of the air inhald, time of e"posure and the activity of the person inhaling# It is particularly dangerous to babies and people with heart disease# 130 ,o8 #i% 6oll9tion "#n < "ont%oll ! #t 'o9%" 2 N4roper use of the e"istion equipment N5hange in process N(odification or .eplacement of equipments NInstallation of controlling equipments 130 45#t #% t5 $#' o9' "ont%ol C9i6m nt'2 N&et and dry adsorption N5ombustion or 5atalytic incineration 1+0 45#t #% t5 6#%ti"9l#t "ont%ol C9i6m nt2 N1ravitational settling chambers N5yclone separators N$abric filters (or) ag filters N0lectrostatic precipitators N&et scrubbers (or) &et collectors 150 45#t #% <#$ 1ilt %'2

ag filters are the woven or non!woven fabrics used to filter the particulate laden gases# *hese generally of tubular shape or envelope shape# Its efficiency is about //J and it can be used to remove particular small as B#Bmm 1.0 45#t #% t5 1#"to%' to < "on'i! % ! in ' l "tion o1 t76 o% 1#<%i in 1#<%i 1ilt %'2 N*emperature of the gas N5ostiveness or abrasiveness of the particles# # 1-0 N#m !om o1 t5 t76 ' o1 8 t '"%9<< %'2 N'pray towers N5entrifugal scrubbers N7enturi scrubbers and N4acked bed columns 180 D 1in 8#t % 6oll9tion0 &ater pollution is defined as any physical,chemical or biological change in quality of water that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for needs# 1:0 ,o8 "#n 7o9 !i11 % nti#t 6oint2 So9%" 1%om non/6oint 'o9%" o1 6oll9tion0 4oint sources discharge pollutant at a specific place through pipe lines, sewer lines, or ditches into water bodies# )on point sources discharge pollutants from large and scattered area# *hese sources have no specific location# 300 45#t #% t5 11 "t' o1 in o%$#ni" '9<'t#n" ' in 8#t %2 N(akes the water unfit for drinking and other purposes# N5orrosion of metals e"posed to such waters# N5auses skin cancers, damages to spinal,5)', liver and kidneys# N.educes crop yield# &ART/B ># 0"plain the components, characteristics and biodiversity of $orest ecosystem# A# 0"plain the structure and functional features of %quatic ecosystem# E# Discuss in detail about 0cological succession stating the various stages# 9# &hat are trophic levelsK 0"plain the flow of energy and minerals in ecosystem# :# 0"plain the two models of energy flow in an ecosystem# )NIT IV &ART/A 10 St#t t5 ! "l#%#tion #<o9t t5 '9't#in#<l ! v lo6m nt0 *he .io declaration states that, Hhuman beings are at the center or concern for sustainable development# *hey are entitled to a health and productive life in harmony with the nature# .very generation should leave air#, water and soil resources without any pollution as pure as it came to the 0arth#I 30 D 1in '9't#in#<l ! v lo6m nt0 'ustainable Development is defined as,@ the development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs#@ 30 45#t #% t5 t5% im6o%t#nt "om6on nt' o1 '9't#in#<l ! v lo6m nt2 *he three important components of sustainable development are i# 0conomic development (like industrial development, creating Gob opportunities, utili+ation of natural resources for developing the quality of life) ii# 5ommunity development (providing food, shelter, cloth, education, and other essentials for the human beings)# iii# 0nvironmental protection (providing clear air, water and environment for the present and future generations and utili+ation of resources in a sustainable manner)# +0 D 1in '9't#in#<l ! v lo6m nt in!i"#to%'2 'ustainable development Indicators ('DI) are various statistical values that collectively measure the capacity to meet present and future needs# 'DI will provide information crucial to decisions on national policy and to the general public# 50 45#t #% t5 9' ' o1 '9't#in#<l ! v lo6m nt in!i"#to%'2 *he indicators are used by decision makers and the policy makers at all levels in order to monitor the progress towards attaining sustainable development# *hese are also used to increase forcus on the sustainable development# .0 D 1in '9't#in#<ilit70 'ustainability can be defined as the ability of a society or ecosystem to continue functioning into the indefinite future without being forced into decline through complete loss of its strength or overloading of key resources on which that system depends# -0 D 1in % 'i't#n" 't#<ilit7 #n! % 'ili n" 't#<ilit70 .esistance stability is the ability of a system to remain stable in the face of stresses and .esilience stability of the system to recover from the disturbance occurred due to the activities happened# 80 Li't 'om o1 t5 "5#%#"t %i'ti"' o1 # '9't#in#<l 'o"i t7#

i# %ll the material processes will be designed to be of cyclic nature# ii# *here will not be any waste material or pollution of air, water, land and environment# iii# *he output from one system will be used as input to other systems# iv# <nly renewable energy will be used in the society, either directly or in the forms of hydro!power, wind power solar power and biomass# v# *he human population will be either stable stable in si+e or gradually Declining# :0 D 1in 9%<#ni'#tion 0 ,rbabisation is defined as ?the process movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas in search in search of better economic interests with better education, communication, health, civic facilities and other day to day needs#@ 100 45#t #% 6%o<l m' o% !i'"om1o%t' 1#" ! <7 %9%#l 6 o6l 2 # 2ack of moderni+ation of agricultural sector: # 2ack of Gob opportunities3 # 4oor life style3 # 4oor health facilities3 # 4oor education facilities3 # 4oor transportation facilities3 # 4oor availability of energy# 110 45#t #% t5 9' ' o1 n %$7 in #n 9%<#n #% #'2 0nergy is used in an urban area for the following# (a) $or industrial activities (b) $or transportation (c) $or water apply (d) $or building L commercial use (e) $or cleaning of pollutants (f) $or essential services# 130 D 1in 8#t % "on' %v#tion0 Al'o in!i"#t 'om o1 t5 8#t % "on' %v#tion t "5niC9 '0 *he production, development and efficient management of water resources for beneficial use is called as water conservation# *he following are some of the techniques for water conservation# .ain water harvesting &atershed management 5onstruction of storage reservoirs .euse of industrial wastewater etter agricultural practices 130 45#t !o 7o9 ;no8 #<o9t 8#t %'5 !2 % watershed is defined as the geographic area from which water in a particular stream, lake or estuary originates# It includes entire area of land that drains into the water body# It is separate from other system by high points in the area such as hills or slopes# 1+0 45#t i' 8#t %'5 ! m#n#$ m nt 2 &atershed management is a process aimed at protecting and restoring the habitat and water resources of a watershed, incorporating the needs of multiple stakeholders# 150 45#t #% t5 im6#"t' o1 59m#n #"tiviti ' on 8#t %'5 !2 (a) %lteration of water course b) %ddition of pollution sources (c) ,rbanisation (d) 'ecuring of channels# 1.0 45#t #% t5 t8o im6o%t#nt 6%in"i6l ' o1 8#t %'5 ! m#n#$ m nt2 *he two important principles of watershed management are: >) *o preserve the environment, and A) *o use the most cost!effective means to achieve this goal# 1-0 N#m 'om o1 t5 1#"to%' "#9'in$ % lo"#tion o1 6 o6l 0 (a) Development activities (b) )atural and man!made disasters (c) 5onservation initiatives# 180 D 1in % ' ttl m nt #n! % 5#<ilit#tion0 .esettlement is defined as the process of simple relocation or displacement of human population without considering their individual, community or societal needs# .ehabilitation is defined as the process of replacing the lost economic assets,rebuilding the community system that have been weakened by displacement, attending to the psychological trauma of forced separation from livelihood# 1:0 ,o8 !o 7o9 ! 1in t %m DEnvi%onm nt#l Et5i"'E2 0nvironment 0thics is the branch of ethics which is analy+ing about human use or 0arth@s limited resources# 300 45#t #% t5 1#"to%' t5#t in1l9 n" "lim#t "5#n$ on t5 #%t52 5limate change on the earth is influenced by the following factors# 7ariations in the 0arth@s orbital characteristics# %tmospheric carbon dio"ide variations#

&ART = B ># A# E# 9# :# ring out the activities of )1<@s on environmental protection# Discuss about the $orest %ct, >/OB and its amendment >//A# Describe about &ater %ct >/F9# Describe the important waste land reclamation practices# Describe environmental ethics in detail#

)NIT V &ART/A 10,o8 t5 6o69l#tion 6%o<l m in In!i# i' #n#l7' !2 India@s population problem may be viewed from three aspects (>) *he absolute si+e of population (A) *he rate of growth of the population (E) *he age structure of the population# 30 45#t i' 6o69l#tion ?6lo'ion2 4opulation e"plosion means the rapid population growth which is une"pected and unimaginable# *he graph of recent population growth is referred to as a ?C@ curve as it follows the shape of that letter, starting out low and skyrocketing straight up# 30 Li't t5 11 "t o1 6o69l#tion ?6lo'ion0 0normous increase in population results in ># Increased consumption of resources available in the environment and depletion of the same quickly# A# Due to over consumption of natural resources, the environment gets deteriorated and polluted# E# *here will be desertification, deforestation, soilerosion, loss of fertility and poor productivity# 9# (ass poverty, poor per!capital availability of food for consumption and prevalence of disease on large scale# :# .apid urbani+ation resulting in growth of slums in cities and towns# D# Inefficient management and ineffective control at all levels leading to poor quality of life# +0 45#t i' 5 #lt52 6ealth is considered as a quality of life that enables the individual to live most and serve best# 50 D 1in 8 lln ''0 &ellness is a state of optional well being# &ellness emphasi+es each individual@s responsibility for making decisions that will lead not only to the prevention for disease but to the promotion of a high level of health# .0 N#m 'om 5 #lt5 % l#t ! 1itn '' "om6on nt'0 >#(uscular strength and endurance A# $le"ibility E# ody composition 9 5ardio!vascular endurance -0 D 1in D mo$%#6570 It refers to the science of dealing with the study of si+e, composition and territorial distribution of population3 it includes study of natality,fertility,mortality, migration, and social mobility# 8045#t i' vit#l 't#ti'ti"'2 7ital statistics are referred to systematically collected and compiled data relating to vital events of life such as birth, death, marriage, divorce,adoption,etc# 7ital statistics are an indication of the given situation and help us in answering many health!related queries :0N#m t5 19n!#m nt#l %i$5t' o1 #n In!i#n "itiA n0 ># .ight to equality A# .ight to freedom of 'peech and %ctivity E# .ight against 0"ploitation 9# .ight to $reedom of .eligion :# 5ultural and 0ducational .ights D# .ight to 5onstitutional .emedies# 1004%it '5o%t not ' on "ommon 6%o6 %t7 % 'o9%" '0 <ur environment has a maGor component that does not belong to individuals# *here are several commonly owned resources that all of us use as a community# *he water that nature recycles, the air that we all breathe, the forests and grasslands which maintain our climate and soil, are all common property resources# 11045#t i' ,IV #n! AIDS2 6I7 stands for 6uman Immuno!deficiency 7irus and is a virus that can damage the body@s defence system so that it cannot fight off certain infections# %ID' stands for (%ccquired Immuno Deficiency 'yndrome)# %n 6I7 infected person receives a diagnosis of %ID' after developing one of the %ID' indicator illness, % positive 6I7 test result does not mean that person has %ID'# % diagnosis of %ID' is made by a physician using certain clinical criteria (0g: %ID' indicator illnesses)# 13045#t i' o66o%t9ni'ti" in1 "tion2 Infection with 6I7 can weaken the immune system to the point that it has difficulty fighting off certain infections# *hese types of infections are known as Hopportunistic infectionsI because they take the opportunity to weaken the immune system which causes illness of the body#

130 Li't t5 m #n' o1 ,IV t%#n'mi''ion0 *here are four main ways in which 6I7 can be passed on: ># y having vaginal, anal or oral se" without a condom with someone who has 6I7# A# y using needles, syringes or other drug!inGecting equipment that is infected with 6I7# E# $rom a woman with 6I7 to her baby (before or during birth) and by reast feeding# 9# y receiving infected blood, blood products or donated organs as part of medical treatment# 1+0 N#m 'om t 't' #v#il#<l to 1in! ,IV in1 "tion0 In addition to the 0I% or 02I'% and &estern blot, other tests now available include: P .adio Immuno 4recipitaion %ssay (.I4%) P Dot blot immuno binding assay P Immuno fluorescence assay P )ucleic acid testing P 4olymerase 5hain .eaction (45.) 150 Li't t5 '6 "i#l 1 #t9% ' o1 Com6% 5 n'iv 6%o$%#mm on 8om n #n! "5il! 8 l1#% 0 ># 4ersonality A# .eduction of Deprivation E# 5o!ordinational 0ffectivity 9# (aternity and (otherhood 1.0 45#t i' in1o%m#tion2 *he term HinformationI has been defined by 0liahu 6offinan as: Han aggregate (5ollection and accumulation) of statements, or facts or figures which are conceptually by way of reasoning, logic,ideas, or any other mental Hmode operationI interrelated-connected# 1-0 N#m Som #66li"#tion' o1 IT in 5 #lt50 %part from helping in the administration of hospitals, I* is playing a key role in the health industry# <n the, medical care, the I* has varied applications right from the diagnosis, where there are latest tools like 5* scans, ,ltrasound 'onography etc# &ART = B ># A# E# 9# :# 0"plain the population characteristics L variations among nations# &hat is meant by population e"plosionK Discuss the Indian 'cenario# &hat is meant by population stabili+ationK Discuss the family welfare and family planning in Indian conte"t# Discuss the influence of environmental parameters and pollution on human health# &hat is ,niversal declaration of 6uman rightsK &hat is its importance in achieving the goals of equity, Gustice L sustainability#